SMS Kurfürst Friedrich Wilhelm

An 1899 lithograph of SMS Kurfürst Friedrich Wilhelm
History
German Empire
Name	Kurfürst Friedrich Wilhelm
Namesake	Friedrich Wilhelm
Builder	Kaiserliche Werft Wilhelmshaven
Laid down	1890
Launched	30 June 1891
Commissioned	29 April 1894
Fate	Sold to the Ottoman Empire in 1910
Ottoman Empire
Name	Barbaros Hayreddin
Namesake	Hayreddin Barbarossa
Acquired	12 September 1910
Fate	Sunk by the British submarine HMS E11, 8 August 1915
General characteristics
Class and type	Brandenburg-class battleship
Displacement	Normal: 10,013 t (9,855 long tons ) Full load : 10,670 t (10,500 long tons)
Length	115.7 m (379 ft 7 in) loa
Beam	19.5 m (64 ft)
Draft	7.9 m (25 ft 11 in)
Installed power	12 × Scotch marine boilers 10,000 metric horsepower (9,900 ihp )
Propulsion	2 × screw propellers 2 × triple-expansion steam engines
Speed	16.5 knots (30.6 km/h; 19.0 mph)
Range	4,300 nmi (8,000 km; 4,900 mi) at 10 knots (19 km/h; 12 mph)
Complement	38 officers 530 enlisted men
Armament	4 × 28 cm (11 in) MRK L/40 caliber guns 2 × 28 cm (11 in) MRK L/35 caliber guns 8 × 10.5 cm (4.1 in) SK L/35 guns 8 × 8.8 cm (3.5 in) SK L/30 naval guns 6 × 45 cm (17.7 in) torpedo tubes
Armor	Belt: 400 mm (15.7 in) Barbettes: 300 mm (11.8 in) Deck: 60 mm (2.4 in)

SMS Kurfürst Friedrich Wilhelm ("His Majesty's Ship

The four Brandenburg-class battleships were the first

In German service

Construction to 1895

Kurfürst Friedrich Wilhelm was the fourth and final ship of her class. She was ordered as battleship D,

1895 began with what became the normal trips to

The year 1896 followed much the same pattern as the previous year. On 10 March 1896, Koester once again raised his flag aboard Kurfürst Friedrich Wilhelm. Individual ship training was conducted through April, followed by squadron training in the North Sea in late April and early May. This included a visit to the Dutch ports of

In early December, I Division conducted maneuvers in the Kattegat and the Skagerrak, though they were cut short due to shortages in officers and men. The fleet followed the typical routine of individual and fleet training in 1898 without incident, though a voyage to the British Isles was also included. The fleet stopped in Queenstown, Greenock, and Kirkwall. The fleet assembled in Kiel on 14 August for the annual autumn exercises. The maneuvers included a mock blockade of the coast of Mecklenburg and a pitched battle with an "Eastern Fleet" in the Danzig Bay. While steaming back to Kiel, a severe storm hit the fleet, causing significant damage to many ships and sinking the torpedo boat S58. The fleet then transited the Kaiser Wilhelm Canal and continued the maneuvers in the North Sea. Training finished on 17 September in Wilhelmshaven. In December, I Division conducted artillery and torpedo training in Eckernförde Bay, followed by divisional training in the Kattegat and Skagerrak. During these maneuvers, the division visited Kungsbacka, Sweden, from 9 to 13 December. After returning to Kiel, the ships of I Division went into dock for their winter repairs.^[18]

On 5 April 1899, the ship participated in the celebrations commemorating the 50th anniversary of the

In July, the fleet conducted squadron maneuvers in the North Sea, which included coast defense exercises with soldiers from X Corps. On 16 August, the fleet assembled in Danzig once again for the annual autumn maneuvers. The exercises started in the Baltic and on 30 August the fleet passed through the Kattegat and Skagerrak and steamed into the North Sea for further maneuvers in the German Bight, which lasted until 7 September. The third phase of the maneuvers took place in the Kattegat and the Great Belt from 8 to 26 September, when the maneuvers concluded and the fleet went into port for annual maintenance. The year 1900 began with the usual routine of individual and divisional exercises. In the second half of March, the squadrons met in Kiel, followed by torpedo and gunnery practice in April and a voyage to the eastern Baltic. From 7 to 26 May, the fleet went on a major training cruise to the northern North Sea, which included stops in Shetland from 12 to 15 May and in Bergen from 18 to 22 May. On 8 July, the ships of I Division were reassigned to II Division, and the role of fleet flagship was transferred to the recently commissioned battleship Kaiser Wilhelm II.^[20]

