Saab Automobile
Spyker N.V. (2010–2012) NEVS (2012–2014) | |
Divisions | Saab Aero |
---|---|
Website | saabparts.com |
Saab Automobile AB model also appeared.
In 1989, the automobile division of Saab-Scania was restructured into an independent company, Saab Automobile AB. The American manufacturer
After many years establishing a sound engineering reputation and ultimately a
History
Svenska Aeroplan AB (1948–1969)
Saab, "Svenska Aeroplan Aktiebolaget" (Swedish for "Swedish aeroplane corporation"), a Swedish aerospace and defence company, was created in 1937 in Linköping. The company had been established in 1937 for the express purpose of building aircraft for the Swedish Air Force to protect the country's neutrality as Europe moved closer to World War II. As the war drew to a close and the market for fighter planes seemed to weaken, the company began looking for new markets to diversify.
An automobile design project was started in 1945 with the internal name "X9248".
The Saab 92 went into production in December 1949.
1960 saw the third major revision to the 92's platform as the Saab 96. The 96 was an important model for Saab: it was the first Saab to be widely exported out of Sweden. The unusual vehicle proved very popular, selling nearly 550,000 examples. Unlike American cars of the day, the 93, 95 and 96 all featured the 3-cylinder 2-cycle engine, which required adding oil to the petrol tank, front-wheel drive, and freewheeling, which allowed the driver to downshift the on-the-column manual shifter without using the clutch. Front seat shoulder belts were also an early feature.[citation needed]
Even more important to the company's fortunes was 1968's Saab 99. The 99 was the first all-new Saab in 19 years and a clean break from the 92. The 99 had many innovations and features that would come to define Saabs for decades: wraparound windscreen, self-repairing bumpers, headlamp washers and side-impact door beams. The design by Sixten Sason was no less revolutionary than the underlying technology, and elements like the Saab hockey stick profile graphic continue to influence Saab's design language.[citation needed]
Saab-Scania (1969–1989)
In 1969, Saab AB merged with the Swedish commercial vehicle manufacturer
The 99 range was expanded in 1973 with the addition of a combi coupe model, a body style which became synonymous with Saab. The millionth Saab automobile was produced in 1976.
Saab entered into an agreement with
1978 also was the first year for the 99's replacement: the Saab 900. Nearly one million 900s would be produced, making it Saab's best-selling and most iconic model.[18] A popular convertible version followed in 1986, all of which were made at the Saab-Valmet factory in Finland, making up nearly 20% of 900 sales. Even today, the "classic 900" retains a cult following.
General Motors and Investor AB (1989–2000)
In 1989, the Saab car division of Saab-Scania was restructured into an independent company, Saab Automobile AB, headquartered in Sweden; General Motors and Investor AB controlled 50% each. GM's investment of US$600 million gave it the option to acquire the remaining shares within a decade. In the fall of 1989 Saab opened a new factory in Malmö. Located in the old Kockums shipyard, this was a novel kind of factory with extensive worker control and a focus on workers' comfort, an effort to increase productivity and retain skilled workers. With an annual capacity of 60,000 cars (to be increased to 90,000 cars by 1995), the factory began production at a time of shrinking sales and economic contraction and only built 10,176 cars in 1990 (the only full year of production).[19] After a review by GM, the factory changed over to a standard assembly line but was nonetheless shuttered in June 1991, after 20,664 cars had been built in about two years.[20]
General Motors' involvement spurred the launch of a
1997 marked Saab's 50th anniversary as a car manufacturer. The company used its jubilee owners' convention to launch a replacement for the aging 9000: the Saab 9-5. The 900 received a facelift and renaming complementary to its new larger sibling: it would now be called the Saab 9-3. The 9-5 was the first Saab without a combi coupé body style option in 20 years. Filling that space was a wagon variant, introduced in 1999.
General Motors (2000–2010)
GM exercised its option to acquire the remaining Saab shares in 2000, spending US$125 million to turn the company into a wholly owned subsidiary.
The new close relationship yielded its first product in 2003's all-new 9–3. The new model, marketed as a sport sedan, dropped Saab's iconic hatchback in favour of a more conventional four-door approach. The model shared a co-developed platform (GM's "global Epsilon 1 platform") and some other components with the Opel Vectra again, but the relationship was much more of a joint engineering effort than before.
