SMS Kaiser Friedrich III
Lithograph of SMS Kaiser Friedrich III in 1900
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History | |
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German Empire | |
Name | Kaiser Friedrich III |
Namesake | Friedrich III |
Builder | Kaiserliche Werft Wilhelmshaven |
Laid down | 5 March 1895 |
Launched | 1 July 1896 |
Commissioned | 7 October 1898 |
Fate | Scrapped in 1920 |
General characteristics | |
Class and type | Kaiser Friedrich III-class pre-dreadnought battleship |
Displacement |
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Length | 125.3 m (411 ft 1 in) |
Beam | 20.4 m (66 ft 11 in) |
Draft | 7.89 m (25 ft 11 in) |
Installed power |
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Propulsion |
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Speed | 17.5 knots (32.4 km/h; 20.1 mph) |
Range | 3,420 nmi (6,330 km; 3,940 mi) at 10 knots (19 km/h; 12 mph) |
Complement | 658–687 |
Armament |
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Armor |
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SMS Kaiser Friedrich III ("His Majesty's Ship Emperor Frederick III")
Kaiser Friedrich III was extensively modernized in 1908; her secondary guns were reorganized and her superstructure was cut down to reduce top-heaviness. After returning to service in 1910, Kaiser Friedrich III was placed in the Reserve Formation; she spent the next two years laid up, being activated only for the annual fleet maneuvers. The years 1913 and 1914 passed without any active service until the outbreak of World War I in July 1914. Though obsolete, Kaiser Friedrich III and her sister ships served in a limited capacity as coastal defense ships in V Battle Squadron in the early months of the war, tasked with defending Germany's North Sea coastline. The ships conducted two operations in the Baltic but did not encounter any hostile warships. By February 1915, Kaiser Friedrich was withdrawn from service and eventually decommissioned in November, thereafter being employed as a prison ship and later as a barracks ship. She was scrapped in 1920.
Design
After the
Kaiser Friedrich III was 125.3 m (411 ft 1 in)
The ship's armament consisted of a main battery of four
Service history
Construction to 1900
Kaiser Friedrich III's
Upon recommissioning on 21 October, Kaiser Friedrich III was assigned to II Division of I Squadron of the Heimatflotte (Home Fleet), which was commanded by Vizeadmiral Paul Hoffmann.[5][7] She took the place of the ironclad Baden, which had been decommissioned the previous day. Kaiser Friedrich III became the flagship of II Division, commanded by Konteradmiral (Rear Admiral) Wilhelm Büchsel. Before she could join her division, Kaiser Friedrich III and the aviso Hela were sent to escort the Kaiser's yacht Hohenzollern on a trip to Britain for the Kaiser to visit his grandmother, Queen Victoria. The ships left Germany on 17 November and stayed in Dover from 18 to 20 November, before proceeding to Portsmouth on the 20th, remaining there for three days. On their return they stopped in Vlissingen in the Netherlands, from 24 to 29 November, before continuing to Kiel, where they arrived on 1 December.[5]
Kaiser Friedrich III finally assumed her role as II Division flagship on 24 January 1900, when Büchsel transferred his flag to the ship. On 2 April, I Squadron steamed to
On 1 November, Vizeadmiral
1901 grounding
In early 1901 the ships underwent maintenance.
