Sa'd ibn Abi Waqqas
Sa'd ibn Abi Waqqas سَعْد بْنِ أَبِي وَقَّاص | |
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Governor of Kufa | |
Monarchs | |
Preceded by | Office established |
Succeeded by | Al-Mughira ibn Shu'ba |
Personal details | |
Born | c. 595 Arabia |
Died | c. 674 Medina, Umayyad Caliphate | (aged 78–79)
Spouses |
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Relations | Banu Zuhra (clan) |
Children | |
Military service | |
Allegiance |
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Years of service | 624–c. 644 |
Battles/wars |
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Sa'd ibn Abi Waqqas ibn Wuhayb al-Zuhri (
Sa'd was the seventh free adult man to embrace
History
Sa'd was
According to
According to the Fath al-Bari of Ibn Hajar al-Asqalani, Sa'd migrated to Medina before Muhammad along with Ibn Umm Maktum and Mus'ab ibn Umayr,[13] where he continued to practice Islam.[9]
Early life in Medina
As Sa'd and his siblings arrived in Medina, they immediately pledged allegiance to Muhammad. The Meccan migrants were termed
During a minor reconnaissance operation under Ubayda ibn al-Harith in Rabigh shortly before the Battle of Badr, the team caught the attention of opposing Qurayshi fighters that began to chase them. Sa'd and his team immediately ran away, with some accounts stating that he performed a Parthian shot as he retreated. The team returned to Medina unscathed, and Sa'd prided himself on allowing the Muslim scouts to survive.[5]
Battle of Badr
During the march to
According to a chronicle, Sa'd's first feat of archery occurred during the Battle of Badr, in approximately 624.[12][9] In this battle, the Muslims formed a phalanx.[4] A hadith states that in the midst of battle Sa'd prayed for his arrow to hit the enemy while stringing his bow, with Muhammad also praying for God to grant Sa'd's wish.[9] Biographers noted that Sa'd's archery skills were troublesome for the Qurayshi forces during the Battle of Badr.[note 1] According to another hadith, he also joined the close combat during the final phase of the battle as the Muslims began to gain the upper hand. He killed a Qurayshi champion named Sa'id ibn al-As and retrieved a sword known as Dha al-Kutayfah (ذا الكُتَيفَة), which he presented to Muhammad as a prize of war.[15] Sa'd also reportedly managed to capture two Qurayshi soldiers during this battle.[15]
Later historians dubbed Sa'd the first Muslim archer for his actions during this battle.[4] His teenage brother Umayr asked to participate in the battle, but Muhammad refused him due to his young age. Umayr continued to ask for permission to fight and was eventually granted it; he died in the course of the battle.[15]
Protecting Muhammad in Uhud
At the
Realizing how Sa'd was affecting the enemies, Muhammad gathered arrows for him and stood next to him while he continuously shot, allowing the encircled Muslims to retreat.[9][5] As they managed to escape, Muhammad praised Sa'd for his actions.[9]
Later, after Muhammad killed one of the remaining enemy pursuers with his javelin,[9] Sa'd uttered a vow to kill his own brother, Utbah ibn Abi Waqqas, who fought on the side of the enemy, as Utbah had injured Muhammad during the encirclement.[16]
After Uhud until the Ridda Wars
Along with Abu Bakr, Sa'd ibn Mu'adh, Zubayr ibn al-Awwam, Bilal ibn Rabah, Abbad ibn Bishr, and Abu Ayyub al-Ansari,[17][18] Sa'd was a member of the Haras (personal bodyguard) unit of Muhammad.[5][9][17][18] When Muhammad and Aisha participated in military expeditions, Sa'd was the one who guarded their tent at night.[9][5]
Sa'd became one of the most important members of Medina's Muslim political and religious community after he participated in the
When Muhammed died and Abu Bakr was named the first caliph, the Ridda Wars broke out throughout the Arabian Peninsula. Abu Bakr dispatched his elite forces under Usama ibn Zayd to pacify the northern border, while he gathered the rest of the army, including Sa'd, to engage the rebel invaders led by Tulayha in the Battle of Zhu Qissa.[21] Ibn al-Jawzi and Nur ad-Din al-Halabi recorded that Sa'd instead joined the Expedition of Usama bin Zayd along with Umar, Sa'id ibn Zayd, Abu Ubayda ibn al-Jarrah, and Qatada ibn al-Nu'man.[22][23] After the rebels were routed, Sa'd joined the army marching towards Dumat al-Jandal to crush several Bedouin rebels there.[3]
