SL95

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SL95
standard gauge

SL95 is a series of 32

Firema, later known as AnsaldoBreda (now Hitachi Rail Italy
), and delivered between 1999 and 2004. Capacity for the eight-axle, three-section vehicles is 212 passengers, of which 88 can be seated. The name derives from being ordered in 1995. Original plans called for the delivery to be between 1997 and 1998. Delivery took many years due to a magnitude of technical flaws, including high noise levels, freezing during the winter and corrosion. The trams are 33.12 metres (108 ft 8 in) long, 2.6 metres (8 ft 6 in) wide and 3.62 metres (11 ft 11 in) tall. The aluminum vehicles weigh 64.98 tonnes (63.95 long tons; 71.63 short tons) and have a power output of 840 kilowatts (1,130 hp).

The trams operate all services on lines 13, 17 and 18. Due to their heavy weight and large turning radius they are unsuitable for the other lines. However, they are the only bi-directional trams in the fleet, and are needed on lines 17 and 18 along the Ullevål Hageby Line. The trams cost about 20 million kr each, but discounts were awarded after the delays and technical faults.

The SL95 trams, along with older SL79 trams will be replaced by new SL18 trams between 2020 and 2024.[3][4]

Background

In the early 1990s, Oslo Sporveier was in need of new trams to operate on their network. Except for 40 articulated

ČKD Tatra, purchasing the 11 used TT Class 8 trams from Trondheim, rebuild the SL79s with an additional section or purchasing used articulated trams from abroad. Purchasing used material and rebuilding the SL79s was quickly rejected. A non-articulated Tatra tram was tested in Oslo during January 1991.[6]

ABB
, that was borrowed from Chemnitz, Germany (pictured)

Oslo Sporveier had previously bought all their new trams custom-made. For the 1995 order, the company instead wanted to purchase a pre-designed tram. The company for a long time considered purchasing trams along with Storstockholms Lokaltrafik, who were needing new rolling stock for two light rail systems in Stockholm, Sweden. Three existing trams were tested in Oslo during 1995, and several trams were also tested in Stockholm.[7]

The first was a six-axle articulated tram from

Jar on the Lilleaker Line.[8]

John Colletts plass

Following the tests in Oslo, a delegation was sent to look at compatible systems outside Oslo. After it had returned, the company went into negotiations with three manufacturers:

Skandinaviska Enskilda Banken.[11] Due to a labor dispute about privatizing the operation of the tramway and the Oslo Metro, the ownership of all trams and metro trains, including the SL95, were transferred to the municipally owned limited company Oslo Vognselskap in 2007.[12]

Construction and delivery

In January 1997, two bogies were installed and tested on a

SM83-trams would remain in service after the full delivery of the SL95s.[14] By 1998, delivery date for the first vehicle, no. 141, was set to 23 May, with plans to put it into scheduled service on 23 June. The mock-up was scrapped on 12 February.[15] However, the tram was not completed until October, when representatives for the tram company could operate it for the first time at Firema's plant.[16] This delay was caused by the roof having blown off the plant. A NOK 1 million discount per tram was granted due to the incident.[17]

A tram running along the Kolsås Line in 2007, while Oslo Metro services along the line had been terminated.

Tram no. 141 arrived at Oslo on 5 January 1999 in three parts. They were connected together and tried within the end of the month on the entire network, prior to the delivery of tram 142. Delivery frequency was set to every two weeks.[18] During periods from April through June, the voltage along sections of the Lilleaker Line was raised from 600 to 750 V; this included trials with the SL95 to ensure that it could operate under this current as well.[9]

Tram 141 was first used in scheduled traffic on 30 May, when it was put into service on the newly extended

John Colletts plass, where there is a turning loop.[18]

Bekkestua
in 2007

Tram 142 was first used in schedule service on 1 June 1999, and 143 was delivered to Oslo on 3 June. To be able to use the trams on the desired lines, Oslo Sporveier had to upgrade its infrastructure several places. The SL95 need a vertical curve radius of 500 metres (1,600 ft), requiring upgrades at

Stortorvet, but these sections were quickly rebuilt.[11]

By 2000, deliveries were delayed, and in June all trams were taken out of service for three weeks to modify the gearboxes.[19] In October, ten of thirteen trams were taken out of service due to radial run-out. The problem was large enough that some trams got a new radial run-out the day after they were fixed.[20] From 6 January 2001, SL95 could be used on the Grünerløkka–Torshov Line, and from 6 February, on the Ekeberg Line. However, the latter still had too short platforms.[21]