Boxer Uprising

Kurfürst Friedrich Wilhelm saw her first major operation in 1900, when I Division was deployed to China during the

The pattern of training for 1902 remained unchanged from previous years; I Squadron went on a major training cruise that started on 25 April. The squadron initially steamed to Norwegian waters, then rounded the northern tip of Scotland, and stopped in Irish waters. The ships returned to Kiel on 28 May. Kurfürst Friedrich Wilhelm then participated in the annual autumn maneuvers, after which she was decommissioned, with the new battleship Wittelsbach taking her place as second command flagship. The four Brandenburg class battleships were taken out of service for a major reconstruction.^[33] The work to Kurfürst Friedrich Wilhelm was done at the Kaiserliche Werft shipyard in Wilhelmshaven.^[1] The work included increasing the ship's coal storage capacity and adding a pair of 10.5 cm guns. The plans had initially called for the center 28 cm turret to be replaced with an armored battery of medium-caliber guns, but this proved to be prohibitively expensive. Kurfürst Friedrich Wilhelm was the last ship of her class to complete her reconstruction, which was finished on 14 December 1905.^[34]

On 1 January 1906 she was assigned to II Squadron and served as the flagship of first KAdm Henning von Holtzendorff, and then during the autumn maneuvers of KAdm Adolf Paschen. The fleet conducted its normal routine of individual and unit training, interrupted only by a cruise to Norway from mid-July to early August. The annual autumn maneuvers occurred as usual. Kurfürst Friedrich Wilhelm served as the second command flagship in I Squadron of the newly created High Seas Fleet, but at the end of the 1906 training year, she was removed from active duty and her place was taken by the new battleship Pommern.^[35]

Beginning on 1 October 1907, Kurfürst Friedrich Wilhelm was assigned to the Reserve Squadron in the North Sea, which had been created in early 1907 to train new crews. Her three sister ships joined her in this unit; their duties typically consisted of training cruises in the North Sea. From 5 to 25 April, she operated with the Training Squadron with its flagship Vineta. In September, the Reserve Squadron contributed vessels to the autumn maneuvers; Kurfürst Friedrich Wilhelm served as the Reserve Squadron flagship, with the coastal defense ships Ägir and Frithjof, the minelaying cruisers Nautilus and Albatross, and the old avisos Blitz, Pfeil, and Zieten. The Squadron was organized in Cuxhaven and joined the High Seas Fleet in the German Bight on 8 September. They participated in the main series of exercises off Heligoland, and the squadron was dissolved when the maneuvers ended on 12 September.^[35]

After completing her annual winter overhaul, Kurfürst Friedrich Wilhelm returned to the Reserve Squadron in January 1909. Starting on 27 March, she operated with the Training Squadron again, the flagship of which was now the armored cruiser Friedrich Carl. Between 30 March and 24 April, she cruised in the central Baltic and in the waters around Rügen. She and the rest of the Reserve Squadron joined the autumn maneuvers in August and the battleship Schwaben replaced Kurfürst Friedrich Wilhelm as the flagship of the Reserve Squadron. Kurfürst Friedrich Wilhelm was then transferred to the VII Division in the Reserve Squadron. She continued in this routine in early 1910; she operated with the Training Squadron from 4 to 29 April and cruised in the Skagerrak and the western Baltic. The battleship was scheduled to take part in the autumn maneuvers, but shortly before the fleet assembled for the exercises, both she and Weissenburg were sold to the Ottoman Empire.^[36]

In Ottoman service

In late 1909, the German military attache to the Ottoman Empire began a conversation with the