Battle of al-Qadisiyyah
In 636, after the ascension of Umar ibn al-Khattab as
Sa'd engaged in routine correspondence with the central government in Medina, as Sa'd diligently wrote about all developments, major and trivial, and sent at least two messengers every day to Umar. The caliph responded with a message that forbade Sa'd from preemptive attacks.[9][27]
Pre-battle activities
According to Tabari's account, the Persian faction of the Sassanid civil war that steered the policies of the young Yazdegerd III was at odds with Rostam, the commander of the empire's most powerful army. Rostam urged patience and protracted warfare instead of outright assault on the Arab troops and exchanged letters with Zuhra ibn Hawiyah with the intention of making peace. Zuhra stated that if the Sassanids converted to Islam, the Arab armies would withdraw and return only to Persia as merchants. Parvaneh Pourshariati speculates that this points to trade being a motivation behind the invasion of Persia. Tabari's narrative states that Rostam was prepared to convert in order to avoid military confrontation, but other factions in the Sassanid government refused to agree to such terms, and battle became an inevitability.[28]
Islamic sources state that Sa'd sent a series of hostile emissaries to taunt Rostam while waiting to receive reinforcements sent by Abu Ubayda ibn al-Jarrah, who had just won the
As Rostam's army marched to the battlefield, Sa'd sent a dozen horsemen as scouts, led by Tulayha and Amr ibn Ma'adi Yakrib, who disguised themselves as Iraqi locals. They were to ride deep into Sassanid territory and to the outskirts of Ctesiphon to gather intel regarding Rostam's forces.[27][9][31] After two days of traveling, the scouts spotted the first vanguards of the army, which they estimated at 70,000. Tulayha and ibn Ma'adi sent the scouts to report their findings to Sa'd, while Tulayha and ibn Ma'adi continued to gather intel by themselves.[9] They managed to trace the second and third waves, which they believed to be the center and rear of the army, numbering 100,000 and 70,000 respectively.[9] Medieval chronicles reported that ibn Ma'adi wanted to return, having achieved the mission, but Tulayha wished to wait for one more day. Tulayha instigated a one-man raid during the night and infiltrated the rear encampment where Rostam's tent was located.[9][30] He infiltrated the Sassanid camp under the cover of darkness, cut the ropes of the tents, and used torches to ignite fires within the camp.[9] This created chaos in the camp, killing two Sassanid soldiers. As the confused army plunged into chaos, Tulayha took two horses and a captive to bring back to Sa'd.[32][33][note 5] According to Tulayha, the horses belonged to Rostam. He rejoined ibn Ma'adi and they returned to Sa'd to tell him about the number of enemy forces.[9][30]
The major battle in al-Qadisiyyah was preceded by a successful minor engagement against a portion of Sassanids in Uzaib.[36]
The battle
While the Battle of Qadisiyyah occupies an important place in Islamic history for its symbolism in Persia's fall to the Muslim army, Islamic sources provide little information about the battle itself, focusing instead on heroic tales of fighters and tribes. Modern scholars hold that most details in works like
Al-Tabari's account of the fighting has formed the basis for many modern-day attempts to reconstruct the events of the battle.According to Sa'd al-Ubaisi's reconstruction of the battle based on al-Tabari's work, the battle occurred over four days, with Sa'd overseeing the battle from a tent overlooking the battlefield and the Sassanids relying upon their elephant corps:[38]
- First day, the day of Armath:alpha male, which the Muslim army recognized by its brighter skin and their perception that it was seemingly leading the other elephants.[38][note 6] At the end of the day, there were no elephants left, and the left wing of the Muslim army managed to stall the onslaught of the Sassanid heavy cavalry.[38]
