Ruthenians

At the request of

Following the dissolution of the Austro-Hungarian Empire in 1918, new states emerged and dissolved; borders changed frequently. After several years, the Rusyn and Ukrainian speaking areas of eastern Austria-Hungary found themselves divided between the Czechoslovakia, Poland, and Romania.

When commenting on the partition of Czechoslovakia by Nazi Germany in March 1939, US diplomat

After the expansion of Soviet Ukraine following World War II, several groups who had not previously considered themselves Ukrainians were merged into the Ukrainian identity.[26]

Ruthenian terminology in Poland

In the

The designations Rusyn and Carpatho-Rusyn were banned in the Soviet Union by the end of World War II in June 1945.^[26] Ruthenians who identified under the Rusyn ethnonym and considered themselves to be a national and linguistic group separate from Ukrainians and Belarusians were relegated to the Carpathian diaspora and formally functioned among the large immigrant communities in the United States.^[25][26] A cross-European revival took place only with the collapse of communist rule in 1989.^[26] This has resulted in political conflict and accusations of intrigue against Rusyn activists, including criminal charges. The Rusyn minority is well represented in Slovakia. The single category of people who listed their ethnicity as Rusyn was created in the 1920s; however, no generally accepted standardised Rusyn language existed.^[33]

After World War II, following the practice in the Soviet Union, Ruthenian ethnicity was disallowed. This Soviet policy maintained that the Ruthenians and their language were part of the Ukrainian ethnic group and language. At the same time, the Greek Catholic church was banned and replaced with the Eastern Orthodox church under the Russian Patriarch, in an atmosphere which repressed all religions. Thus, in Slovakia, the former Ruthenians were technically free to register as any ethnicity but Ruthenian.^[33]

The government of Slovakia has proclaimed Rusyns (Rusíni) to be a distinct national minority (1991) and recognised Rusyn language as a distinct language (1995).^[7]

Speculative theories

Since the 19th century, several speculative theories emerged regarding the origin and nature of medieval and early modern uses of Ruthenian terms as designations for East Slavs. Some of those theories were focused on a very specific source, a memorial plate from 1521, that was placed in the

From the 9th century,

• 
  Kyivan Rus'

  , also known as Ruthenia, c. 1230
• 
  1868 linguistic, ethnographic, and political map of Eastern Europe by Casimir Delamarre

    Ruthenians and Ruthenian language
• 
  1907 linguistic and ethnographic map that indicates Ukrainians as "Little Russians or Ruthenians"
• 
  1911 map depicting the Austro-Hungarian Empire, with Ruthenians in light green
• 
  1927 Polish map that indicates Ukrainians as "Ruthenians" ("Rusini"), and Belarusians as "White Ruthenians" ("Białorusini")
• 
  1918 map of Ukraine. Caption says following: "In the ruled area Ukrainian (Ruthenian) speech predominates…"
• 
  Ethnographic groups of Ruthenians, from "Rusini, zarys etnografii na Rusi" (1928)^[39]

Ruthenian culture

Language

The Ruthenian language (Ruthenian: рускаꙗ мова, рускїй ѧзыкъ) was an exonymic linguonym for a closely related group of East Slavic linguistic varieties, particularly those spoken from the 15th to 18th centuries in the East Slavic regions of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth. By the end of the 18th century, they gradually diverged into regional variants, which subsequently developed into the modern Belarusian (White Ruthenian), Ukrainian (Ruthenian), and Rusyn (Carpathian Ruthenian) languages.^[40][41]

Religions

Main articles:

pagan to the late Middle Ages before their nobility embraced the Latin form upon the political union with the Poles. The eastward expansion of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania had been facilitated by amicable treaties and inter-marriages of the nobility when faced with the external threat of the Mongol invasion of Kievan Rus'

.

By the end of the 12th century,

Bug River. This placed the area now known as Belarus

in a unique position where these two influences mixed and interfered.

The first Latin Church diocese in White Ruthenia was established in

Catholicism

the religion of the ruling class.

Wilno

(Vilnius) episcopate was created which received a lot of land from the Lithuanian dukes. By the mid-16th century Catholicism became strong in Lithuania and bordering with it north-west parts of White Ruthenia, but the Orthodox church was still dominant.