The First Balkan War broke out in October 1912, when the Balkan League attacked the Ottoman Empire after the war with Italy had revealed the scale of Ottoman weakness. The condition of Barbaros Hayreddin, as with most ships of the Ottoman fleet, had deteriorated significantly. During the war, Barbaros Hayreddin conducted gunnery training along with the other capital ships of the Ottoman navy, escorted troop convoys, and bombarded coastal installations.^[39] On 17 October, Barbaros Hayreddin and Turgut Reis steamed to İğneada. Two days later, the two battleships bombarded Bulgarian artillery positions near Varna. On 30 October, Barbaros Hayreddin was back outside Varna to blockade the port along with the destroyer Nümune-i Hamiyet.^[44] On 17 November, Barbaros Hayreddin and Mesudiye bombarded Bulgarian positions in support of I Corps, with the aid of artillery observers ashore.^[45] The battleships' gunnery was poor, though it provided a morale boost for the defending Ottoman army dug in at Çatalca.^[46] From 15 to 20 November, the ship was stationed at Büyükçekmece along with her sister ship and several other warships, but they saw no action against the small Bulgarian navy.^[47]

In December 1912, the Ottoman fleet was reorganized into an armored division, which included Barbaros Hayreddin as flagship, two destroyer divisions, and a fourth division composed of warships intended for independent operations.^[48] Over the next two months, the armored division attempted to break the Greek naval blockade of the Dardanelles, which resulted in two major naval engagements.^[49]

Battle of Elli

At the Battle of Elli on 16 December 1912, the Ottomans attempted to launch an attack on Imbros.^[50] The Ottoman fleet sortied from the Dardanelles at 9:30; the smaller craft remained at the mouth of the straits while the battleships sailed north, hugging the coast. The Greek flotilla, which included the armored cruiser Georgios Averof and three Hydra-class ironclads, sailing from the island of Lemnos, altered course to the northeast to block the advance of the Ottoman battleships.^[51] The Ottoman ships opened fire on the Greeks at 9:40, from a range of about 15,000 yd (14,000 m). Five minutes later, Georgios Averof crossed over to the other side of the Ottoman fleet, placing the Ottomans in the unfavorable position of being under fire from both sides. At 9:50 and under heavy pressure from the Greek fleet, the Ottoman ships completed a 16-point turn, which reversed their course, and headed for the safety of the straits. The turn was poorly conducted, and the ships fell out of formation, blocking each other's fields of fire.^[50]

By 10:17, both sides had ceased firing and the Ottoman fleet withdrew into the Dardanelles. The ships reached port by 13:00 and transferred their casualties to the hospital ship Resit Paşa.^[50] The battle was considered a Greek victory, because the Ottoman fleet remained blockaded.^[49] During the battle, Barbaros Hayreddin was hit twice. The first shell struck the afterdeck and killed five men assigned to a damage control party. The second shell jammed the rear turret, placing it out of action. Shell fragments from this hit damaged several boilers and caused a fire in one of the coal bunkers.^[50]

On 4 January 1913, the Ottoman Navy and Army attempted a landing at

The Battle of Lemnos resulted from an Ottoman plan to lure the faster Georgios Averof away from the Dardanelles. The protected cruiser

Barbaros Hayreddin, Turgut Reis, and other units of the Ottoman fleet departed the Dardanelles at 8:20 on the morning of 18 January, and sailed toward the island of Lemnos at a speed of 11 knots (20 km/h; 13 mph). Barbaros Hayreddin led the line of battleships, with a flotilla of torpedo boats on either side of the formation.[52] Georgios Averof, with the three Hydra-class ironclads and five destroyers trailing behind, intercepted the Ottoman fleet approximately 12 nautical miles (22 km; 14 mi) from Lemnos.^[51] At 10:55, the Ottoman cruiser Mecidiye spotted the Greeks, and the fleet turned south to engage them.^[52]

A long range artillery duel that lasted for two hours began at around 11:55, when the Ottoman fleet opened fire at a range of 8,000 m (26,000 ft). They concentrated their fire on the Greek Georgios Averof, which returned fire at 12:00. At 12:50, the Greeks attempted to cross the T of the Ottoman fleet, but Barbaros Hayreddin turned north to block the Greek maneuver. The Ottoman commander detached Mesudiye after a serious hit at 12:55. At around the same time, a shell hit Barbaros Hayreddin on her amidships turret, killing the entire gun crew. She was thereafter hit several times in the superstructure; these hits did relatively little damage, but they created significant smoke that was sucked into the boiler rooms and caused the ship's speed to fall to 5 knots (9.3 km/h; 5.8 mph). As a result, Turgut Reis took the lead of the formation and Bey decided to break off the engagement.^[53]

