SIAI-Marchetti SF.260
SF.260 | |
---|---|
A SF.260 of the Libyan Air Force | |
Role | Trainer/Light attack |
Manufacturer | SIAI-Marchetti Aermacchi Alenia Aermacchi Leonardo S.p.A. |
Designer | Stelio Frati |
First flight | 15 July 1964 |
Introduction | April 1966 (FAA certification)[1] |
Status | In service |
Primary users | Belgian Air Force
|
Produced | 1964–2017 |
Number built | 900 (2012)[2] |
The SIAI-Marchetti SF.260 (now Leonardo SF-260)[3] is an Italian light aircraft which has been commonly marketed as a military trainer and aerobatics aircraft.
The SF.260 was designed by Italian aircraft designer
The SF.260 has been largely sold to military customers as a trainer and light combat aircraft. In addition, there have been limited civil sales to private operators; during the late 1960s, the type was marketed in the United States under the name Waco Meteor. Armed military versions, sold as the SF.260W Warrior, proved to be popular with smaller air forces, which could arm the type for use in the close air support role. Both piston-powered and turboprop-powered models have been developed.
Development
Origins
During the early 1960s, Italian aircraft designer
On 15 July 1964, the type performed its
During the late 1960s, the aircraft was marketed in the United States market as the Waco Meteor, although it had no connections of any form with the Waco Aircraft Company; the venture was relatively unsuccessful.[7] During the late 1970s and 1980s, American airline pilot Frank Strickler became a major reseller of the type, being credited with re-launching civil sales of the SF.260 in the region, acquiring them from SIAI Marchetti in small batches and individually selling them on to US-based customers.[5]
Further development
During the late 1970s, an improved model of the SF.260A, designated as the SF.260C, had replaced it in production.
During 1980, SIAI Marchetti performed the first flight of a turboprop-powered SF.260TP, powered by an Allison Model 250 engine flat-rated at 350 shp.[9] This variant was marketed towards the military trainer market, which soon adopted the type. In August 1986, Gates Learjet was approached by SIAI Marchetti to modify the SF.260TP for it to be compliant with the requirements of Federal Aviation Administration's (FAA) FAR Part 23, thus allowing it to be certified for civil use.[10] Modifications were made in order to achieve lower stall speed and greater payload capacity, these performance improvements were principally achieved through aerodynamic alterations, such as the adoption of 'shark's teeth' along the wing's leading edge.[11]
In 1991–1992, SIAI-Marchetti proposed an updated SF.260, with an enlarged cockpit canopy and a revised fuel system to meet the
Production of the SF.260 continued at low rate until 2017.[14] A total of 976 aircraft, including prototypes, were built.[15]
Design
The SIAI-Marchetti SF.260 is a low-mounted
The original model of the SF.260 was powered by a single
The
While being a fully aerobatic aircraft, it possesses favourable handling qualities, including relatively tame
Operational history
Burkina Faso
This small air force operated six Warriors[22] these Warriors were sold from the Philippines via Belgium in 1986, and were complemented by other four new Warriors coming directly from Italy,[22] and employed during the Agacher Strip War with Mali in 1986. These aircraft were in service with Escadrille de Chasse ("Fighter Squadron") in the Force Aérienne du Burkina Faso (FABF), the Burkina Faso Air Force.[22]
Chad
Chad informed the United Nations that, during the conflict with Libya, it had destroyed eight Libyan Air Force SF.260WLs and captured nine others, besides destroying and capturing other equipment. As many as six former Libyan SF.260WLs may have been pressed into service with Chad's Air Force. By 1988, four SF.260Ws were identified as being in service, two of them were overhauled one year later in France.