In the 14th century, Emperor Andronikos II Palaiologos sanctioned the creation of two additional metropolitan sees: the Metropolis of Halych (1303) and the Metropolis of Lithuania (1317).

Metropolitan Roman (1355–1362) of Lithuania and Metropolitan Alexius of Kiev both claimed the see. Both metropolitans travelled to Constantinople to make their appeals in person. In 1356, their cases were heard by a Patriarchal Synod. The Holy Synod confirmed that Alexis was the Metropolitan of Kiev while Roman was also confirmed in his see at Novogorodek. In 1361, the two sees were formally divided. Shortly afterwards, in the winter of 1361/62, Roman died. From 1362 to 1371, the vacant see of Lithuania–Halych was administered by Alexius. By that point, the Lithuanian metropolis was effectively dissolved.

Following the signing of the

Navahrudak which is today located in Belarus. It was later moved to Vilnius — the capital of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. A parallel succession to the title ensued between Moscow and Vilnius. The Metropolitans of Kiev are the predecessors of the Patriarch of Moscow and all Rus'

that was formed in the 16th century.

The Ruthenian Uniate Church was created in 1595–1596 by those clergy of the

Metropolis of Kyev, Galicia and all Ruthenia

".

In the 16th century, a crisis began in Christianity: the

Protestant ideas began spreading in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. The first Protestant Church in Belarus was created in Brest by Mikołaj "the Black" Radziwiłł. Protestantism did not survive due to the Counter-Reformation in Poland

.

Both the Catholic Church in the Commonwealth and the Ruthenian Church underwent a period of decay. The Ruthenian Church was the church of a people without statehood. The Poles considered the Ruthenians a conquered people. Over time, the Lithuanian military and political ascendancy did away with the Ruthenian autonomies. The disadvantageous political status of the Ruthenian people also affected the status of their church and undermined her capacity for reform and renewal. Furthermore, they could not expect support from the Mother Church in Constantinople or from their co-religionists in Moscow. Thus, the Ruthenian church was in a weaker position than the Catholic Church in the Commonwealth.

Until 1666, when

Peter I, abolished completely the patriarchate and effectively made the church a department of the government, ruled by the Most Holy Synod

composed of senior bishops and lay bureaucrats appointed by the emperor himself. Over time, Imperial Russia would style itself a protector and patron of all Orthodox Christians, especially those within the Ottoman Empire.

Domination of tsarist-ruled Ukraine by the Russian Empire (from 1721) eventually led to the decline of Uniate Catholicism (officially founded in 1596) in the Ukrainian lands under Tsarist control.

Music and Dance

Main articles: Music of Belarus and Music of Ukraine

Musical scores titled "Baletto Ruteno" or "Horea Rutenia", meaning Ruthenian Ballet can be found in European collections during the Lithuanian and Polish rule of Ruthenia, such as the Gdańsk lute tablature of 1640.^[42][43]

Symbols

Main article: Symbols of the Rurikids

• 
  Flag of the Cossack Hetmanate used since the 17th century
• 
  Coat of arms of the

  Galicia-Volhynia) featuring the Ruthenian lion

  (1480)
• 
  Coat of Arms of Ruthenian Voivodeship from Stematographia (1701)
• 
  Coat of arms for the proposed

  Archangel Michael

  (19th century)
• 
  Coat of arms of the Jełowicki noble family
• 
  Coat of arms of the Sapieha noble family
• 
  Coat of arms of the Ostrogski noble family
• 
  Coat of arms of the Ogiński noble family
• 
  Coat of arms of the Pac noble family
• 
  Coat of arms of the Chodkiewicz noble family
• 
  Coat of arms of the Radziwiłł noble family
• 
  Coat of arms of the Doroshenko noble family
• 
  Coat of arms of the Khanenko noble family
• 
  Coat of arms of the Teteria noble family
• 
  Coat of arms of the Polubotok noble family
• 
  Coat of arms of the Vyhovsky noble family