- Second day, the day of Agwath:[29] On November 17, the Muslims mobilized and fought to a deadlock as they tried to move the bodies of their fallen comrades to be buried. Suddenly, al-Qa'qa, the right-hand man of Khalid ibn al-Walid, arrived on the battlefield and burst forward with his men to penetrate the brigade of Bahman Jaduya, the Sassanid right-wing commander. They killed Bahman, leaving the Sassanid right wing leaderless for the moment. It is said that al-Qa'qa engaged in 30 personal duels on this day.[38]
- Third day, the day of Imash:[29] More elephants arrived on the battlefield and the situation became dire again for the Muslims, prompting Sa'd to send urgent messages from his tent for available forces to concentrate on the elephants.[38] Al-Qa'qa ordered massive camels to swarm the elephant flanks, while the spearmen formed spear walls in front of the elephants.[9] According to Ibn Kathir, the Muslims who were involved in slaughtering the elephants were al-Qa'qa, Tulayha, ibn Ma'adi, Dhiraar ibn al-Azwar, Jarir ibn Abdullah al-Bajali, and Khalid ibn Urfuthah.[29] The day ended with the elephant corps damaged beyond repair, as most of them were killed along with their riders, while many fled and became uncontrollable, trampling their own comrades and causing massive casualties to the Sassanids. The commander of the elephant corps, Jalinus, fled the battlefield after the Muslim forces gained upper hand. Sa'd ordered his men to chase and kill Jalinus, as he wanted the elephants to be permanently neutralized. A Tamim horseman named Zahra ibn Hawiyah at-Tamimi chased the elephant commander and killed him.[38]
- Fourth day, the day of al-Qadisiyyah:[29] The death of Rostam shocked the Sassanids, which prompted Sa'd to order a general assault.[38]
Multiple stories about the death of Rostam were presented in Tabari's works. According to one version of his death, there was a heavy sandstorm facing the Sassanid army on the final day of the battle. Rostam lay next to a camel to shelter himself from the storm, while some weapons, such as axes, maces, and swords had been loaded on the camel.[40] Hilal ibn Ullafah accidentally cut the girdle of the load on the camel, not knowing that Rostam was behind and under it.[40] The weapons fell on Rostam and broke his back, leaving him half-dead and paralyzed. Hilal beheaded Rostam and shouted that he killed Rostam.[40] Ibn Kathir's version also states that Hilal killed Rostam.[29] Another version of the story, attributed to Ya'qubi, states that a group including Dhiraar ibn al-Azwar, Tulayha, and Amr ibn Ma'adi Yakrib discovered Rostam's corpse.[41][note 7]
After Rostam's death, al-Qa'qa and his Tamim cavalry were surrounded behind enemy lines, while the Muslim army carried out Sa'd's order to advance. Most of the Sassanid forces broke as the Muslim archers attacked them relentlessly.[38] As the Sassanid casualties mounted, they were finally routed and fled towards the river of Ateeq, where they were subject to further slaughter by the Tamim cavalry led by Zahra ibn Hawiyah.[note 8][29]
News of the battle spread through Iraq, and many cities that had rebelled against the caliphate succumbed to it again. Sa'd immediately sent news of his victory to Medina, where the caliph gathered the city's people to inform them of the victory.[29]
Crossing of Tigris and conquest of Ctesiphon
Shortly after the victory in Qadisiyyah,[note 9] Sa'd commanded his forces to march again, as he aimed to subdue the Sassanid capital Ctesiphon. He rearranged his army again to the five-division formation.[43] He appointed Zuhra ibn Hawiyah to the vanguard, which marched first to the north, and replaced Khalid ibn Arfatha with Hashim ibn Utbah, his step-nephew, as his deputy. Khalid was reappointed as the rear guard commander.[29] As the vanguard reached Borsippa, Zuhra defeated the remnants of Sassanid army under Busbuhra in the Battle of Burs.[29] Sa'd met a force of Firuzan, which the caliphate army defeated easily.[29] Then the forces under Sa'd marched again until they met more Sassanid resistance in Sawad.[29] The Sasanids were defeated after their leader, Syahriyar, was defeated in a duel by a Muslim soldier named Abu Nabatah Naim al-Raji, who was given the crown and bracelets of Syahriyar as spoils of war.[29]