In November 2006, Libya supplied Chad with four SF.260W aircraft, including crew, due to tensions between Chad and Sudan over the Darfur area. One newly supplied SF.260W was shot down on 28 November – its first mission in Chad – by rebel forces, killing the crew.[23]
Libya
Libya was a major customer of the SIAI Marchetti SF.260 with an order of 240 SF.260WLs. The first 60 aircraft were manufactured in Italy, while the others were delivered as knock-down kits, and assembled in a new plant in Sebha, under the supervision of Italian technicians.[24]
The SF.260WL was intended for pilot training, but was also used for ground support during the
After continuing the advance towards the south, by late November, pro-Libyan units had reached Dougia, only 60 kilometres north of N'Djamena. Libyan SF.260s were forward-deployed there, together with Mi-25s. On 8 December, these aircraft, joined on 12 December by Tu-22 bombers, D-30 howitzers, and M-46 field guns, started attacking N'Djamena. The week-long bombing caused a huge amount of destruction in the Chadian capital, and a number of civilian casualties that remains unknown today. After Habré fled to Cameroon, resistance collapsed and his surviving fighters escaped to Sudan.[30]
In August 1981, Gaddafi ordered the Libyan Arab Air Force to attack Habré's bases inside Sudan.[31] On 16 September, a SF.260 was shot down by ground fire near Junaina in the Darfur region of Sudan; both crew members were killed.[32]
In May 1982, Habré's forces came back to Chad from their Sudanese bases, and in June 1982 they expelled the GUNT from the capital N'Djamena. Once again, its chief Goukouni Oueddei had to flee to Libya with his remaining forces.[33] After another Libyan/GUNT offensive in 1983, France launched Operation Manta, resulting in a general stalemate that lasted until 1986; pro-Libyan GUNT forces retained control of the northern parts of the country.[34] In February of that year, a new attack was launched towards the south, supported by SF.260s and helicopters. However, this offensive collapsed after only four days.[35]
Libyan SF.260s were used in the last phase of the conflict in Chad, the
The Libyan government supported friendly countries with arms, and several SF.260Ws were handed over to air forces such as those of Burkina Faso, Burundi, Nicaragua, Uganda and possibly others. In 1987 Chad reported to the United Nations the destruction of eight SF.260s and the capture of nine others during its border war with Libya; some of these secondhand Libyan aircraft may even have found their way onto the US market.[citation needed]
Alenia Aermacchi refurbished twelve SF.260 primary trainers for the Libyan Air Force; the work was performed jointly by Alenia Aermacchi and Tripoli-based Libyan-Italian Advanced Technology. The work included overhaul of the airframes and systems, including propellers and engines. Work began in late 2007 and ran through 2008.
During the
As of 2013, at least six airframes are still in service with the
Nicaragua
At least seven SF.260WLs were received by the Fuerza Aérea Sandinista as support from Libya in 1984-1985.
Philippines
In the early 1970s, an order was placed for 48 SF.260s (32 SF.260M; 16 SF.260W). The first six were delivered in May 1973, replacing the Beech T-34A Mentor with 100th Training Wing at Fernando Air Base.[43]
The 15th Strike Wing on airbase Sangley Point received the SF.260W Warrior as an addition to the North American T-28 Trojans. They were possibly used in combat against rebel forces in the south of the Philippines. But little is known about its service life. In the early 1980s, the surviving Warriors were disarmed and transferred to the training role with 100th Training Wing.[43]
The Philippines Air Force signed with Agusta a contract for the delivery of 18 SF.260TP turboprops on 31 December 1991, replacing the SF.260M/W in the training role. The first SF.260TP was noted in country on 1 July 1993.[43]
Under "Project Layang" the Philippines Air Force plans to upgrade 18 SF.260M/W aircraft to the SF.260TP standard, by replacing the Lycoming piston engine with the Allison 250-B17D turboprop engine and newer avionics. The first upgraded SF.260 was delivered in 1996, no further details are available.[43][44]
The Philippines has finalized a deal with Alenia Aermacchi for 18 new-build SF.260F primary/basic trainers. All 18 were delivered by Aermacchi Italy which was locally assembled by Aerotech Industries Philippines by April 2011.[45]
Six Warriors were sold to Burkina Faso via Belgium in 1986.[46]
Rhodesia
Despite an arms embargo, two batches of SF.260 aircraft were delivered in 1977. Because of the embargo, several buying teams travelled the world looking for suitable equipment. Through various routes, 17 SF.260C and 14 SF.260W aircraft arrived, the former to be used in the training role, while the warriors were being used for light attack duties and escort of convoys. In 1984–85, reportedly eight SF.260Ws were converted to SF.260TP standard by replacing the piston engine with a turboprop engine.