Under GM's direction, the
Owing to fading fortunes across its entire business due to a slowing economy in 2007, GM announced that the Saab brand was "under review" in December 2008, a process which included the possibility of selling or shuttering the car maker.[21]
As the talks progressed, GM's support receded, and Saab went into administration, the Swedish equivalent of America's Chapter 11 bankruptcy. Saab's managing director Jan-Åke Jonsson said that this was "the best way to create a truly independent entity that is ready for investment".[22] For its part, the Swedish government was reluctant to become involved, with Maud Olofsson, industry minister, stating: "The Swedish state and taxpayers in Sweden will not own car factories. Sometimes you get the impression that this is a small, small company but it is the world's biggest automaker so we have a right to make demands."[23]
On 16 June 2009,
It was announced on 14 December 2009, that the Chinese car manufacturer would acquire the intellectual property rights and production equipment for the previous generation Saab 9-3 and Saab 9–5 in a deal worth about US$197 million, which was enough for the company to run for three months.[26][27] BAIC expressed its intention to create a new brand around the purchased technology and admitted to the purchase of "three overall vehicle platforms, two engine technologies and two transmission systems."[28]
Following the collapse of talks with Koenigsegg, GM announced that the brand would be eliminated in 2010 if it failed to secure a buyer before the close of 2009.[29] As talks with several firms failed, including the Netherlands-based boutique sports car maker Spyker, GM formally announced its intention to wind down the Saab brand.[30]
Undeterred, a new offer round materialised. Earlier bidders Spyker and Merbanco revised their offers and were joined by a submission from Luxembourg-based Genii Capital, which boasted the support of F1 chief Bernie Ecclestone.[31] GM continued accepting bids until a self-imposed deadline of 7 January 2010. Acknowledging that the chances of reaching a deal with any party were very slim, they pledged to evaluate each offer with due diligence.[32][33]
Spyker/Swedish Automobile (2010–2011)
2010 – purchase of Saab
On 26 January, General Motors (GM) confirmed it had agreed to sell Saab to
2011 – bankruptcy
On 25 February, Spyker Cars N.V. announced that it had agreed to sell the sports car arm to focus on Saab. Spyker intended to change its name, in May, to include the Saab name.[36]
In early 2011, Saab began to run out of money, and Spyker were not able to cover the losses. Both companies stopped paying bills, and on 30 March several suppliers refused further deliveries to Saab's factory in Trollhättan. Initially Spyker CEO Victor Muller blamed the media for the problems, and claimed that Saab had no problems with funding.[37] On 5 April all production was halted at Saab's plant in Trollhättan.
Spyker CEO Victor Muller tried to obtain funding from several different sources. On 30 March his former sponsor, Russian banker Vladimir Antonov, applied to Swedish authorities, the EIB and General Motors for permission to become a shareholder in Saab. His request was denied by the EIB, citing concerns about his business practices.
On 3 May, a joint venture between Saab and Chinese carmaker Hawtai was announced. This deal quickly unraveled and on 12 May Hawtai walked away from Saab.[38]
Plans for a new joint venture with Chinese carmaker
On 6 December, GM announced that it would not continue its licenses to GM patents and technology to Saab if the company was sold to Pang Da and Zhejiang Youngman, stating that the new owner's use of the technology is not in the best interest of GM investors. Because of this, Saab started working on a new proposal which would not change the original ownership structure and would not include a Chinese partner as an owner of the company, but instead as a 50% owner of a new daughter company.
On 19 December 2011, with no alternatives left after GM continued to block any form of involvement with a Chinese partner, Saab officially filed for bankruptcy after a three-year fight for survival. Under Sweden's bankruptcy laws, a party that files for bankruptcy can be bought out of bankruptcy.
On 16 April 2012, a meeting on Saab's bankruptcy was held at the District Court of Vänersborg.[42] The official receivers in charge of the Saab liquidation valued the assets at US$500m and the debt at US$2,000m. After subtracting the value of the assets, Saab leaves a debt of US$1,500m.[43]
2012 – US$3 billion damages claim
On 6 August 2012, Spyker, represented by the law firm
To solve this issue, Spyker and Youngman came up with a deal where Youngman would provide Saab with a loan of €200 million which would be converted into an equity interest in Saab only after Saab ceased using GM technology in its vehicles. Despite this, GM maintained that it would still refuse licensing of platforms and technology needed for production of Saab cars in Trollhättan and also threatened to cease 9-4X production at GM's plant in Mexico, should the deal go through.
Consequently, the deal finally collapsed and Saab was forced to file for bankruptcy. According to Spyker, the actions taken by GM were not legal. Since Saab had been in receivership since the bankruptcy, and would be until the deal with Nevs was closed, Spyker and the receivers of Saab Automobile had entered into an agreement where Spyker would bear the costs of the litigation in exchange for 90% of the claim if the case is successful.[44][45][46][47]
2013 – claim dismissed
In June 2013, the district court dismissed the lawsuit, ruling that General Motors was within its rights to block the sale.[48] In October 2014, the circuit court of appeals upheld the dismissal.[49]
National Electric Vehicle Sweden (2012–2014)
On 13 June 2012, a press conference was held announcing that the bankruptcy assets of Saab Automobile AB and its subsidiaries Saab Automobile Powertrain AB and Saab Automobile Tools AB as well as the Saab factory had been acquired by a Chinese consortium called National Electric Vehicle Sweden (NEVS).[50] This company was founded by Hong-Kong based National Modern Energy Holdings (NME) and Japan based Sun Investment, for the sole purpose of acquiring Saab's bankruptcy assets.[51]
Saab Automobile Parts AB was excluded in the deal and the Swedish National Debt Office would continue as an owner of that company.[52] NEVS' plan was to build only purely electric vehicles with an electric version of the current 9-3 model available in 2013/2014, as well as to continue development of the replacement to the 9–3, the PhoeniX. GM continued to refuse licensing of the technology in the Saab 9-5 and 9-4X, so these models would not be produced.[53][54]
In August 2012, Scania AB announced that the griffin logo used in both Scania's and Saab Automobile's trademark would not be allowed for use on future Saab cars with NEVS as the owner of Saab Automobile. Scania believed the logo is of high value in China and feared that it would end up in the wrong hands through the Chinese interests behind NEVS.[55]
In January 2013, due to Sun Investment withdrawing from the project, NEVS announced a new deal with Qingdao Qingbo Investment Co. Ltd, for a 22% stake in the company. In return, NEVS/Saab would receive SEK 2bn, along with a production facility for models sold in China. Cars sold in North America and most of Europe would continue to be produced at Trollhättan, Sweden. The possibility of using Fiat/Chrysler sourced drive train components for non- electric models was also being examined.[56][57]
On 12 August 2013, the Saab plant at Trollhättan reopened its doors to welcome back employees for preparations and restructuring of the production line. Production of the existing 9–3 would commence shortly with a new electric motor, while Saab finished the preparations for the new 9-3 Phoenix.