After the town was pacified, Sa'd continued to march again until they pacified one of the Sassanid capital's suburbs,
The Tigris was undergoing a heavy tide at the time and crossing it without boats was impossible for the Rashidun forces. Sa'd was forced to wait until they could cross the river.[29][44] He grew frustrated, as he was informed by locals that Yazdegerd III was going to move the treasury from al-Mada'in to Hulwan.[29][44] That morning, Sa'd changed his mind and told the army that he was willing to take the risk, and the entire force should cross the river with their mounts despite the high tide. Sa'd reasoned that they needed to subdue al-Mada'in immediately and deny Yazdegerd any chance to use his wealth to build another army.[29][9] The soldiers were hesitant, as the river torrents were fierce, but as Sa'd motivated them they complied, and one by one they plunged themselves into the river and crossed it.[29] Ibn Kathir reported that the Sassanids in al-Mada'in castle yelled "Crazy! They are crazy!", unable to believe that the Rasidun army attempted to cross the torrent without boats.[29] The Sassanids attempted to intercept the crossing by sending their cavalries, but Asim on the vanguard easily repelled them by instructing his archers to aim for their horses' eyes, causing the blinded horses to move uncontrollably. The Sassanids abandoned their horses and ran on foot.[29] As they ran, Asim commanded his forces to catch them.[29] By the time they reached the Sassanid capital, Sa'd recovered from his sickness.
Wealth of Yazdegerd
When the whole army had crossed the river, they immediately chased after the Sassanids who had fled to al-Mada'in.[30][45][9] The army was unable to find them, and Yazdegerd had evacuated his entire family and much of his property from the city.[9][29] The army managed to secure al-Mada'in's treasury, and also found Yazdegerd's crown and gown in a sack loaded on a mule. They were immediately confiscated by Zuhra, who brought them to Sa'd.[29]
They found the palace abandoned.[29] Sa'd sent Salman to preach Islam in the subdued megalopolis.[29] In the month of Safar, he gathered his troops to carry out Friday prayers in the palace. According to Ibn Shamil, this was the first Friday prayer established in country of Iraq, as Sa'd had intended to live in this palace.[29] Sa'd appointed Amr ibn Amr al-Muzani to manage the spoils, and Salman to distribute a fifth of the spoils to the soldiers. Because the army consisted of mounted soldiers, each soldier got at least 12,000 silver dirhams. The rest were sent to Medina with Bayir ibn al-Khasasiyah.[29]
When the wealth of the Sassanids reached Medina, Umar gave the golden bracelet of Yazdegerd to
Governorate in Kufa
Shortly after Sa'd conquered al-Mada'in, Umar ordered him to stabilize the conquered area before chasing down the Sassanid forces that fled to the mountains.[36]
Sa'd heard that the people of Mosul had gathered at Tikrit under a figure named al-Antioch.[29] Al-Antioch had gathered some Byzantine men as his allies, along with a man named Syaharijah and Arab Christian warriors from the tribes of Iyad, Taghlib, and an-Nimr.[29] Sa'd wrote a letter to Umar about this news, and Umar replied by ordering him to launch a preemptive attack on Mosul.[46] Sa'd appointed Abdullah ibn Mu'tam as the commander of the forces set to attack Mosul, with Rib'i bin al-Afkal al-Inazi as the vanguard.[29] Sa'd appointed Al-Harith ibn Hassan on the right wing, Furat ibn Hayyan on the left wing, and Hani ibn Qais and Arfajah on the cavalry, with Arfajah the first to reach Tikrit.[47] After they were finished in Tikrit, ibn Mu'tam sent Rabi'i ibn al-Afkal and Arfajah to subdue Nineveh and Mosul before the news about Antiqa's defeat in Tikrit spread.[47] Arfajah and ibn Mu'tam forced a surrender from both cities and subjected them to jizya.[48]
As Yazdegerd fled to Hulwan, he gathered soldiers and followers in every territory passed until he mustered more than 100,000 soldiers and appointed Mihran as their commander.