Sri Lanka
Six SF.260TPs were delivered to the
Turkey
In 1990, the Turkish Air Force placed an order for 40 planes. The first six were produced in Italy and the remaining 34 were produced by Turkish Aerospace Industries in Turkey, under licence. All of the planes are used in training and are deployed at the 123rd Basic Training Squadron stationed at İzmir.[47]
Zimbabwe
It was announced at the 1997 Paris Salon that the Air Force of Zimbabwe had ordered six F.260F aircraft, thus becoming the first operator of this new model. All six should have been delivered in 1998.[citation needed]
Variants
Aviamilano
- F.250 – first prototype powered by 187 kW (250 hp) Lycoming O-540-AID. The prototype, regn. I-ZUAR, was destroyed in a crash at Sestri Ponente, Genoa on 7 November 1965.[48][unreliable source?]
- F.260 – two prototypes powered by 194 kW (260 hp) Lycoming O-540-E4A5
SIAI Marchetti
- SF.260 – Production version of the F.260
- SF.260A – Initial production version. Built in small numbers.
- SF.260M – Militarised version with strengthened airframe and improved aerodynamics. First flown 1970.[49]
- SF.260AM – Italian Air Force version, 33 built.
- SF.260MB - Version of SF.260M for Belgium.[50]
- SF.260MC - Version of SF.260M for Zaire.[50]
- SF.260MP - Version of SF.260M for Philippines.[50]
- SF.260MS - Version of SF.260M for Singapore.[50]
- SF.260MT - Version of SF.260M for Thailand.[50]
- SF.260MZ - Version of SF.260M for Zambia.[50]
- SF.260ML – Export version for Libya, 240 built.
- SF.260W Warrior – Armed military version based on SF.260M, with two or four weapons hardpoints. First flown 1972.[49]
- SF.260SW Sea Warrior – Coast patrol, fishery protection aircraft. One built.[49]
- SF.260B – Civilian version incorporating improvements of the SF.260M. Introduced 1974
- SF.260C – Improved version of the SF.260B; introduced in 1977.
- SF.260TP – 250-B17D turbopropversion of the SF.260C; first flown in 1980.
- SF.260D – Improved civil version with airframe and aerodynamic improvements similar to SF.260M. Replaced SF.260C. Introduced in 1985.[49]
- SF.260E – Uprated SF.260D to compete for a USAF contract but later marketed to other military buyers
- SF.260F – As above, with fuel-injected engine
- SF.260EA – Most recent variant for Italian Air Force, 30 built.
Alenia Aermacchi
- SF-260 – current production model
Operators
Military operators
- Burundi Air Force[52]
- Democratic Republic of the Congo (from 1971 to 1997 Zaire)
- Congo Air Force, previously Zaire Air Force
- Libyan Air Force[24]
- Mali Air Force
- Mauritanian Air Force[58]
- Mexican Air Force, 25 SF-260E (2019)[58]
- Ugandan Air Force[61]
- Venezuela Air Force[62]
Former military operators
- Bolivian Air Force, 6 SF-260W (1978-1987)
- Royal Brunei Air Force, 2 SF-260W (1982-1998)
- Comoros Police Force Aviation, 17 SF-260C and 14 SF-260W (1977), actually re-routed to Rhodesia, plus 3 SF-260 (1978) probably never delivered.