In September 2013, the first pre-production Saab-branded vehicle produced by NEVS rolled off of the assembly line. This model was mostly aesthetically identical to the previous Saab 9-3 and mainly used to test new components and assembly line equipment. NEVS announced a facelift of the exterior to be shown on a finalised production model. On 29 November 2013 NEVS announced that full-scale production would commence on 2 December 2013, having replaced the 20 percent of parts originally sourced from former Saab owner General Motors.[58]
Following negotiations with parts suppliers, small-scale production of the petrol version of the Saab 9-3 resumed in December 2013, with sales focused on the Swedish and Chinese markets.[59][60] Production stopped in May 2014, initially only short term but was extended many times. According to NEVS, this was due to Qingdao insufficiently financing NEVS operations, forcing owner Kai Johan Jiang to fund operations through private funds as well as through assets in NEVS parent company National Modern Energy Holdings Ltd.[61][62][63][64]
At this time, NEVS reportedly owed around $57 million to creditors, and sought bankruptcy protection with the aim of restructuring the company.[65][66] Despite protection being granted, Saab revoked the right for NEVS to use the Saab brand name.[67] Despite optimism from NEVS that the name may be re acquired, Saab AB confirmed again in 2016 that it was cancelling the licencing agreement between the two companies, meaning future cars would be produced under the name NEVS.[68]
After securing deals with various Chinese consortiums, including the city of Tianjin, resulting in the construction of a new factory, NEVS was acquired by Chinese conglomerate Evergrande Group in 2019.[69][70] Evergrande's subsequent financial troubles resulted in NEVS being closed in March 2023, with the company going into "Hibernation Mode" to avoid bankruptcy, essentially liquidating the company.[71] The rights to Emily GT and PONS, both projects NEVS engineers had been developing, were acquired by Lebanese-Canadian start-up EV Electra.[72]
Production
Saab's total world production in 2008 was 89,143 Saab vehicles produced in five countries (Sweden, Austria, United States, Mexico and Germany).[73] Production declined sharply in 2009, as new owners struggled to deal with the company's mounting financial problems. Production was suspended until late 2013, when the new ownership launched a limited run of 2014 model year 9-3 sedans.
Year | Volume |
---|---|
2014 | 380 (NEVS) |
2013 | 71 (NEVS) |
2012 | 0 |
2011 | 127,738 |
2010 | 32,183 |
2009 | 20,821 |
2008[75] | 90,281 (including 1,195 Cadillac BLS produced in Trollhättan) |
2007 | 125,397 (including 2,772 Cadillac BLS produced in Trollhättan) |
2006 | 135,365 (including 3,266 Cadillac BLS produced in Trollhättan) |
2005 | 127,593 (including 123 Cadillac BLS produced in Trollhättan) |
2004 | 128,827 |
2003 | 130,034 |
2002 | 124,892 |
2001 | 123,755 |
2000 | 133,013 |
1999 | 127,850 |
1998 | 124,868 |
1997 | 105,114 |
1996 | 95,761 |
1995 | 97,307 |
1994 | 94,084 |
1993 | 70,961 |
1992 | 84,569 |
1991 | 80,366 |
1990 | 87,356 |
1989 | 103,591 |
1988 | 120,562 |
1987 | 134,112 |
1986 | 126,401 |
1985 | 111,813 |
1984 | 102,018 |
1983 | 96,012 |
1982 | 83,557 |
1981 | 66,392 |
1980 | 65,754 |
1979 | 83,758 |
1978 | 72,516 |
1977 | 76,498 |
1976 | 95,927 |
1975 | 90,793 |
1974 | 92,554 |
1973 | 89,467 |
1972 | 83,997 |
1971 | 72,960 |
1970 | 73,982 |
1969 | 61,711 |
1968 | 52,551 |
1967 | 45,325 |
1966 | 37,069 |
1965 | 48,517 |
1964 | 43,493 |
1963 | 40,374 |
1962 | 35,890 |
1961 | 33,040 |
1960 | 26,066 |
1959 | 17,836 |
1958 | 13,968 |
1957 | 9,852 |
1956 | 6,321 |
1955 | 5,620 |
1954 | 5,138 |
1953 | 3,424 |
1952 | 2,298 |
1951 | 2,179 |
1950 | 1,246 |
1949 | 20 |
1948 | 1 |
1947 | 2 |
1946 | 1 |
Saab manufactured various models at the
Models
A common feature of Saab car types was the use of the number 9 in the model numbers. The final models were the
In December 2013, Nevs announced that the Saab 9-3 sedan was back in regular production, with convertible, station wagon, and electric models to follow in the next year. Production stopped in 2014.[76]
Cancelled models
- combi-coupé version of the Saab 96
- all-terrain vehicle based on the Saab Sonett II chassis
- Saab 9-3 electric model
- Saab 9-3 convertible
- Saab 9-3 station wagon
- Saab 9-3 third generation, based on the PhoeniX platform
- Unnamed Saab 9-3 replacement, production had been planned for October 2012
- Saab 9-2, inspired by the classic Saab 92. Production had been planned for 2014.