After the operation in Jalula, Umar ordered Hashim ibn Utbah to stay in Jalula, while al-Qa'qa should continue to pursue Yazdegerd to Hulwan. Al-Qa'qa clashed against another Sassanid force in Hulwan led by Kihran ar-Razi, who al-Qa'qa personally slaid in battle, while another Sassanid commander, Fairuzan, managed to escape.
Founding of Kufa
After the Arab armies had settled in al-Mada'in, Umar learned that many of the soldiers who had settled in Iraq were ill. The soldiers reported that they were sick because they resided "in a place that was not fit for camels". Later historians theorized that the soldiers in al-Mada'in became sick because they were not used to the non-desert climate of al-Mada'in, which was characterized by medieval chroniclers as a highly urbanized megalopolis with dense forest features.[
After Sa'd settled into Kufa, he instructed Hashim ibn Utbah to bring his forces towards locations in
Hormuzan once again gathered a group of Sassanid forces on the plain of Masabzan . Sa'd informed Umar of this, and Umar sent an army led by Dhiraar ibn al-Khattab, Al-Hudhayl Al-Asadi, and Abd Allah ibn Wahb al-Rasibi. This force successfully defeated the Sassanids in Masabzan and captured one of their commanders. Sa'd named Dhiraar an administrator of the Masabzan area.[54]
Umar then ordered the troops in Kufa to assist the army in Emesa, where Abu Ubaydah and Khalid ibn al-Walid were besieged by a Christian Arab army under the command of Heraclius. Sa'd sent al-Qa'qa and several thousand cavalries as reinforcements. As the besiegers of Emesa were repelled, Umar ordered al-Qa'qa to return to Iraq.[29]
Dismissal from command
In 638, Umar sent
In 642, ibn Maslamah was again sent to investigate complaints of Kufa's citizens towards Sa'd.[12]: 242 Ibn Maslamah visited all the local mosques and heard the public's complaints. Nearly everyone expressed satisfaction with Sa'd's conduct as governor, but there was an accusation that he did not lead the prayers correctly and spent too much time hunting. Ibn Maslamah took Sa'd and his accusers back to Umar. Sa'd was proven innocent while the accuser was only spreading rumors, but Umar still replaced Sa'd as governor.[56] According to al-Basalamah, this was because Umar wanted to minimize any potential scandals. He admitted that he trusted Sa'd,[9] as they did not find any proven misconduct during their investigation.[50] According to Asad Q. Ahmed, the complaints towards Sa'd were most likely due to the jealousy of several clans in Kufa towards Sa'd for his apparent high position as overlord of Iraq and for his closeness to his favorite general and nephew, Hashim ibn Utba, which was viewed as nepotism.[50]
Later, on the eve of the Battle of Nahavand, Umar gathered a war council consisting of Sa'd, Uthman, Ali, Talha, Zubayr, and Abbas ibn Abd al-Muttalib.[57]
Some narrations state that although Umar removed him from his post as governor, he recommended that the
First Muslim civil wars