Rikshospitalet

Operation proved to give several major difficulties, and by March 2001, Oslo Sporveier was threatening to terminate the purchase agreement unless the manufacturer—who by then had merged to become

AnsaldoBreda—fixed the problems. These included the noise being 15 dB too loud, and trams being out of service during the January–February cold spell, when batteries and rectifiers would not operate.[22] It was agreed that AnsaldoBreda would have to replace all 256 motors to satisfy the criteria in the contract. By 1 June, AnsaldoBreda had delivered one tram that met all the contract's criteria. Tram 155 was by then still undelivered, and was being used for testing by the manufacturer. At the same time, 149 was being used for tests in Oslo.[23] The trams were taken out of service, and gradually put back as they were upgraded.[24] In February 2002, tram 155 was equipped with new motors, and a new agreement was made where all motors would be replaced by December 2003, if Oslo Sporveier was satisfied with six months of trials with 155.[25]

SL79 and SL95 trams in Storgata

The last day with SM91 in service was on 1 November 2002. By then, 27 of the SL95-trams had been delivered, and Oslo Sporveier was able to operate its entire network with only articulated trams.[26] Until 2003, trams 142 and 149 were not in service for long-term repairs.[27] On 8 July 2004, a computer error caused tram 161 neither to be able to run nor open the doors, even with the emergency system. This was caused by the computer indicating that the tram was running at 12.5 kilometres per hour (7.8 mph) while it stood still. All trams were later altered so the motorman could override such incidents. The final trams were delivered in 2004, and no. 142 was put into service in January 2005. At the same time, corrosion was discovered inside the articulation of tram 141.[28] In 2006, Oslo Sporveier introduced a program to upgrade all the SL95-trams, including removing corrosion from the bodywork and the inside, as well as simplifying the lubrication of the joints, which prior to the upgrades required the entire trams to be de-hooked. These upgrades are planned to be completed by 2009.[29] The trams have also had problems with the air supply freezing during cold spells, making it impossible to retract the side mirrors when changing direction, and terminating the secondary suspension. This requires the trams to be operated at walking speed without passengers[clarification needed].[30]

Specifications

The interior (1999-late 2017).

SL95 is a bidirectional, eight-axle articulated tram built exclusively for the Oslo Tramway by Ansaldo of Italy. The tram has three sections, with one bogie on the first and last section and two bogies on the center section. The body is in aluminum, with sections that are welded along the floor and roof, and bolted on the side, to ease replacement of dented sections. The trams are 33.12 meters (108 ft 8 in) long, 2.6 meters (8 ft 6 in) wide and 3.62 meters (11 ft 11 in) tall. The axle distance in the bogies is 1.80 meters (5 ft 11 in), and the distance between the bogie centers is 9.85 meters (32 ft 4 in) from the center to the end, and 5.17 meters (17 ft 0 in) between the two in the center. The tram weighs 64.2 tonnes (63.2 long tons; 70.8 short tons) empty, and 78.3 tonnes (77.1 long tons; 86.3 short tons) with payload.[31]

Each of the four bogies have two

three-phase asynchronous motors on a steel bogie with two axles. The wheels have a 680-millimeter (27 in) diameter when new and 610-millimeter (24 in) when fully worn. The axles are rubber-suspended against the bogies, while the bogies are air-suspended against the chassis. The motors are type MTA-F6-105V built by Ansaldo, and each motor outputs 105 kilowatts (141 hp) at 750 V DC. This allows a maximum speed of 80 kilometres per hour (50 mph) and an acceleration of 1.5 m/s/s (3.4 mph/s). The vehicle can be reversed, but the speed is then automatically limited to 15 kilometres per hour (9.3 mph).[31][1][2] While the tram operated with 600 V, it had power output of 672 kilowatts (901 hp).[32]

Abbediengen

The vehicles have three braking systems: a primary

rail brake. When braking with the regenerative brake, the energy can be fed back to the overhead wires. The trams are dimensioned to operate an entire day with the dynamic brakes disconnected from one bogie, and for one hour if disconnected from two bogies, in which case only disc brakes will be used.[32]
The trams are bidirectional, with a driver's cab at each end. These cabs are built so the
motorman can also sell tickets. The cab's have a door to close them off, so the riders cannot access rear cab. There are four doors on both sides; the front door is single while the three back doors are double. In addition to the front door, there is one door in each section. To operate the doors on the left side, the motorman must engage a security switch. It is also possible to open each individual door on the right side from the driver's cab. Half the length is low-floor, with an entry height at 350 millimetres (14 in), including three of the four doors. There are 88 seats, of which 64 are on the high-floor section, giving a total capacity of 212 riders.[32]
All of the rollsigns was replaced with LED signs, similar to SL79 in 2019.