- Haitian Air Force, 6 SF-260TP (1992)
- Indonesian Air Force, 18 SF.260M/W
- Irish Air Corps, 10 SF-260W (1977)
- Myanmar Air Force, 10SF260M and 11 SF-260W (1975-1990), part re-sold to Sri Lanka.
- Fuerza Aérea Sandinista, 4 to 6 SF260Wl (ex Libya)
- Rhodesian Air Force, 17 SF-260C and 14 SF-260W (1977)[63]
- Republic of Singapore Air Force – 14 SF.260Ms (1971) and 12 SF.260Ws (1979 and 1981). Part re-sold to Indonesia.[64]
- Somali Aeronautical Corps, 12 SF-260C (1979)
- Sri Lanka Air Force, 11 SF-260TP (1985-2001) and 12 SF-260W (1991-1998, ex Myanmar)
- Royal Thai Air Force, 18 SF-260M (1973-1999)
- United Arab Emirates Air Force, 1 SF-260W (1975-1983) and 6 SF-260TP (1983)
Civil operators
Out of about 860 SF-260s produced, around 180 have been sold to civil users. Most of these are in private hands, although at least four airlines,
Specifications (SF-260M)
Data from Jane's All the World's Aircraft 1988–89 [66]
General characteristics
- Crew: 2
- Capacity: 1 passenger
- Length: 7.10 m (23 ft 4 in)
- Wingspan: 8.35 m (27 ft 5 in) over tip-tanks
- Height: 2.41 m (7 ft 11 in)
- Wing area: 10.10 m2 (108.7 sq ft)
- Aspect ratio: 6.3:1 excluding tip-tanks
- Airfoil: root: NACA 6411-212 (modified); tip: NACA 6411-210 (modified)
- Empty weight: 755 kg (1,664 lb)
- Gross weight: 1,140 kg (2,513 lb)
- Max takeoff weight: 1,200 kg (2,646 lb)
- Fuel capacity: internal: 235 L (62 US gal; 52 imp gal) usable
- Powerplant: 1 × Textron Lycoming AEIO-540-D4A56-cylinder air-cooled horizontally-opposed piston engine, 190 kW (260 hp)
- Propellers: 2-bladed constant-speed propeller, 1.93 m (6 ft 4 in) diameter
Performance
- Maximum speed: 333 km/h (207 mph, 180 kn) at sea level
- Cruise speed: 300 km/h (190 mph, 160 kn) at 75% power at 1,500 m (4,900 ft)
- Stall speed: 126 km/h (78 mph, 68 kn) flaps and landing gear down
- Never exceed speed: 436 km/h (271 mph, 235 kn)
- Range: 1,650 km (1,030 mi, 890 nmi) 2 crew, with maximum fuel
- Service ceiling: 4,700 m (15,300 ft)
- g limits: +6 -3 at max aerobatic T-O weight
- Rate of climb: 7.6 m/s (1,500 ft/min)
- Time to altitude:
- 1,500 m (4,900 ft) in 4 minutes
- 2,300 m (7,500 ft) in 6 minutes 50 seconds
- 3,000 m (9,800 ft) in 10 minutes
- Take-off run: 384 m (1,260 ft)
- Landing run: 345 m (1,132 ft)
- Take-off run to 15 m (50 ft): 606 m (1,988 ft)
- Landing run from 15 m (50 ft): 606 m (1,988 ft)
See also
External videos | |
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Footage of SF260 Aerobatic Team Breitling Devils during training at Thiene Airport, Italy | |
Mock combat involving an SF260 in a Hollywood movie | |
In-cockpit view of a SF260 inflight |
Aircraft of comparable role, configuration, and era
References
Notes
- ^ a b c Mondey 1981, p. 229
- ^ . [1] Leonardo, 30 July 2012.