Historical models
- Saab 92 and descendants:
- Saab Formula Junior single seat racing car (1960)
- caravan/camper/travel trailer(1964–1968)
- Saab 99 and descendants:
- Saab 600(1985–1988)
- Saab 9000 (1985–1998)
- Saab 900 "New Generation"(1994–1998)
- Saab 9-3 first generation (1998–2002)
- Saab 9-2X (2005–2006)
- Saab 9-7X (2005–2009)
- Saab 9-5 first generation (1997–2009)
- Saab 9-3 SportSedan (2003–2011) second generation
- Saab 9-3 Convertible (2004–2011), (2012 by ANA)[77] second generation
- Saab 9-3 SportCombi (2006–2011) second generation
- Saab 9-3X(2009–2011)
- Saab 9-5 (2010–2011) second generation
- Saab 9-4X (June 2011 – December 2011)
- Saab 9-3 compact executive car (second generation) (2002–2011, 2013–2014)
Concepts and prototypes
- Saab 92 line:
- Saab 92001 or Ursaab: The prototype for the first Saab production car (1946)
- Saab Monster (1959)
- Saab 60 (1962)
- Saab Quantum (1962)
- Saab Catherina (1964)
- Saab MFI13 (1965)
- Saab Toad (1966)
- Saab 98 (1974)
- Saab EV-1 (1985)
- Saab 900 line:
- Saab Viking (1982)
- Saab 9000 line:
- Saab 9000 Cabriolet
- Saab Prometheus: A 9000 fitted with a joystick instead of a steering wheel (1993)[78]
- Saab 9XX Concept (1991)
- Saab 9-X line:
- Saab 9-X (2001)
- Saab 9-3X (2002)
- Saab 9-3 Sport Hatch(2003)
- Saab 9-5 Aero BioPower(2006)
- Saab 9-4X BioPower (2008)
- Saab 9-X Biohybrid (2008)
- Saab 9-X Air (2008)
- Saab 9-3 ePowersport wagon (2010)
- Saab Aero-X (2006)
- Saab PhoeniX (2011)
Innovations
- 1958: The GT 750 is the first Saab car fitted with seatbelts as standard.[79]
- 1963: Saab becomes the first volume maker to offer diagonally split dual brake circuits.
- 1969: Saab creates an ignition system near the gearstick[citation needed] – instead of behind the steering wheel like most cars – in an attempt to reduce the very common serious and permanent knee injuries during collisions, caused by the knee impacting the key.
- 1970: Saab introduces a world-first – headlamp wipers and washers.
- 1971: Heated front seats are introduced, the first time in the world they are fitted as standard.
- 1971: Saab develops the impact-absorbing, self-repairing bumper[citation needed].
- 1976: Saab was the first manufacturer to produce a turbo engine with wastegate to control boost.
- 1978: Saab introduces another 'world-first,' the passenger compartment air filter (pollen filter).
- 1980: Saab introduces Automatic Performance Control (APC), and an anti-knock sensor that allowed higher fuel economy and the use of lower grade fuel without engine damage.
- 1981: Saab introduces the split-field side mirror. This reduces the driver's blind spot.
- 1982: Saab introduces asbestos-free brake pads.
- 1983: Saab introduces the 16-valve turbocharged engine
- 1985: Saab pioneers direct ignition, eliminating the distributor and spark plugwires.
- 1991: Saab introduces a 'light-pressure' turbo.
- 1991: Saab is the first manufacturer to offer CFC-free air-conditioning.
- 1991: Saab develops its 'Trionic' engine management system, equipped with a 32-bit micro-processor.
- 1993: Saab introduces the 'Black Panel', later to be called the 'Night Panel'.
- 1993: Saab develops the 'Safeseat' rear passenger protection system.
- 1994: Saab introduces the 'Trionic T5.5' engine management system, its processor is a Motorola 68332.
- 1995: Saab presents an asymmetrically turbocharged V6 at the Motor Show in Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
- 1996: Saab introduces active head restraints (SAHR), which help minimise the risk of whiplash.
- 1997: Saab introduces Electronic Brake-force Distribution
- 1997: Saab fits ventilated front seats to their new 9-5.
- 1997: Saab introduces ComSense; an alert delay feature that reduces the risk of distraction by briefly postponing lower priority alerts when the brakes or indicators are activated
- 2000: Saab introduces SVC; a Variable Compression, an engine in which the compression ratio is varied by tilting the cylinder head in relation to the pistons.
- 2002: Saab developed an independent, multi-link, rear suspension system on the new Saab 9-3 known as "ReAxs", a system which provides crisp steering feedback and contributes to enhanced driving stability in curves
- 2002: Saab unveils the second-generation Saab Active Head-Restraint system, known as SAHR2, in the new Saab 9-3 sedan
- 2003: Saab introduces CargoSET; automatic storage well retraction for the convertible, a two-step tonneau action for quicker soft-top deployment
- 2008: Saab introduces Cross-wheel drive, an advanced all-wheel drive system with eLSD. Saab brands this systems as "XWD"
Safety
Safety has a high priority in the design of Saab cars. The cars are subjected to the
Endurance records
In October 1986, the Saab Long Run took place. Three standard Saab 9000 Turbos set two world records and 21 international records at the Talladega Superspeedway in Talladega, Alabama, United States. 100,000 km (62,000 mi) were covered with an average speed of 213.299 km/h (132.537 mph) and 50,000 miles (80,000 km) with an average speed of 213.686 km/h (132.778 mph).