The crew were able to suppress the fire and contain the flooding. Kaiser Wilhelm II, which had also had a slight grounding (without damage), came alongside to take off the crew if it became necessary to abandon ship and, once the fires were controlled, attempted to take Kaiser Friedrich III under tow, but the cables snapped. By this time, the crew had raised steam in the remaining boilers, and the ship proceeded at 5 knots (9.3 km/h; 5.8 mph)[13] to Kiel, which she reached on 3 April.[13] There, the ship was thoroughly examined. The dockyard workers found that eight of the ship's boilers had been badly damaged, and many bulkheads had been bent from the pressure of the water. The keel was extensively damaged, with large holes torn in several places. All three of the ship's propellers were damaged as well.[15] Temporary repairs were effected in Kiel, which included sealing the holes with cement and wood.[16] On 23 April, this work was completed, and she left for Wilhelmshaven, where she was decommissioned for permanent repairs on 4 May.[13]
The investigation found that the nearby
While Kaiser Friedrich III was decommissioned for repairs, her crew was transferred to her new sister
1902–1903
The last ironclad left the squadron in February 1902, having been replaced by Kaiser Friedrich III's newly commissioned sister ship
For most of June, the ships of the squadron conducted individual training. Vizeadmiral
Starting in November, I Squadron—less the Wittelsbach-class ships, which were still occupied with trials—conducted a number of short cruises, culminating in the annual winter cruise that began on 1 December. The ships steamed into the Kattegat and stopped in
Later in June, the ships took part in additional gunnery training and were present at the
1904–1914
In 1904 Kaiser Friedrich III took part in a training cruise to Britain that included squadron exercises in the northern North Sea and along the Norwegian coast. During the cruise, the ship stopped in
Kaiser Friedrich III followed the same routine of training exercises through 1906. During gunnery training that year, the ship won the Schießpreis for a second time. The summer cruise went to Norway, including stops in Molde from 20 to 26 July and Bergen from 27 July to 2 August. That year, the autumn fleet maneuvers lasted only a week, from 7 to 15 September. After the maneuvers ended, Kaiser Wilhelm II replaced Kaiser Friedrich III as the deputy commander's flagship, though she remained in I Squadron. In December the fleet took its winter cruise into the North Sea instead of the Baltic. In 1907 the ship took part in three major training exercises: the first from 8 May to 7 June; the second from 13 July to 10 August; and the third, the annual fleet maneuvers, from 26 August to 14 September. Directly after the end of the fleet maneuvers, Kaiser Friedrich III was decommissioned in the Kaiserliche Werft in Kiel, being replaced by her sister Kaiser Barbarossa.[26] While decommissioned, the ship underwent an extensive modernization that lasted until 1909. Four of her 15 cm guns were removed, though two 8.8 cm guns were added. All twelve machine guns were removed, as was the ship's stern-mounted torpedo tube.[2] The superstructure was also cut down to reduce the ship's tendency to roll excessively,[27] and her funnels were lengthened.[28]
After completing the reconstruction, Kaiser Friedrich III was assigned to the Reserve Formation of the Baltic, spending most of the year out of service. She was reactivated for the annual fleet maneuvers in August and September 1910 with the Hochseeflotte (High Seas Fleet).[29] The ship was recommissioned on 2 August and assigned to III Battle Squadron, serving as the flagship of Vizeadmiral Max Rollmann, who came aboard four days later. The squadron was disbanded after the maneuvers on 8 September, and Kaiser Friedrich III was decommissioned again on 15 September. The ship spent most of 1911 in reserve, being activated only for the annual fleet maneuvers. After recommissioning on 31 July, she briefly served as the flagship of the deputy commander of III Squadron, Konteradmiral Heinrich Saß. The ships initially trained individually before joining the rest of the fleet on 17 August. The maneuvers lasted until 11 September, after which Kaiser Friedrich III was decommissioned yet again. This was the last time the ship would be activated before the outbreak of World War I in July 1914. She and her sister ships were removed from the Reserve Formation in May 1912, having been replaced by the Wittelsbach-class vessels.[30]
World War I
At the outbreak of World War I in August 1914, Kaiser Friedrich III and her sisters were brought back to active service and mobilized as V Battle Squadron. Kaiser Friedrich III was commanded by Käpitan zur See
The squadron returned to the North Sea for guard duties, but was withdrawn from front-line service in February 1915. Shortages of trained crews in the High Seas Fleet, and the risk of operating older ships in wartime, necessitated the deactivation of Kaiser Friedrich III and her sisters. The ship had her crew reduced on 6 March in Kiel, where she was assigned as a harbor defense ship. The V Squadron staff came aboard the ship on 25 April, until Begas, by now promoted to Konteradmiral, left for
Notes
Footnotes
- Seiner Majestät Schiff("His Majesty's Ship").
- ^ In Imperial German Navy gun nomenclature, "SK" (Schnelladekanone) denotes that the gun is quick firing, while the L/40 denotes the length of the gun. In this case, the L/40 gun is 40 caliber, meaning that the gun is 40 times as long as it is in diameter.[3]
Citations
- ^ Sondhaus, pp. 180–189.
- ^ a b c Gröner, p. 15.
- ^ Grießmer, p. 177.
- ^ Gröner, pp. 13–16.
- ^ a b c Hildebrand, Röhr, & Steinmetz, p. 28.
- ^ Dodson, p. 48.
- ^ Campbell & Sieche, p. 141.
- ^ Hildebrand, Röhr, & Steinmetz, pp. 28–29.
- ^ a b c Hildebrand, Röhr, & Steinmetz, p. 29.
- ^ a b Marine Casualties, p. 175.
- ^ Hildebrand, Röhr, & Steinmetz, pp. 29–30.