Operation

The SL95s make up 32 of the 72 trams in the system, supplementing the older SL79. The SL95s are the only bidirectional trams, and therefore the only ones that can operate on the Ullevål Hageby Line, that is served by lines 17 and 18. Since line 13 is a continuation of line 17 at

Sinsen, the SL95s also operate on that line. Due to a too-small curve radius on the Briskeby Line, rarely SL95 trains run to Majorstuen,[32] and when do they run, they just run at the Frogner Line and/or the Homansbyen Line; At the turn close to the Inkognitogata stop at the Briskeby Line, there is a sign saying to be careful with SL95 trams. They run on the Ullevål Hageby-, Ekeberg-, Sinsen-, Grünerløkka–Torshov-, Lilleaker- Skøyen, and rarely in the Homansbyen- Frogner lines. Each service has a ten-minute headway, giving a five-minute interval on section that are served by two lines.[33]

SL95 tram at Kirkeristen, showing the amount of roof-mounted equipment

In 2007,[34][35] two trams were involved in an accident and sent to Firema for repair. However, the company filed for bankruptcy, and as of October 2010 the trams were still not repaired or returned to Oslo.[36] In 2010, Commissioner for Environmental Affairs and Transport Jøran Kallmyr (Progress Party) stated that the SL95 trams were being considered for replacement, at the same time as the much older SL79. Problems with the units included excessive noise, excessive amount of time out of order, rust, cracks in the axles, and increased wear to the infrastructure because they weighed too much.[37] All except two of the SL95 trams were temporarily grounded on 29 April 2013 when it was discovered that rust had damaged the joints between the articulated sections on several trams.[38]

From 2012, the trams were equipped with an automatic train protection system, which will allow them to run concurrently with the metro trains on the Kolsås Line.[39] Oslo Vognselskap announced in September 2012 that they were preparing a tender to receive bids for new trams, which would replace all SL79 and SL95 units. In addition to procuring about seventy new units, Ruter initiated plans to upgrade the tramways for a combined NOK 4 billion. Oslo Vognselskap stated that the replacement trams would be about the same size as SL95, but weigh only 40 tonnes (39 long tons; 44 short tons), giving less wear on the tracks, and have a floor height of 30 centimeters (12 in). Replacements will start in 2020 when the new SL18 trams are first delivered and will be completed by 2024 when all 87 new trams are delivered. Older SL79 trams will also be replaced by these new trams.[40][3][4]