Ten years later, in 1996, three standard
In early December 2006, a Wisconsin traveling salesman donated his 1989 Saab 900 SPG (Special Performance Group) to the Wisconsin Automotive Museum after amassing 1,001,385 miles (1,611,573 km) on the original factory engine. This mileage was verified by Saab.[81]
Marketing and ownership
Dating back to 1937, Svenska Aeroplan AB (Saab) created airplanes, introducing its first car, the
In 1983, British commercial director Tony Scott made an advertisement for the company where a Saab 900 Turbo is shown racing a Saab 37 Viggen fighter jet.[82] In 1987, Saab created a TV advertisement called "Saab suite" (subtitled Ballet in 3 acts for 8 Saab 9000 Turbos). In the film, stunt drivers show incredible driving with stock cars, such as one-wheeled burnouts, bumper-to-bumper driving through a slalom, cars slaloming from opposite directions on the same course, two-wheel driving, sliding in full speed, and jumping over passing cars—all on a closed airport runway with classical music playing in the background.[83]
To commemorate its 40th anniversary, Saab formed a Performance Team in 1987, which laid on exhibitions of automobile acrobatics and formation driving. Initially this was done with Saab 9000s, as above, then later models, such as the Saab 900 (NG) were used. All of the team's members have previously competed in rallies, but what's unusual is that all five Performance Team members held regular jobs at Saab: there are two engineers, a quality controller, a technician and the head of Saab's photo studio. The picture shows these vehicles on display at the Diamond Jubilee celebrations of the Saab Aircraft Company, at Linköping, in 1997.
A Hewlett-Packard CPU-support chip features a Saab 900 Turbo 16 Cabriolet etched into its structure.[84]
Ownership and brand loyalty
As the brand has an unusual image in most markets, Saab owners tend to be correspondingly offbeat: intellectuals and enthusiasts.
Slogans
- The Swedish Car with Aircraft Quality (first English slogan)[89]
- Go Swift – Go Safe – Go Saab (advertisement page – 1970s FIA Year Book)[90]
- The most intelligent cars ever built. (1980s)[91]
- Find your own road. (1990s)[89]
- A Saab will surrender its own life to save yours. (1990s)[89]
- Welcome to the State of Independence (early 2000s decade; United States)[89]
- Born From Jets. (2003–2009; United States, Canada)[89]
- Move Your Mind. (final global slogan)[citation needed]
- People Who Test Drive a Saab, Usually Buy One[89]
- It's A Pity Other Cars Aren't Built This Way[89]
- We don't make compromises. We make Saabs.[89]
- Saab. It's what a car should be.[89]
- Beyond the conventional (1990s United Kingdom).[89]
- The Command Performance Car.[89]
- The Well-Built Swede[92]
In motorsport
Saab competed in the
Saab had a factory rally team with successful drivers, Erik "On-the-Roof" Carlsson, Tom Trana, Simo Lampinen, Stig Blomqvist and Per Eklund. The team stopped competing in 1980. In 2012 a new Saab rally team took part in the classic historic Midnattssolsrallyt (Rally to the Midnight Sun). The S2AB Historic Rally team entered four Saab 99 Turbos, driven by ex-champions Ola Strömberg, Erik Uppsäll, Travis Decker and Jörgen Trued. S2AB (Swedish Advanced Automotive Business) is the company led by Magnus Roland, former chassis manager at Saab.
See also
- Barber Saab Pro Series
- Saab Car Museum
- Saab hockey stick
- Saab Turbo Mobil Challenge
- Saab XWD
- line and used many of the same parts, especially in the interior
- Trionic 8
References
Notes
- ^ "History and Background: Timeline, Video". US: Saab Group. 1 January 1980. Archived from the original on 23 February 2009. Retrieved 11 February 2009.
- ^ "The History of Svenska Aeroplan Aktiebolaget or Saab". Saab history. Retrieved 30 January 2010.[permanent dead link]
- ISBN 978-1-60732-631-1. Archivedfrom the original on 3 September 2023. Retrieved 28 October 2020.
- ^ "Spyker Cars finalises the purchase of Saab" (PDF) (Press release). Spyker. 23 February 2010. Archived (PDF) from the original on 7 August 2011. Retrieved 17 December 2013.
- ^ "The People Who Will Miss Saab the Most; With the bankruptcy and impending doom facing Saab, we mourn with the certain, loyal fans that will miss the Swedish auto-maker". US: The Atlantic. 19 December 2011. Archived from the original on 7 November 2019. Retrieved 7 November 2019.
- ^ "Saab Automobile Files for Bankruptcy" (Press release). Saab Automobile. 19 December 2011. Archived from the original on 7 January 2012. Retrieved 20 December 2011..
- ^ Zachariasson, Helena (13 June 2012). "Saab har fatt en kopare" [Saab's new owners will hire hundreds]. SVT (in Swedish). SE. Archived from the original on 23 October 2012. Retrieved 20 October 2012.
- ^ "First Nevs Saab Rolls off Pre-Production Line" (Youtube) (video Posted). Trollhättan: Saab Group. 19 September 2013. Archived from the original on 3 December 2013. Retrieved 6 October 2013.
- ^ Lönnroth, Valdemar (28 November 2014), "Lööf på plats nar Nevs drar igang produktion" [Lööf in place when Nevs kicks off production], Ttela (in Swedish), SE[permanent dead link].
- ^ Gastelu, Gary (2 December 2013). "Saab restarts production". Fox News. Archived from the original on 18 February 2015. Retrieved 21 February 2015.
- ^ Stoll, John D. (2 December 2013). "Saab Automobile Is Poised to Resume Production". Gasgoo Automotive News. Archived from the original on 21 February 2015. Retrieved 21 February 2015.