When the
Sa'd outlived all of the other
Legacy
As a figure with a long career in early Islamic history and its conquests, Sa'd left a rich legacy as a military figure and as an honored companion of Muhammad; legends surrounding him served as influences on China's Islamic tradition. Sa'd's characterization as a hero of Islam and the Arabs was used by Saddam Hussein to link himself to the conqueror of Iraq.[60]
Islamic scholarship
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Various hadiths are attributed to Sa'd, including fifteen hadiths in Sahih Al-Bukhari and Muslim.[61] The Musnad Ahmad ibn Hanbal contains 177 hadiths attributed to him.[62] Various prominent narrators such as Abdullah ibn Umar, Aisha, and Abdullah ibn Abbas also narrated from Sa'd, as Dhahabi recorded.[61]
Several hadiths involving Sa'd have been used to explain the Islamic law of inheritance that restricts bequests to one-third of the estate when the deceased is survived by an heir. This law, which is not described in the Qu'ran, is largely based on a tradition in which a gravely ill Sa'd requests Muhammad's guidance in determining how much of his wealth he should bequeath to charity. The tradition has multiple variants, with some of them involving Umar instead of Muhammad, and may be an
Sa'd earned part of his income via muzara'a, a business model similar to sharecropping whereby the product was shared according to fixed ratio.[64]
Architecture
Sa'd is credited with the foundation of the city of Kufa adjacent to
Ibn Shamil's al-Bidaya wa Nihaya named Sa'd the first to lead Friday prayers in Iraq,[29] stating that he transformed the main hall of the palace of Ctesiphon into a congregational prayer area for the Muslim conquering forces.[66]
Military
Islamic scholars praise Sa'd for his two most important battles in Iraq: the battle of Qadisiyyah and the pacification of Ctesiphon.[68][27][69] Bashamil considered the battle of al-Qadisiyyah the beginning of the permanent entrenchment of the caliphate's presence in Iraq, as almost all Iraqi cities that broke away from the caliphate when Khalid ibn al-Walid departed immediately succumbed to Sa'd.[29] Sayf ibn Umar highlighted the effects of the battle beyond Iraq and Persian soils, reporting that the Arab tribe in Aden Abyan, Yemen, closely monitored the outcome in al-Qadisiyyah, believing that the result of the battle would even affect Yemen.[29][50]
After the conquest of Ctesiphon, Sa'd sent most of the enormous spoils of war to Medina. The army commanded by Sa'd seized another enormous sum of wealth after the Battle of Jalula;[29] according to Asad Ahmed, the spoils of Jalula were the biggest seizure during the conquest of Persia.[50]
Alleged visit to Asia
Sa'd has been traditionally credited by
Despite several Chinese claimants as Sa'd's descendants,
In Central Asia, his name is often transcribed as Saduakas (Sadvakas), which is a very common name among the nomadic peoples of Central Asia.