Toward the end of the engagement, Georgios Averof closed to within 5,000 yd (4,600 m) and scored several hits on the fleeing Ottoman ships.^[51] At 14:00, the Ottoman warships had come close enough to the shore to be protected by coastal batteries, forcing the Greeks to withdraw and ending the battle.^[54] During the battle, both Barbaros Hayreddin and her sister had a barbette disabled by gunfire, and both caught fire as a result. Between Barbaros Hayreddin and Turgut Reis, the ships fired some 800 rounds, mostly of their main battery 28 cm (11 in) ammunition but without success.^[55]

Subsequent operations

On 8 February 1913, the Ottoman navy supported an amphibious assault at Şarköy. Barbaros Hayreddin and Turgut Reis, along with several cruisers weighed anchor at 5:50 and arrived off the island at around 9:00.^[47] The Ottoman fleet provided artillery support, from about a kilometer off shore.^[56] The ships supported the left flank of the Ottoman army once it was ashore. The Bulgarian army provided stiff resistance that ultimately forced the Ottoman army to withdraw, though the withdrawal was successful in large part due to the gunfire support from Barbaros Hayreddin and the rest of the fleet. During the battle, Barbaros Hayreddin fired 250 rounds from her 10.5 cm (4.1 in) SK L/35 guns and 180 shells from her 8.8 cm (3.5 in) SK L/30 guns.^[57]

In March 1913, the ship returned to the Black Sea to resume support of the Çatalca garrison, which was under renewed attacks by the Bulgarian army. On 26 March, the 28 cm (11 in) and 10.5 cm (4.1 in) shells fired by Barbaros Hayreddin and Turgut Reis helped to turn back the advance of the 2nd Brigade of the Bulgarian 1st Infantry Division.^[58] On 30 March, the left wing of the Ottoman line turned to pursue the retreating Bulgarians. Their advance was supported by both field artillery and the heavy guns of Barbaros Hayreddin; the assault gained the Ottomans about 1,500 m (1,600 yd) by nightfall. In response, the Bulgarians brought the 1st Brigade to the front, which beat the Ottoman advance back to its starting position.^[59]

World War I

In the summer of 1914, World War I broke out in Europe, though the Ottomans initially remained neutral. On 3 August 1914, Barbaros Hayreddin began a refit at Constantinople—German engineers inspected her and other Ottoman warships in the dockyard and found them to be in a state of severe disrepair. Owing to the state of tension, repairs could not be effected, and only ammunition, coal, and other supplies were loaded.^[60] By early November, the actions of the German battlecruiser Goeben, which had been transferred to the Ottoman Navy, resulted in declarations of war by Russia, France, and Great Britain.^[61] Between 1914–1915, some of the ship's guns were removed and employed as coastal guns to shore up the defenses protecting the Dardanelles.^[55] In the meantime, she was used as a floating artillery battery at the Nara naval base, along with her sister Turgut Reis. Early during this stint, the ships were immobilized, but as the threat from British submarines grew, steam was kept up in their boilers to allow them to move quickly.^[62]

Barbaros Hayreddin returned to Constantinople on 11 March 1915; the Ottoman high command had decided that both ships were not needed at all times. Over the next several months, the two ships alternated trips to Constantinople. On 25 April, the two battleships bombarded the British landings on the first day of the