- ^ Saab carmaker NEVS granted creditor protection by court but loses right to use Saab name; Automotive News Europe, 29 August 2014, at europe.autonews.com Archived 15 September 2019 at the Wayback Machine Accessed 8 November 2017
- ^ "nevs.com: NEVS launches its new trademark". Archived from the original on 14 September 2016.
- ISBN 9781840916065. Archivedfrom the original on 3 September 2023. Retrieved 20 April 2012.
- ^ Donnelly, Jim (December 2008). "Sixten Sason". Hemmings Motor News. Archived from the original on 29 July 2012. Retrieved 20 April 2012.
- ^ "Ursaab". The Saab Museum. 2012. Archived from the original on 13 May 2012. Retrieved 3 May 2012.
- ISBN 9781405336956. Archivedfrom the original on 19 April 2023. Retrieved 3 May 2012.
- ^ Koueiter, Michelle (13 May 2011). "Iconic Saab 900 convertible turns 25". Autoweek. Archived from the original on 1 November 2012. Retrieved 3 May 2012.
- ^ Johansson, Claes, ed. (7 March 1991). "Drömfabriken blev mardröm" [The dream factory became a nightmare]. Teknikens Värld (in Swedish). Vol. 43, no. 5. Stockholm, Sweden: Specialtidningsförlaget AB. p. 18.
- ^ Johansson, Claes, ed. (8 August 1991). "Allt om bilen: PS" [All about cars: PS]. Teknikens Värld (in Swedish). Vol. 43, no. 15. Stockholm, Sweden: Specialtidningsförlaget AB. p. 15.
- ^ Brogan, Matt (9 January 2009). "GM struggles to sell SAAB". www.caradvice.com.au. Archived from the original on 5 August 2020. Retrieved 23 May 2020.
- BBC. 20 February 2009. Archivedfrom the original on 23 February 2009. Retrieved 21 February 2015.
- ^ Pagnamenta, Robin (18 February 2009). "Saab may go bust in 10 days, warns GM". The Times (Online). London. Archived from the original on 12 June 2011. Retrieved 18 February 2009.
- BBC. 16 June 2009. Archivedfrom the original on 3 September 2023. Retrieved 21 February 2015.
- ^ Johansson, Kent. "Saabaffären avbryts" [Saab deal is canceled]. Dagens Nyheter (in Swedish). Archived from the original on 25 November 2009. Retrieved 24 November 2009.
- ^ Schwartz, Nelson D. (14 December 2009). "Chinese Company Seeks to Make Old Saab Models". New York Times. Archived from the original on 1 July 2017. Retrieved 28 January 2010.
- ^ "BAIC paid $197 mln for Saab assets – paper". Reuters. 14 December 2009. Archived from the original on 29 July 2010. Retrieved 28 January 2010.
- ^ "UPDATE 3-BAIC in overdrive to develop brand with Saab tech". Reuters. 10 December 2009. Archived from the original on 8 March 2021. Retrieved 23 December 2009.
- ^ Reed, John; Ward, Andrew (3 December 2009). "Dutch sports car maker in Saab talks". Financial Times. Archived from the original on 11 December 2022. Retrieved 21 February 2015.
- ^ "GM to 'wind down' Saab business". BBC News. 18 December 2009. Archived from the original on 19 December 2009. Retrieved 18 December 2009.
- BBC. 8 January 2010. Archivedfrom the original on 3 September 2023. Retrieved 21 February 2015.
- ^ McVeigh, Paul (19 December 2009). "Spyker makes a new offer for Saab; General Motors will evaluate". Autoweek. Archived from the original on 22 February 2015. Retrieved 21 February 2015.
- ^ "Saab wind-up begins, GM still reviewing bids". Reuters. 8 January 2010. Archived from the original on 25 May 2010. Retrieved 9 January 2010.
- ^ "Saab sale – full details". Autocar. UK. 26 January 2010. Archived from the original on 1 February 2010. Retrieved 15 April 2017.
- ^ "Spyker Cars finalizes the purchase of Saab". Saabs United (Press release). 24 February 2010. Archived from the original on 16 April 2017. Retrieved 15 April 2017.
- ^ Kinnander, Ola (24 February 2011). "Spyker to Sell Sports-Car Unit to Vladimir Antonov to Focus on Saab Brand". Bloomberg. Archived from the original on 27 February 2011. Retrieved 8 March 2011.
- ^ Petersen, Leif (4 April 2011). "Muller: 'Saab lever i ett glashus'" [Muller: "Saab lives in a glass house"]. SvD Näringsliv (in Swedish). Archived from the original on 31 December 2014. Retrieved 21 February 2015.
- ^ Neurath, Carolina (12 May 2011). "Saab-avtal med Hawtai skrotas" [Saab agreement with Hawtai scrapped]. SvD Näringsliv (in Swedish). Archived from the original on 31 December 2014. Retrieved 21 February 2015.
- ^ Jolly, David (28 October 2011). "Saab Sputters On, Saved by 2 Chinese Automakers". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 29 October 2011. Retrieved 29 October 2011.
- ^ "Sweden's Saab heads for Chinese owners after rescue bid". Reuters. 28 October 2011. Archived from the original on 28 October 2011. Retrieved 29 October 2011.
- ^ "Saab chief Victor Muller reflects on sale of car maker". News. BBC. 28 October 2011. Archived from the original on 3 September 2023. Retrieved 29 October 2011.
- ^ "Saab bankruptcy site". Konkursboet. December 2011. Archived from the original on 22 April 2012. Retrieved 13 April 2012.