Description
Sa'd was born in
He had a short or medium stature according to medieval Arab sources, dark skin, and a pug nose. He was said to have a muscular build.[9]
Sa'd was known for his skill in mounted archery, and was known as the first Muslim archer after the Expedition of Ubaydah ibn al-Harith.[5] Muslim scholars viewed Sa'd's archery skills in this battle as being "gifted (by God)".[9][4][5] It is said that after the Battle of Uhud, his peers praised him for his heroism and for securing Muhammad's safety.[5]
Leadership
During his tenure as the commander of the army in Iraq, Sa'd was a strategic command figure, a far cry from his younger days during the era of Muhammad as frontline hero. Imamuddin regarded Sa'd as wise ruler during his governorate in Iraq.[80] Asad Q. Ahmed remarks that Sa'd was politically astute during his duty in Iraq as he engaged in active roles against Umar over financial and political matters.[81]
Sa'd relayed all progression of the frontline to Umar.[36][46] Common views usually give Sa'd credit for the victory in Qadisiyyah, though scholarship focuses more on the figures behind his success in that battle.[82][27][9][45] Sa'd's leadership was characterized by his liberal stance towards lower officers, as Sa'd usually give his subordinates freedom to express their ideas,[45][27] whether by relying on the wisdom of strategy experts such as al-Muthanna, Asim, al-Mughira and Arfajah[26] or by allowing decisive commanders like Tulayha, al-Qa'qa, and Amr ibn Ma'adi Yakrib to mount their own initiatives during battle.[27][9][45] Sa'd's leadership style allowed creative field commanders like al-Qa'qa to utilize their creativity.[83]
Another factor for Sa'd's victory in al-Qadisiyyah was the quality of his archers, as Rashidun archers were typically precise and powerful shooters, akin to Byzantine archers in the Battle of Callinicum.[84] This powerful archery style allowed Rashidun archers to easily overcome Sassanid archers who preferred the rapid, showering Panjagan archery technique, as the former packed more punch and range than the latter during the Muslim conquest of Persia.[84] Sassanid arrows failed to pierce Rashidun armor or shields, while the arrows of Muslim archers were able to penetrate the mail and double cuirass of Sassanid warriors.[85][86] In short, many of Sa'd's brilliant victories against Persians were due to the brilliance of his subordinates.[27]
However, al-Basalamah remarked that Sa'd himself was inventive in warfare, and highlighted how Sa'd departed from the orthodox five division formation into the thinner six division variation[9] or camelier corps.[83] Sa'd also trained his cavalry wings to act like a pendulum, an implementation of the karr wa farr (engage-and-disengage) classical Arabian warfare strategy, where the cavalry charged and retreated to their starting position, with the other cavalry wing reacting in the opposite direction.[9] Muslim scholars also highlighted Sa'd's emissary exchange with Rostam, successfully provoked Rostam to act first and draw his army to the field.[27]
Relations with the Caliphs
Abu Bakr trusted Sa'd as one his personal guards, and Sa'd played a significant role during the first stage of the Ridda Wars, such as defending Medina[21] and the pacification of Dumat al Jandal.[3]
Sa'd was said to have a good relationship with Umar, who tended to micromanage his governors and generals. The caliph often took charge of Sa'd's general movements, as in the Battles of al-Qadisiyyah and Jalulua or the assignment of field commander compositions for many operations.[27][29][45] However, Sa'd did not object to Umar's orders on when to engage in battle.[9] Sa'd intensified his correspondences with Umar by creating an communication system between Medina and the frontline, giving the caliph a comprehensive understanding of the developments in Qadisiyyah.[9][45] This trust continued until the later scandal during Sa'd's time as the governor of Kufa, where Umar said he still trusted Sa'd, but was forced him to replace him with another governor.[9][5] The decision to remove Sa'd was not personal, but was necessary to prevent further scandals.[50]
Sa'd was one of six people nominated by
During the
Family tree
Sa'd ibn Abi Waqqas family tree, showing the relationship between the Banu Zuhrah and Banu Hashim | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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[note 10]
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Descendants
Sa'd's descendants gained some degree of influence within the caliphate's political sphere, particularly within the late Rashidun and early Umayyad eras.