Notable Ruthenian people

• Konstanty Ostrogski (c. 1460–1530), a Ruthenian prince and magnate of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and later a Grand Hetman of Lithuania
• Roxelana (c. 1504-1558), also known as Haseki Hürrem Sultan, wife of Suleiman the Magnificent
• Meletius Smotrytsky (c. 1577–1633), an archbishop of Polotsk, writer, religious and pedagogical activist of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth and Ruthenian linguist^[44]
• Bohdan Khmelnytsky (c. 1595–1657), a Ruthenian nobleman, military commander of Zaporozhian Cossacks, leader of the Khmelnytsky Uprising and founding father of the Cossack Hetmanate
• patron of arts
• Cossack political and military leader, Hetman of Right-bank Ukraine (1665–1672)^[45]

See also

• American Carpatho-Ruthenian Orthodox Diocese
• Coat of arms of Carpathian Ruthenia
• Names of Rus', Russia and Ruthenia
• Polish–Lithuanian–Ruthenian Commonwealth
• Cossack Hetmanate
• Ruthenian Greek Catholic Church
• Ruthenian nobility
• Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church
• Galician Russophilia

References

1. ^ ^{a b} Paul Robert Magocsi. "Rusyn". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 15 May 2023.
2. ^ РУСИНЫ [Rusyns]. Большая российская энциклопедия - электронная версия (in Russian). [Great Russian Encyclopedia - electronic version]. Archived from the original on 26 September 2021. Retrieved 15 December 2021.
3. ^ Shipman 1912a, p. 276-277.
4. ^ Shipman 1912b, p. 277-279.
5. ^ Krajcar 1963, p. 79-94.
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7. ^
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8. ^ Himka 1999, p. 8-9.
9. ^ Magocsi 2015, p. 2-5.
10. ^ Bunčić 2015, p. 276-289.
11. ^ Statute of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania (1529), Part. 1., Art. 1.: "На первей преречоным прелатом, княжатом, паном, хоруговым, шляхтам и местом преречоных земель Великого князства Литовского, Руского, Жомойтского и иных дали есмо: ..."; According to.: Pervyi ili Staryi Litovskii Statut // Vremennik Obschestva istorii i drevnostei Rossiiskih. 1854. Book 18, p. 2.
12. ^ Moser 2017–2018, p. 87-104.
13. ^ "Magyarország népessége". mek.oszk.hu. Retrieved 24 October 2023.
14. ^ Sigismund von Herberstein Rerum Moscoviticarum Commentarii
15. ^ Myl'nikov 1999, p. 46.
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17. ^ Лобин А. Н. Послание государя Василия III Ивановича императору Карлу V от 26 июня 1522 г.: Опыт реконструкции текста // Studia Slavica et Balcanica Petropolitana, № 1. Санкт-Петербург, 2013. C. 131.
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19. ^ Myl'nikov 1999, p. 84.
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21. ^ Fabio Renato Villela. Os Lusíadas, Canto III, 11. Adaptação De Os LusÍadas Ao Português Atual.
22. ^ Luís de Camões «Os Lusíadas. Canto Terceiro». www.tania-soleil.com.
23. Ukrayinska Pravda
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24. ^ Report on Conditions in Ruthenia March 1939, From Prague After Munich: Diplomatic Papers 1938-1940, (Princeton University Press, 1968)
25. ^ ^{a b} Magocsi 1995, p. 221-231.
26. ^ ^{a b c d} Paul Robert Magocsi. "Rusyn". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 15 May 2023. Today the name Rusyn refers to the spoken language and variants of a literary language codified in the 20th century for Carpatho-Rusyns living in Ukraine (Transcarpathia), Poland, Slovakia, Hungary, and Serbia (the Vojvodina). ... Subcarpathian Rus was ceded by Czechoslovakia to the Soviet Union and became the Transcarpathian oblast (region) of the Ukrainian S.S.R. The designations Rusyn and Carpatho-Rusyn were banned, and the local East Slavic inhabitants and their language were declared to be Ukrainian. Soviet policy was followed in neighbouring communist Czechoslovakia and Poland, where the Carpatho-Rusyn inhabitants (Lemko Rusyns in the case of Poland) were henceforth officially designated Ukrainians
27. ^ Główny Urząd Statystyczny [Central Statistical Office] (1932). "Ludnosc: Ludnosc wedlug wyznania religijnego i narodowosci" [Population: Population by religious denomination and nationality]. Polish Census 1931 p. 56, table 11. (in Polish)
28. ^ ^{a b} Główny Urząd Statystyczny [Central Statistical Office] "Ludnosc. Ludnosc wedlug wyznania i plci oraz jezyka ojczystego" [Population: Population by religion, gender and native language]. Polish Census 1931 p. 15; table 10. (in Polish)
29. ^ Magocsi 2010, p. 638-639.
30. ^ Henryk Zieliński, Historia Polski 1914-1939, (1983) Wrocław: Ossolineum
31. ^ "Główny Urząd Statystyczny Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej, drugi powszechny spis ludności z dn. 9.XII 1931 r. - Mieszkania i gospodarstwa domowe ludność" [Central Statistical Office of the Polish Republic, the second census dated 9.XII 1931 - Abodes and household populace] (PDF) (in Polish). Central Statistical office of the Polish Republic. 1938. p. 15. Archived from the original (PDF) on 17 March 2014.
32. ^ Magocsi 2015, p. 2-14.
33. ^
    ISBN 1-85359-416-4
    . Retrieved 8 October 2015.
34. ^ Friedhof und Katakomben im Stift St. Peter
35. ^ Рыбалка 2020, p. 281-307.
36. ^ Шелухин 1929, p. 20-27.
37. ^ Magocsi 2010, p. 58-59.
38. ^ Magocsi 2015, p. 50-51.
39. ^ "Rusini. Zarys etnografii Rusi". rewasz.pl (in Polish). Retrieved 23 October 2023.
40. ^ Moser 2017–2018, p. 119-135.
41. ^ "Encyclopedia of Rusyn history and culture | WorldCat.org". search.worldcat.org. Retrieved 19 December 2023.
42. ^ "A Successor to the Ukrainian Sages". m.day.kyiv.ua. Retrieved 21 September 2023.
43. ^ Хорея Козацька - Бенкет Духовний. Частина Друга, 2012, retrieved 21 September 2023
44. ISBN 9781107002524
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45. ^ Petro Doroshenko at the Encyclopedia of Ukraine