- ^ "Leonardo SF-260". Leonardocompany.com. Archived from the original on 9 July 2016. Retrieved 4 July 2016.
- ^ Moll Flying October 1984, pp. 66, 73
- ^ a b c d e f g Moll Flying October 1984, p. 66
- ^ a b c Moll Flying October 1984, p. 73
- ^ a b Moll Flying October 1984, pp. 66–68.
- ^ a b c d e Moll Flying October 1984, p. 68
- ^ a b Moll Flying April 1988, p. 57
- ^ Moll Flying April 1988, pp. 57–58
- ^ Moll Flying April 1988, pp. 58–59
- ^ Simpson, Longley & Swan 2022, pp. 84–86
- ^ a b Moloda, Pino. "Italy gets the new SF260EA." Flight International, 16 August 2005.
- ^ Simpson, Longley & Swan 2022, p. 85
- ^ Simpson, Longley & Swan 2022, p. 84
- ^ Moll Flying October 1984, pp. 68–69
- ^ Moll Flying October 1984, pp. 68, 70
- ^ Moll Flying October 1984, pp. 70–72
- ^ Moll Flying April 1988, p. 59
- ^ Moll Flying October 1984, p. 72
- ^ Moll Flying October 1984, p. 70
- ^ a b c Cooper, Tom. "Burkina Faso and Mali, Agacher Strip War, 1985". Air Combat Information Group. Archived from the original on 2006-02-07. Retrieved 2013-01-18.
- ^ "Chadian aircraft downed." Archived 2008-07-26 at the Wayback Machine Taoeil Times, 30 November 2006.
- ^ a b Cooper, Grandolini & Delalande 2016, p. 14
- ^ Cooper, Grandolini & Delalande 2016, pp. 15–16
- ^ Cooper, Grandolini & Delalande 2016, pp. 14–18
- ^ Cooper, Grandolini & Delalande 2015, p. 34
- ^ Cooper, Grandolini & Delalande 2015, p. 35
- ^ Cooper, Grandolini & Delalande 2015, p. 39
- ^ a b Cooper, Grandolini & Delalande 2015, p. 40
- ^ Cooper, Grandolini & Delalande 2015, p. 52
- ^ Cooper, Grandolini & Delalande 2015, p. 53
- ^ Cooper, Grandolini & Delalande 2015, pp. 53–54
- ^ Cooper, Grandolini & Delalande 2015, pp. 54–57, 61
- ^ Cooper, Grandolini & Delalande 2016a, p. 41
- ^ Cooper, Grandolini & Delalande 2016b, p. 46
- ^ Cooper, Grandolini & Delalande 2016b, p. 47
- ^ Cooper, Grandolini & Delalande 2016b, pp. 47–48
- ^ Cooper, Grandolini & Delalande 2016b, p. 50
- ^ Cooper, Grandolini & Delalande 2016b, p. 56
- ^ Harro Ranter. "ASN Aircraft incident 23-FEB-2011 SIAI-Marchetti SF.260ML 5A-DME". Archived from the original on 3 November 2012. Retrieved 2 August 2015.
- ^ Cooper, Grandolini & Delalande 2016a, p. 22
- ^ a b c d "SF.260 in military service". SIAI Marchetti aircraft. Archived from the original on 30 October 2006. Retrieved 5 April 2012.
- ^ Lewis, Paul. "Philippine air force re-engines SF.260." Flight International, 28 August 1996.
- ^ "PAF boosts capability, ready for modernization". Philippine Information Agency. Archived from the original on 8 January 2016. Retrieved 4 April 2012.
- ^ Cooper, Tom. "Burkina Faso and Mali, Agacher Strip War, 1985." Archived 2006-02-07 at the Wayback Machine Western & Northern Africa Database. 31 July 2004.
- ^ "SIAI-Marchetti/TAI SF.260D". Tayyareci.com. Archived from the original on 19 February 2018. Retrieved 19 February 2018.