Notes

  1. Bekkestua on Lilleaker/Kolsås Line

References

  1. ^
    AnsaldoBreda. "Oslo LRV" (PDF). Archived from the original
    (PDF) on 18 October 2010. Retrieved 18 October 2010.
  2. ^ a b c d Ruter. "Leddtrikk SL 95" (in Norwegian). Archived from the original on 15 June 2008. Retrieved 18 October 2010.
  3. ^ a b "Oslos nye trikker: Si hei til SL18! (Oslo's new trams: say hello to SL18!)". Fremtidens Byreise (in Norwegian). Retrieved 11 June 2018.
  4. ^ a b Eggesvik, Olav; Mellingsæter, Hanne. "Oslo skal kjøpe 87 Spania-trikker til mer enn fire milliarder (Oslo will purchase 87 Spanish trams for more than 4 billion NOK)". Aftenposten (in Norwegian). Retrieved 11 June 2018.
  5. ^ Andersen, Bjørn (1996). "Oslo Sporveiers vognpark pr. 1 January 1997". Lokaltrafikk (in Norwegian). 27: 29.
  6. ^ Belsaas, Baard (1990). "Sporvognsdivisjonen fornyer". Lokaltrafikk (in Norwegian). 9: 12–14.
  7. ^ a b Andersen, Bjørn (1995). "Lavgulvtrikkene kommer". Lokaltrafikk (in Norwegian). 24: 4–9.
  8. ^ a b "SL95, siste nytt". Lokaltrafikk (in Norwegian). 25: 31. 1995.
  9. ^ a b Myhre, Knut (1998). "Første SL 95". Lokaltrafikk (in Norwegian). 40: 26–27.
  10. ^ Andersen, Bjørn (1998). "Kun leddvogner i drift". Lokaltrafikk (in Norwegian). 40: 29.
  11. ^ a b Andersen, Bjørn (1999). "SL95". Lokaltrafikk (in Norwegian). 40: 27.
  12. Norwegian Broadcasting Corporation (in Norwegian). Archived
    from the original on 21 March 2012. Retrieved 21 March 2012.
  13. ^ Andersen, Bjørn (1996). "SL95". Lokaltrafikk (in Norwegian). 30: 33.
  14. ^ Andersen, Bjørn (1997). "SL95". Lokaltrafikk (in Norwegian). 32: 24.
  15. ^ Andersen, Bjørn (1998). "SL95". Lokaltrafikk (in Norwegian). 35: 24.
  16. ^ Andersen, Bjørn (1998). "Første SL 95". Lokaltrafikk (in Norwegian). 38: 24.
  17. ^ Andersen, Bjørn (1998). "Første SL 95". Lokaltrafikk (in Norwegian). 37: 31.
  18. ^ a b Andersen, Bjørn (1999). "Gaustadlinjen åpnet". Lokaltrafikk (in Norwegian). 40: 24.
  19. ^ Gaarder, Håken Kinck (2001). "SL95". Lokaltrafikk (in Norwegian). 43: 30.
  20. ^ Gaarder, Håken Kinck (2001). "Høsten 2000". Lokaltrafikk (in Norwegian). 43: 30.
  21. ^ Andersen, Bjørn (2001). "Kjøreforbud". Lokaltrafikk (in Norwegian). 44: 39.
  22. ^ Gaarder, Håkon Kinck (2001). "SL95". Lokaltrafikk (in Norwegian). 44: 38.
  23. ^ Gaarder, Håkon Kinck (2001). "SL95". Lokaltrafikk (in Norwegian). 45: 34–35.
  24. ^ Blix, Håvard (2001). "SL95". Lokaltrafikk (in Norwegian). 46: 38.
  25. ^ Blix, Håvard (2001). "SL95". Lokaltrafikk (in Norwegian). 47: 41–42.
  26. ^ Blix, Håvard (2002). "1. November". Lokaltrafikk (in Norwegian). 50: 41–42.
  27. ^ Blix, Håvard (2003). "SL95". Lokaltrafikk (in Norwegian). 52: 41–42.
  28. ^ "SL95". Lokaltrafikk (in Norwegian). 57: 42. 2004.
  29. ^ "SL95". Lokaltrafikk (in Norwegian). 63: 30. 2007.
  30. ^ Udbjørg, Peder (2009). "SL95". Lokaltrafikk (in Norwegian). 71: 31.
  31. ^ a b Andersen, Bjørn (2000). "SL95, en presentasjon". Lokaltrafikk (in Norwegian). 43: 4–10.
  32. ^ a b c d Backer, Henrik B. and Arild Wold (1997). "SL95, en presentasjon". Lokaltrafikk. 31: 22–23.
  33. ^ Ruter (2009). "Rutehefte Trikk" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 8 April 2010. Retrieved 25 August 2009.
  34. Accident Investigation Board Norway (in Norwegian and English). 27 November 2008. Archived from the original
    on 29 September 2011. Retrieved 8 July 2011.
  35. ^ Trellevik, Amund (21 November 2007). "To trikker kolliderte". Aftenposten (in Norwegian). Archived from the original on 28 June 2011. Retrieved 21 March 2012.
  36. ^ Hansen, Asle (25 September 2010). "Oslo har mistet to av sine nyeste trikkevogner". Dagbladet (in Norwegian). Archived from the original on 11 October 2012. Retrieved 21 March 2012.
  37. TV 2 (in Norwegian). Archived
    from the original on 28 September 2010. Retrieved 18 October 2010.
  38. ^ "Oslo-trikker skal tilbake på skinnene" (in Norwegian). 30 April 2013: Dagens Næringsliv/NTB. Retrieved 1 May 2013.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: location (link)
  39. ^ Seehusen, Joachim (20 March 2012). "Slik kan trikken kjøre på T-banelinjene". Teknisk Ukeblad (in Norwegian). Archived from the original on 23 March 2012. Retrieved 21 March 2012.
  40. ^ Valmot, Odd Richard (24 September 2012). "Oslotrikken skal fornyes". Teknisk Ukeblad (in Norwegian). Archived from the original on 30 September 2012. Retrieved 29 September 2012.
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