Sources

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• Himka, John-Paul (1999). Religion and Nationality in Western Ukraine: The Greek Catholic Church and the Ruthenian National Movement in Galicia, 1870-1900. Montreal & Kingston: McGill-Queen's University Press.
  ISBN 978-0-7735-1812-4
  .
• Juchnowski, Jerzy; Sielezin, Jan R.; Maj, Ewa (2018). The Image of "White" and "Red" Russia in the Polish Political Thought of the 19th and 20th Century. Berlin: Peter Lang.
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• Krajcar, Jan (1963). "A Report on the Ruthenians and their Errors, prepared for the Fifth Lateran Council". Orientalia Christiana Periodica. 29: 79–94.
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• Nakonechny, Ye. УКРАДЕНЕ ІМ'Я чому русини стали українцями [Stolen Name: Why Ruthenians Became Ukrainians] (in Ukrainian). Stefanyk Science Library (National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine). Lviv, 2001.
• Рыбалка, Андрей А. (2020). "Сны аббата Килиана". Novogardia: Международный журнал по истории и исторической географии Средневековой Руси. 5 (1): 281–307.
• Slivka, John (1973). Correct nomenclature: Greek rite or Byzantine rite: Rusin or Ruthenian: Rusin or Slovak?. New York: Slivka.
• Slivka, John (1989) [1977]. Who are we? Nationality: Rusin, Russian, Ruthenian, Slovak? Ecclesiastical name: Greek Rite Catholic, Byzantine Rite Catholic? (2nd ed.). New York: Slivka.
• Shipman, Andrew J. (1912a). "Ruthenian Rite". The Catholic Encyclopedia. Vol. 13. New York: Robert Appleton Company. pp. 276–277.
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• Шелухин, Сергій (1929). Звідкіля походить Русь: Теорія кельтського походження Київської Русі з Франції [Where did Rus’ come from: The theory of the Celtic origin of Kievan Rus’ from France] (PDF) (in Ukrainian). Prague-Strašnice [Прага Страшниці]: Slovanské odděleni knihtiskárny A. Fišera. (Transliterated author name: Serhiy Shelukhin [uk]; previously romanised: Serhiy (or Sergey) Cheloukine).

Further reading

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Ruthenians.

• Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). "Ruthenians" . Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
• Internet Encyclopedia of Ukraine
  .
• "The Carpathian Connection" Carpatho-Rusyn Heritage