Early caliphate
According to Asad Q. Ahmed, Sa'd's clan was closely related to the southern Arabs, their main allies. Sa'd had children from two Kinda women. The first was Mawiyyah bint Qays, who bore him three daughters and two sons. The second was Umm Hilal bint Rabi', a daughter of a war camel breeder in Kufa; she bore Sa'd three children. Sa'd also married Makita bint Amr of the Banu Bahra' clan of the Quda'a tribe, which claimed descent from Ma'ad ibn Adnan. Makita bore four children. Another wife, Salma bint Khasafah, bore him six children. He had at least eight more wives from various tribes.[81]
Sa'd's daughters with Mawiyyah married influential men of the caliphate, such as Al-Mughira ibn Shu'bah, Sa'd's lieutenant and a high-ranked sahaba hailing from the
Sa'd's marriages to the women from Banu Bakr bin Wail and Taghlib bin Wail gave his descendants an alliance with those tribes. Sa'd's sons from these tribes, including the hadith narrator Kharija ibn Sa'd, were close to the Alids. Kharija married the daughter of Abd Allah ibn al-Zubayr, and their son was appointed as a sadaqah collector of the Zubayrids.[81] Sa'd's son with Khawla al-Taghlib, Mus'ab ibn Sa'd, reportedly narrated traditions from Ali.[81] He was engaged to the daughter of Hashim ibn Utba, Sa'd's nephew and an influential Alid personality. Mus'ab also married the daughter of Hasan ibn Farqad, one of Ali's supporters in the Battle of the Camel. This further strengthened the ties between Sa'd's children and the Alids.[81]
Sa'd's children with his Quda'a wife, Makita bint Amir al-Bahra, were all married into the Zuhra clan.[81]
Sa'd also married Salma of the
Asad Q. Ahmed states that Sa'd's children and grandchildren gained prominence during the early years of the Umayyad caliphate and were particularly popular with the southern Arab tribes due to his marriage alliances.[81] Their prominence dwindled after the rise of Marwanids, who favored the Syrian-based northern Arabs at the expense of the southerners.[81]
Caliphate of Cordoba
Ibrahim ibn Muhammad as-Sa'di al-Zuhri, better known as Ibn al-Iflili , was a 10th century grammarian and linguist in the Caliphate of Córdoba. According to the 13th century Syrian writer Yaqut al-Hamawi, Ibrahim was descended from Sa'd's son Khalid.[88] According to Ibn Bashkuwal, Muhammad II of Córdoba appointed Ibn al-Iflili as a minister during his reign.[89]
See also
- Emperor Gaozong of Tang
- Al-Mughira
- Rashidun cavalry
- Sunni view of the Sahaba
- The ten to whom Paradise was promised
- List of Sahabah
Notes
- ^ Quoting the narration of Sahih Muslim, chapter: Fadail as-Sahaba: 41.[4]
- ^ Uthman An-Nahdi said, "On that day (Uhud) during which the Prophet fought, only Talhah bin Ubaydullah and Sa'd remained with the Prophet." Sa'id bin Al-Musayyib said "I heard Sa'd bin Abi Waqqas saying, 'The Messenger of Allah gave me arrows from his quiver on the day of Uhud and said, "Shoot, may I sacrifice my father and mother for you."'" Al-Bukhari also collected this Hadith. [5][9]
- ^ Sahih al-Bukhari no. 6666.[19]
- ^ Al-Basalamah believed the caliph was following a hadith stating that "if 12,000 whole-hearted Muslims go for sincere jihad, they will be invincible on any battlefield",[9] although al-Tirmidhi deemed this narration inauthentic and weak.[25]
- ^ Most Hadith scholars expressed skepticism regarding the historical narration of Sayf ibn Umar[34][35]
- ^ According to al-Basalamah, these cavalry managed to cut the girdle of the elephant howdah and killed the rider, scaring the elephant with their lances, causing the elephant to flee followed by other elephants.[9]
- ^ Skepticism regarding Ya'qubi's version exists[42]
- ^ The final casualties of the Sassanids are not clear, but contemporary researchers suggested from about 30,000 to "probably exceeding hundreds of thousands".[38]
- ^ Muhammad ibn Shamil stated that medieval chroniclers listed different years for Battle of Qadisiyyah: Tabari and Sayf ibn Umar recorded it in 15 AH (636 CE), while Waqidi and Ibn Ishaq recorded it in 16 AH (637 CE).[29]
- ^ Bolded names are people with significant relationships to Sa'd ibn Abi Waqqas and Muhammad
References
Citations
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External links
- Media related to Sa`d ibn Abi Waqqas at Wikimedia Commons