- ^ Zander, Christina (April 2012). "Saab Auto Left $2 Billion in Debts". Wall Street Journal. Archived from the original on 30 January 2016. Retrieved 27 April 2012.
- ^ "Complaint: Saab Automobile AB & Spyker N.V. v. General Motors Company". Patton Boggs LLP. 6 August 2012. Archived from the original on 23 February 2015. Retrieved 21 February 2015.
- ^ "Spykercars". Spyker N.V. 2015. Archived from the original on 15 October 2012. Retrieved 20 October 2012.
- ^ "GM sued by Saab's parent company for blocking reorganization". Autonews. 6 August 2012. Archived from the original on 3 March 2016. Retrieved 21 February 2015.
- ^ Lönnroth, Valdemar. "Spyker stämmer GM på 20 miljarder kronor" (in Swedish). TTELA. Archived from the original on 8 August 2012. Retrieved 20 October 2012.
- ^ "Saab parent's $3 billion lawsuit versus GM thrown out by U.S. judge". Autonews. 10 June 2013. Archived from the original on 3 September 2023. Retrieved 21 February 2015.
- ^ "U.S. appeals court rules for GM over Spyker's Saab sale". The Economic Times. Reuters. 25 October 2014. Archived from the original on 26 January 2015. Retrieved 21 February 2015.
- ^ "Pressmeddelande: National Electric Vehicle Sweden AB förvärvar huvuddelen av tillgångarna i Saab Automobile" [Press Release: National Electric Vehicle Sweden AB acquires the majority of the assets of Saab Automobile] (PDF). Konkursboet (in Swedish). 13 June 2012. Archived (PDF) from the original on 26 October 2014. Retrieved 21 February 2015.
- ^ "経営破綻した「サーブ」を日中企業連合のEV会社が買収 買収合併 - 不景気.com". www.fukeiki.com (in Japanese). 14 June 2012. Retrieved 2 February 2024.
- ^ "Parts AB continues as an independent company". Saab.com. 13 June 2012. Archived from the original on 21 August 2012. Retrieved 20 October 2012.
- ^ "Köpet av Saab klart" [Purchase of Saab clear]. Dagens Nyheter (in Swedish). 13 June 2012. Archived from the original on 15 August 2014. Retrieved 21 February 2015.
- ^ "Förhandlingar om varumärket – Saab" [Negotiations for the brand – Saab]. TTELA (in Swedish). 14 June 2012. Archived from the original on 17 December 2013. Retrieved 21 February 2015.
- ^ Alestig, Peter (16 August 2012). "Ingen Gripen-symbol för Saabs nya ägare" [No griffin symbol for Saab's new owners]. SvD Näringsliv (in Swedish). Archived from the original on 26 October 2014. Retrieved 21 February 2015.
- ^ "Qingdao to become NEVS' strategic gateway to China for Saab cars". National Electric Vehicle Sweden AB. 8 January 2013. Archived from the original on 22 February 2015. Retrieved 21 February 2015.
- ^ ""The base is Trollhättan" – Karl-Erling Trogen on P4 Väst". Saabsunited.com. 8 January 2013. Archived from the original on 12 January 2013. Retrieved 8 January 2013.
- ^ "Saab will resume series production of the 9-3 sedan on Monday". Automotive News Europe. 29 November 2013. Archived from the original on 3 September 2023. Retrieved 29 November 2013.
- ^ Morran, Chris (3 December 2013). "Saab Rises From The Dead… Sort Of". consumerist.com. Archived from the original on 1 May 2014. Retrieved 27 June 2014.
- ^ Rabe, Mattias (11 December 2013). "15 nya Saab 9-3 beställdes första dagen" [15 new Saab 9-3 were ordered on the first day]. Teknikens Värld (in Swedish). Archived from the original on 9 March 2014. Retrieved 27 June 2014.
- ^ "Statusuppdatering från Nevs" [Status update from Nevs]. National Electric Vehicle Sweden AB (in Swedish). 30 May 2013. Archived from the original on 14 July 2014. Retrieved 27 June 2014.
- ^ "Situation analysis regarding NEVS financial difficulties". Saabsunited. 21 May 2014. Archived from the original on 15 July 2014. Retrieved 27 June 2014.
- ^ "Reduction of workers at Saab Cars in Trollhättan". Saabsunited. 27 May 2014. Archived from the original on 1 July 2014. Retrieved 27 June 2014.
- ^ Jensen, Victor (29 May 2014). "Nevs förhandlingar går framåt" [Nevs negotiations moving forward]. Sveriges Radio (in Swedish). Archived from the original on 14 July 2014. Retrieved 27 June 2014.
- ^ Carling, Maria (9 June 2014). "NEVS klarar inte betalningar till underleverantörer" [NEVS can not handle payments to subcontractors]. Svenska Dagbladet (in Swedish). Archived from the original on 12 June 2014. Retrieved 27 June 2014.
- ^ Zander, Christina (2014). "Saab Auto's Chinese-Backed Owner Goes Bust". The Wall Street Journal. Archived from the original on 6 August 2020. Retrieved 21 February 2015.
- ^ "Saab carmaker NEVS granted creditor protection by court but loses right to use Saab name". Automotive News Europe. Reuters. 29 August 2014. Archived from the original on 3 March 2016. Retrieved 21 February 2015.
- ^ "NEVS Launches New Trademark - myAutoWorld.com". myAutoWorld.com. 21 June 2016. Archived from the original on 11 August 2016. Retrieved 21 June 2016.