- ^ a b c d e f Hildebrand, Röhr, & Steinmetz, p. 30.
- ^ Marine Casualties, pp. 173–174.
- ^ a b Marine Casualties, p. 174.
- ^ a b c Hildebrand, Röhr, & Steinmetz, p. 31.
- ^ Dodson, p. 75.
- ^ Hildebrand, Röhr, & Steinmetz, pp. 31–32.
- ^ Hildebrand, Röhr, & Steinmetz, p. 32.
- ^ Hildebrand, Röhr, & Steinmetz, pp. 32–33.
- ^ Hildebrand, Röhr, & Steinmetz, p. 33.
- ^ Hildebrand, Röhr, & Steinmetz, pp. 33–34.
- ^ a b Hildebrand, Röhr, & Steinmetz, p. 34.
- ^ a b Hildebrand, Röhr, & Steinmetz, p. 35.
- ^ Burt, pp. 1–3.
- ^ Hore, p. 67.
- ^ Hildebrand, Röhr, & Steinmetz, pp. 35–36.
- ^ Hildebrand, Röhr, & Steinmetz, pp. 36–37.
- ^ Hildebrand, Röhr, & Steinmetz, p. 37.
- ^ Hildebrand, Röhr, & Steinmetz, pp. 62–63.
- ^ Hildebrand, Röhr, & Steinmetz, p. 63.
- ^ Hildebrand, Röhr, & Steinmetz, pp. 37, 63.
- ^ a b Gröner, p. 16.
- ^ Friedman, p. 141.
References
- Burt, R. A. (1989). German Battleships: 1897–1945. London: Arms and Armour Press. ISBN 978-0-85368-985-0.
- Campbell, N. J. M. & Sieche, Erwin (1986). "Germany". In Gardiner, Robert & Gray, Randal (eds.). Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships 1906–1921. London: Conway Maritime Press. pp. 134–189. ISBN 978-0-85177-245-5.
- ISBN 978-1-84832-229-5.
- Friedman, Norman (2011). Naval Weapons of World War One: Guns, Torpedoes, Mines and ASW Weapons of All Nations; An Illustrated Directory. Annapolis: Naval Institute Press. ISBN 978-1-84832-100-7.
- "German Naval Manoeuvres". R.U.S.I. Journal. 47 (299). London: Royal United Services Institute for Defence Studies: 90–97. 1903. OCLC 50612032.
- Grießmer, Axel (1999). Die Linienschiffe der Kaiserlichen Marine: 1906–1918; Konstruktionen zwischen Rüstungskonkurrenz und Flottengesetz [The Battleships of the Imperial Navy: 1906–1918; Constructions between Arms Competition and Fleet Laws] (in German). Bonn: Bernard & Graefe Verlag. ISBN 978-3-7637-5985-9.
- ISBN 978-0-87021-790-6.
- Hildebrand, Hans H.; Röhr, Albert & Steinmetz, Hans-Otto (1993). Die Deutschen Kriegsschiffe: Biographien – ein Spiegel der Marinegeschichte von 1815 bis zur Gegenwart [The German Warships: Biographies − A Reflection of Naval History from 1815 to the Present] (in German). Vol. 5. Ratingen: Mundus Verlag. ISBN 978-3-7822-0456-9.
- Hore, Peter (2006). The Ironclads. London: Southwater Publishing. ISBN 978-1-84476-299-6.
- "Marine Casualties". Notes on Naval Progress. 20. Washington, D.C.: United States Office of Naval Intelligence: 161–181. July 1901. OCLC 699264868.
- "Naval Notes". R.U.S.I. Journal. 45 (279). London: Royal United Services Institute for Defence Studies: 611–625. 1901. .
- Sondhaus, Lawrence (1997). Preparing for Weltpolitik: German Sea Power Before the Tirpitz Era. Annapolis: Naval Institute Press. ISBN 978-1-55750-745-7.
- "The Naval Maneuvers of 1900". Notes on Naval Progress. 20. Washington, D.C.: United States. Office of Naval Intelligence: 363–418. July 1901.
Further reading
- Koop, Gerhard & Schmolke, Klaus-Peter (2001). Die Panzer- und Linienschiffe der Brandenburg-, Kaiser Friedrich III-, Wittlesbach-, Braunschweig- und Deutschland-Klasse [The Armored and Battleships of the Brandenburg, Kaiser Friedrich III, Wittelsbach, Braunschweig, and Deutschland Classes] (in German). Bonn: Bernard & Graefe Verlag. ISBN 978-3-7637-6211-8.