Citations

1. ^ ^{a b c d e f g} Gröner, p. 13.
2. ^ ^{a b c d} Hore, p. 66.
3. ^ Sondhaus Weltpolitik, pp. 179–181.
4. ^ Grießmer, p. 177.
5. ^ ^{a b} Lyon, p. 247.
6. ^ ^{a b c} Hildebrand, Röhr, & Steinmetz, p. 174.
7. ^ Weir, p. 23.
8. ^ Campbell & Sieche, p. 141.
9. ^ Herwig, p. 45.
10. ^ Sweetman, p. 401.
11. ^ Philbin, p. 94.
12. ^ Hildebrand, Röhr, & Steinmetz, p. 175.
13. ^ Hildebrand, Röhr, & Steinmetz, pp. 175–176.
14. ^ Hildebrand, Röhr, & Steinmetz, pp. 75, 176.
15. ^ Hildebrand, Röhr, & Steinmetz, pp. 176–178.
16. ^ Hildebrand, Röhr, & Steinmetz, pp. 178–179.
17. ^ Hildebrand, Röhr, & Steinmetz, pp. 180–181.
18. ^ Hildebrand, Röhr, & Steinmetz, pp. 181–183.
19. ^ Hildebrand, Röhr, & Steinmetz, p. 183.
20. ^ Hildebrand, Röhr, & Steinmetz, pp. 183–186.
21. ^ Holborn, p. 311.
22. ^ Perry, p. 28.
23. ^ Herwig, p. 106.
24. ^ Hildebrand, Röhr, & Steinmetz, p. 186.
25. ^ Hildebrand, Röhr, & Steinmetz, pp. 186–187.
26. ^ Sondhaus Naval Warfare, p. 186.
27. ^ Hildebrand, Röhr, & Steinmetz, p. 187.
28. ^ Hildebrand, Röhr, & Steinmetz, pp. 188–189.
29. ^ Herwig, p. 103.
30. ^ Campbell & Sieche, p. 135.
31. ^ Gröner, p. xii.
32. ^ Hildebrand, Röhr, & Steinmetz, p. 41.
33. ^ ^{a b} Hildebrand, Röhr, & Steinmetz, p. 189.
34. ^ Hildebrand, Röhr, & Steinmetz, pp. 189–190.
35. ^ ^{a b} Hildebrand, Röhr, & Steinmetz, p. 190.
36. ^ Hildebrand, Röhr, & Steinmetz, pp. 190–191.
37. ^ Langensiepen & Güleryüz, pp. 16–17.
38. ^ Gröner, p. 14.
39. ^ ^{a b} Erickson, p. 131.
40. ^ ^{a b c} Sondhaus Naval Warfare, p. 218.
41. ^ ^{a b} Langensiepen & Güleryüz, p. 17.
42. ^ Childs, p. 24.
43. ^ Langensiepen & Güleryüz, p. 15.
44. ^ ^{a b} Langensiepen & Güleryüz, p. 20.
45. ^ Hall, p. 36.
46. ^ Erickson, p. 133.
47. ^ ^{a b} Langensiepen & Güleryüz, p. 25.
48. ^ Langensiepen & Güleryüz, p. 21.
49. ^ ^{a b} Hall, pp. 64–65.
50. ^ ^{a b c d} Langensiepen & Güleryüz, p. 22.
51. ^ ^{a b c d} Fotakis, p. 50.
52. ^ ^{a b c d} Langensiepen & Güleryüz, p. 23.
53. ^ Langensiepen & Güleryüz, pp. 23–24.
54. ^ Langensiepen & Güleryüz, p. 24.
55. ^ ^{a b c} Mach, p. 390.
56. ^ Erickson, p. 264.
57. ^ Erickson, p. 270.
58. ^ Erickson, p. 288.
59. ^ Erickson, p. 289.
60. ^ ^{a b} Langensiepen & Güleryüz, p. 28.
61. ^ Staff, p. 19.
62. ^ Langensiepen & Güleryüz, pp. 28–29.
63. ^ Langensiepen & Güleryüz, p. 33.
64. ^ Halpern, p. 119.