- ^ "Saab Owner To Build $400 Million Electric Car Factory In China". Forbes. 29 June 2015. Archived from the original on 7 August 2020. Retrieved 11 September 2017.
- ^ "Evergrande Group new main owner in NEVS AB". 15 January 2019. Archived from the original on 21 January 2019.
- ^ Gauthier, Michael (12 March 2023). "Saab's Ghost Comes Back To Haunt Once Again As NEVS Goes Into "Hibernation Mode"". Carscoops.com. Archived from the original on 23 April 2023. Retrieved 11 June 2023.
- ^ Vijayenthiran, Viknesh (6 December 2023). "NEVS EV designed by former Saab engineers may be revived". Motor Authority. Retrieved 2 February 2024.
- ISBN 978-91-527-1620-5.
- ISBN 978-91-527-1620-5.
- ^ "Saab Company Snapshot 2009". Saabs United. 5 March 2009. Archived from the original on 22 December 2015.
- ^ Rising, Malin (2 December 2013). "Saab is back: First cars produced under new owners". Associated Press. Archived from the original on 26 December 2013. Retrieved 25 December 2013.
- ^ "The last Saabs have been built… *updated!". SaabsUnited.com. 22 February 2012. Archived from the original on 28 February 2012. Retrieved 8 March 2012.
- ^ Bell, Roger (3 July 1993). "Will the Joystick Take the Joy Out of Driving? Roger Bell Surveys an Initiative Designed to Take Motoring into the 21st Century". The Independent. Archived from the original on 3 February 2014. Retrieved 10 October 2012.
- ^ "Saab Innovations". Saab Museum. Archived from the original on 4 May 2009. Retrieved 19 June 2009.
- ^ "Saab Group". Saab Sverige. Archived from the original on 1 December 2008. Retrieved 1 August 2009.
- ^ "This Saab story is one in a million". JS online. Archived from the original on 4 January 2010. Retrieved 18 December 2009.
- ^ "Jets, jeans and Hovis". The Guardian. 24 August 2007. Archived from the original on 26 December 2019. Retrieved 21 January 2022.
- ^ "Saab Suite". YouTube. 3 December 2007. Retrieved 21 February 2015.[dead YouTube link]
- ^ "Saab 900 Turbo 16 Cabriolet". Magnet. FSU. Archived from the original on 22 July 2014. Retrieved 13 June 2012.
- doi:10.1108/eb057493
- ^ Pederson, Jay P. (2007), International directory of company histories, vol. 83, p. 337
- ^ a b Knight, Sam (25 July 2009). "Why the Saab inspires intense feelings". The Financial Times. Archived from the original on 11 April 2010. Retrieved 8 March 2012.
- ^ a b Crace, John (22 January 2010), "The end of my Swedish love affair", The Guardian, London, archived from the original on 2 June 2017, retrieved 13 December 2016
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Emge, Ryan. "Saab Advertising Campaigns Yesterday & Today". Saab History. Retrieved 8 March 2011.[permanent dead link]
- ^ "Go Swift – Go Safe – Go Saab". Flickr. Yahoo. 9 September 2010. Archived from the original on 3 December 2014. Retrieved 20 January 2017.
- ^ "Saab Advertising Campaign – 'The Most Intelligent Cars Ever Built'". Saab History. 11 October 2006. Retrieved 4 January 2010.[permanent dead link]
- ^ What Is Your Favorite Saab Advertising Slogan?, 18 September 2007[permanent dead link]
Bibliography
- Chatterton, Mark (1980). Saab: The Innovator. Newton Abbot, Devon, UK: David & Charles. ISBN 0715379453. Archivedfrom the original on 7 July 2023. Retrieved 3 September 2023.
- Cole, Lance (2012). Saab Cars: The Complete Story. Ramsbury, Marlborough, UK: The Crowood Press. ISBN 9781847973986. Archivedfrom the original on 2 July 2023. Retrieved 3 September 2023.
- —————— (2017). "Chapter 9: Old Saabs and Old Sods". The Classic Car Adventure: Driving Through History on the Road to Nostalgia. Barnsley, England: ISBN 9781473896413.
- —————— (2021). Saab Celebration: Swedish Style Remembered. Barnsley, South Yorkshire, UK: Pen & Sword Transport. ISBN 9781526775238. Archivedfrom the original on 2 July 2023. Retrieved 3 September 2023.
- Dymock, Eric (1997). Saab: Half a Century of Achievement, 1947-1997. Sparkford, UK: Haynes. ISBN 0854299815. Archivedfrom the original on 2 July 2023. Retrieved 3 September 2023.
- Forever, Lowe; Brindfors, Lowe (2002). Made in Trollhattan. Stockholm: Colorcraft. ISBN 9163107031. Archivedfrom the original on 2 July 2023. Retrieved 3 September 2023.
- ISBN 9781849948029. Archivedfrom the original on 30 June 2023. Retrieved 3 September 2023.
- Lindh, Björn-Eric (1987). Saab: The First 40 Years of Saab Cars. Malmö, Sweden: Förlagshuset Norden. ISBN 9186442341. Archivedfrom the original on 7 July 2023. Retrieved 3 September 2023.
- Williams, Brian (2012). Saab: A Short Story. Prodinnova. ISBN 9782917260241. Archivedfrom the original on 30 June 2023. Retrieved 3 September 2023.
External links
- Official website (Saab Parts)
- Official website (Archive, 13 April 2013)
- Saab news article collection since 1984 (by The New York Times)
- Saab Group at Curlie