- ^ "ASN Wikibase Occurrence # 31841". aviation-safety.net. Archived from the original on 1 February 2014. Retrieved 29 October 2013.
- ^ a b c d Taylor 1988, p. 155
- ^ a b c d e f Simpson 1995, p. 365
- ^ Hoyle Flight International 11–17 December 2012, p. 46
- ^ a b Hoyle Flight International 11–17 December 2012, p. 47
- ^ Hoyle Flight International 11–17 December 2012, p. 48
- ^ Delalande, Arnaud (21 September 2017). "Tough times for Chadian Air Force". Key Aero.
- ^ Hoyle Flight International 11–17 December 2012, p. 50
- ^ Hoyle Flight International 11–17 December 2012, p. 53
- ^ "Il portale dell'Aeronautica Militare – SF.260EA". Archived from the original on 16 August 2016. Retrieved 17 July 2016.
- ^ a b Hoyle Flight International 11–17 December 2012, p. 55
- ^ Hoyle Flight International 11–17 December 2012, p. 58
- ^ a b Hoyle Flight International 11–17 December 2012, p. 61
- ^ Hoyle Flight International 11–17 December 2012, p. 62
- ^ a b c d Hoyle Flight International 11–17 December 2012, p. 64
- ISBN 978-1-84415-694-8.
- ^ "SF.260 in military service". www.siai-marchetti.nl. Archived from the original on 16 June 2010. Retrieved 2 June 2010.
- ^ Burke, Monte."In Pictures: Mile-High Dogfight—Real Sweat, Fake Weapons." Forbes, 6 January 2009.
- ^ Taylor 1988, pp. 155–156
Bibliography
- Arys, Marc and Serge van Heerthum. SIAI Marchetti, Agile Penguins in Belgian Skies, ISBN 978-9-0715-5322-6.
- Cooper, Tom; Grandolini, Albert; Delalande, Arnaud (2015). Libyan Air Wars. Vol. Part 1: 1973-1985. Helion & Company Publishing. ISBN 978-1-909982-39-0.
- Cooper, Tom; Grandolini, Albert; Delalande, Arnaud (2016a). Libyan Air Wars. Vol. Part 2: 1985-1986. Helion & Company Publishing. ISBN 978-1-910294-53-6.
- Cooper, Tom; Grandolini, Albert; Delalande, Arnaud (2016b). Libyan Air Wars, Part 3: 1986-1989. Helion & Company Publishing. ISBN 978-1-910294-54-3.
- Green, William. The Observer's Book of Aircraft. London. Frederick Warne & Co. Ltd., 1968.
- Hoyle, Craig (11–17 December 2012). "World Air Forces Directory". Flight International. Vol. 182, no. 5370. pp. 40–64.
- Moll, Nigel (October 1984). "SIAI-Marchetti SF.260". ISSN 0015-4806.
- Moll, Nigel (April 1988). "SIAI-Marchetti SF.260TP: Turboprop Tempo". Flying. Vol. 115, no. 4. pp. 56–60. ISSN 0015-4806.
- Mondey, David (1981). Encyclopedia of The World's Commercial and Private Aircraft. New York: Crescent Books. ISBN 0-517-36285-6.
- Simpson, R. W. (1995). Airlife's General Aviation (Second ed.). Shrewsbury, UK: Airlife Publishing Ltd. ISBN 1-85310-577-5.
- Simpson, Rod; Longley, Pete; Swan, Robert (2022). The General Aviation Handbook: A Guide to Millennial General Aviation Manufacturers and their Aircraft. Tonbridge, Kent, UK: Air-Britain (Trading) Limited. ISBN 978-0-85130-562-2.
- ISBN 0-7106-0867-5.
External links
- SF-260 product info on Leonardo's web site Archived 2016-07-09 at the Wayback Machine
- SIAI-Marchetti SF-260 Owner's Association Archived 2018-03-31 at the Wayback Machine