References

• Campbell, N. J. M. & Sieche, Erwin (1986). "Germany". In Gardiner, Robert & Gray, Randal (eds.). Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships 1906–1921. London: Conway Maritime Press. pp. 134–189.
  ISBN 978-0-85177-245-5
  .
• Childs, Timothy (1990). Italo-Turkish Diplomacy and the War Over Libya, 1911–1912. New York: Brill.
  ISBN 978-90-04-09025-5
  .
• Erickson, Edward J. (2003). Defeat in Detail: The Ottoman Army in the Balkans, 1912–1913. Westport: Praeger.
  ISBN 978-0-275-97888-4
  .
• Fotakis, Zisis (2005). Greek naval strategy and policy, 1910–1919. London: Routledge.
  ISBN 978-0-415-35014-3
  .
• Grießmer, Axel (1999). Die Linienschiffe der Kaiserlichen Marine: 1906–1918; Konstruktionen zwischen Rüstungskonkurrenz und Flottengesetz [The Battleships of the Imperial Navy: 1906–1918; Constructions between Arms Competition and Fleet Laws] (in German). Bonn: Bernard & Graefe Verlag.
  ISBN 978-3-7637-5985-9
  .
• ISBN 978-0-87021-790-6
  .
• Hall, Richard C. (2000). The Balkan Wars, 1912–1913: prelude to the First World War. London: Routledge.
  ISBN 978-0-415-22946-3
  .
• Halpern, Paul G. (1995). A Naval History of World War I. Annapolis: Naval Institute Press.
  ISBN 978-1-55750-352-7
  .
• Herwig, Holger (1998) [1980]. "Luxury" Fleet: The Imperial German Navy 1888–1918. Amherst: Humanity Books.
  ISBN 978-1-57392-286-9
  .
• Hildebrand, Hans H.; Röhr, Albert & Steinmetz, Hans-Otto (1993). Die Deutschen Kriegsschiffe: Biographien – ein Spiegel der Marinegeschichte von 1815 bis zur Gegenwart [The German Warships: Biographies − A Reflection of Naval History from 1815 to the Present] (in German). Vol. 5. Ratingen: Mundus Verlag.
  ISBN 978-3-7822-0456-9
  .
• Holborn, Hajo (1982). A History of Modern Germany: 1840–1945. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
  ISBN 978-0-691-00797-7
  .
• Hore, Peter (2006). The Ironclads: An Illustrated History of Battleships From 1860 to the First World War. London: Southwater Publishing.
  ISBN 978-1-84476-299-6
  .
• Langensiepen, Bernd & Güleryüz, Ahmet (1995). The Ottoman Steam Navy 1828–1923. London: Conway Maritime Press.
  ISBN 978-0-85177-610-1
  .
• Lyon, Hugh (1979). "Germany". In Gardiner, Robert; Chesneau, Roger; Kolesnik, Eugene M. (eds.). Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships 1860–1905. Greenwich: Conway Maritime Press.
  ISBN 978-0-85177-133-5
  .
• Mach, Andrzej V. (1985). "Turkey". In Gardiner, Robert & Gray, Randal (eds.). Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships 1906–1921. Annapolis: Naval Institute Press. pp. 387–394.
  ISBN 978-0-87021-907-8
  .
• Perry, Michael (2001). Peking 1900: the Boxer rebellion. Oxford: Osprey Publishing.
  ISBN 978-1-84176-181-7
  .
• Philbin, Tobias R. III (1982). Admiral Hipper: The Inconvenient Hero. Amsterdam: B.R. Grüner.
  ISBN 978-90-6032-200-0
  .
• Sondhaus, Lawrence (1997). Preparing for Weltpolitik: German Sea Power Before the Tirpitz Era. Annapolis: Naval Institute Press.
  ISBN 978-1-55750-745-7
  .
• Sondhaus, Lawrence (2001). Naval Warfare, 1815–1914. London: Routledge.
  ISBN 978-0-415-21478-0
  .
• Staff, Gary (2006). German Battlecruisers: 1914–1918. Oxford: Osprey Books.
  ISBN 978-1-84603-009-3
  .
• Sweetman, Jack (1997). The Great Admirals: Command at Sea, 1587–1945. Annapolis: Naval Institute Press.
  ISBN 978-0-87021-229-1
  .
• Weir, Gary E. (1992). Building the Kaiser's Navy: The Imperial Navy Office and German Industry in the Tirpitz Era, 1890–1919. Annapolis: Naval Institute Press.
  ISBN 978-1-55750-929-1
  .

Further reading

Wikimedia Commons has media related to SMS Kurfürst Friedrich Wilhelm (ship, 1891).

• Koop, Gerhard & Schmolke, Klaus-Peter (2001). Die Panzer- und Linienschiffe der Brandenburg-, Kaiser Friedrich III-, Wittlesbach-, Braunschweig- und Deutschland-Klasse [The Armored and Battleships of the Brandenburg, Kaiser Friedrich III, Wittelsbach, Braunschweig, and Deutschland Classes] (in German). Bonn: Bernard & Graefe Verlag.
  ISBN 978-3-7637-6211-8
  .
• Nottelmann, Dirk (2002). Die Brandenburg-Klasse: Höhepunkt des deutschen Panzerschiffbaus [The Brandenburg Class: High Point of German Armored Ship Construction] (in German). Hamburg: Mittler.
  ISBN 978-3-8132-0740-8
  .
• Weir, Gary E. (1992). Building the Kaiser's Navy: The Imperial Navy Office and German Industry in the Tirpitz Era, 1890–1919. Annapolis: Naval Institute Press.
  ISBN 978-1-55750-929-1
  .

External links

• Barbaros Hayreddin, in Turkey in the First World War web site.