Saccharomycotina

Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.

Saccharomycotina
Candida albicans
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Fungi
Division: Ascomycota
(unranked): Saccharomyceta
Subdivision: Saccharomycotina
O.E. Erikss. & Winka 1997[1]
Classes
Synonyms
  • Hemiascomycotina (Brefeldt 1891) Cavalier-Smith 1998

Saccharomycotina is a subdivision (subphylum) of the division (phylum)

ascocarps (fruiting bodies).[2][4]

The subdivision includes a single class: Saccharomycetes, which again contains a single order: Saccharomycetales.[2][3]

Notable members of Saccharomycotina are the baker's yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae and the genus Candida that includes several human pathogens.

Etymology

The name comes from the Greek word σάκχαρον (sákkharon), meaning "sugar" and μύκης (mukēs) meaning "fungus".

History and economic importance

Historical records from ancient Egypt and China describe the processes of brewing and baking from 10,000 to 8,000 years ago, and the production of

fermented beverages and foods seems to have paralleled the beginning of agriculture.[5] In the 1850s, Louis Pasteur demonstrated that yeasts are responsible for the fermentation of grape juice to wine.[6][7]

Saccharomycotina include some of the economically most important

pathogens.[8][9]

Morphology

Saccharomycete yeasts usually grow as single cells. Their cellular morphology is fairly simple, although their growth form is highly adapted.

filamentous fungi.[2][10][11][4]

Some species (e.g.

hyphae.[4] Such species (e.g. Candida albicans
) are termed dimorphic, which means they can propagate both as budding yeasts and as filamentous hyphae.

Reproduction

Asexual reproduction

Asexual reproduction occurs mainly vegetatively by mitosis and budding. Saccharomycotina is characterized by holoblastic budding,[12] which means all layers of the parent cell wall are involved in the budding event. This leaves a scar through which no further budding occurs.

Asexual cells may vary in shape.[13] The shape of the cell may be informative in terms of detecting mode of reproduction or taxonomic placement to genera or species.

Although not commonly known, some species form endospores (e.g.

chlamydospores.[2]

Sexual reproduction

diploid for most part of their life cycle.[4]

In Saccharomycotina there are two

diploids, but bind to receptors of different mating type. Interaction between pheromone and receptor results in altered metabolism to allow for fusion between cells of different mating type.[4][2]

Distribution and ecology

Saccharomycete

pathogens of plants and animals, including humans. They are often found in specialized habitats, e.g. small volumes of organic carbon rich liquid (e.g. flower nectar).[4]

Examples of ecological modes in Saccharomycotina:

Although yeasts are commonly isolated from soil, few are believed to have soil as a primary habitat.[2]

Accurate identification of species is important for understanding yeast

DNA-based methods. Before molecular methods were available, identification was mainly based on morphology
, something that resulted in misclassifications and further prevented reliable results of ecological research.

Taxonomy

Saccharomycotina is a subdivision (subphylum) of the division (phylum) Ascomycota. It is a sister group to Pezizomycotina.[2][3]

phylogeny and taxonomy of Saccharomycotina.[2]

In addition, the recent[

International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi and plants[17][18] have had a major impact on the classification of fungi, including Saccharomycotina. The changes imply that a fungus can only bear one correct name, i.e. separate names for anamorphs and teleomorphs are no longer allowed. This involves major changes in Saccharomycotina taxonomy, as many species are currently described from both anamorphic and teleomorphic stages.[18] The genus Candida
is an example of a genus that is undergoing large-scale revisions.

Molecular identification methods are important tools for discovery of new species and subsequently give better understanding of biodiversity in this group. Much of the future classification of Saccharomycotina will rest on phylogenetic analysis of DNA sequences rather than on the morphological and developmental characters.[citation needed]

Phylogeny

Phylogeny by Groenewald et al. 2023[19]

Saccharomycotina
Lipomycetes
Lipomycetales

Lipomycetaceae Novák & Zsolt 1961

Trigonopsidomycetes
Trigonopsidales

Trigonopsidaceae Lachance & Kurtzman 2013

Dipodascomycetes
Alloascoideomycetes
Alloascoideales

Alloascoideaceae Kurtzman & Robnett 2013

Sporopachydermiomycetes
Sporopachydermiales

Sporopachydermiaceae Groenewald et al. 2023

Pichiomycetes
Alaninales

Pachysolenaceae Groenewald et al. 2023

Pichiales

Pichiaceae Zender 1925

Serinales

Cephaloascaceae Batra 1973

Metschnikowiaceae Kamienski 1899 ex Doweld 2013

Debaryomycetaceae Kurtzman & Suzuki 2010

Saccharomycetes
Ascoideales

Ascoideaceae Engl. 1892

Saccharomycopsidaceae Arx & Van der Walt 1987

Phaffomycetales

Wickerhamomycetaceae Kurtzman, Robnett & Bas.-Powers 2008

Phaffomycetaceae Yamada et al. 1999

Saccharomycodales

Saccharomycodaceae Kudrjanzev 1960

Saccharomycetales

Endomycetaceae Schröter 1893

Saccharomycetaceae Winter 1881

See also

References

  1. ^ Eriksson, O.E. & K. Winka (1997). "Supraordinal taxa of Ascomycota". Myconet. 1: 1–16.
  2. ^
    ISBN 978-3-662-46010-8.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link
    )
  3. ^ a b c Eriksson, O. E., and Winka, K (1997). "Supraordinal taxa of Ascomycota". Myconet.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  4. ^ a b c d e f Moore. D., Robson, G.D., and Trinci, A. P. J. (2011). 21st Century Guidebook to Fungi (2nd ed.). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. pp. 200–202.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  5. OCLC 71834130
    .
  6. ^ Pasteur, L. (1858). "Nouveaux faits concernant l'histoire de la fermentation alcoolique". Annales de Chimie et de Physique. 3: 404–414.
  7. ^ Manchester, K.L. (2007). "Louis Pasteur, fermentation, and a rival". South African Journal of Science. 103 (9–10): 377–380.
  8. ^
    S2CID 795450.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link
    )
  9. ^
    S2CID 3098136.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link
    )
  10. ^ Martin, F. (2014). The Ecological Genomics of Fungi (1st ed.). USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
  11. ^ a b Kurtzman, C., Fell, J. W., and Boekhout, T. (2011). The yeasts: a taxonomic study (5th ed.). Amsterdam, Netherlands: Elsevier.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  12. ^ von Arx, J.A., and van der Walt, J.P. (1987). Ophiostomatales and endomycetales. In: de Hoog GS, Smith MT, Weijman ACM (eds) The expanding realm of yeast-like fungi. Amsterdam, Netherlands: Elsevier.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  13. ^ Kirk, P.M., Cannon, P.F., Minter, D.W., Stalpers, J.A. (2008). Ainsworth & Bisby's dictionary of the fungi (10th ed.). Wallingford: CAB International.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  14. ^ Vega, F.E., and Blackwell, M. (2005). Insect–fungal associations: ecology and evolution. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  15. PMID 10229949.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link
    )
  16. ^ de Koning, W., and Harder, W. (1992). Methanol-utilizing yeasts. In: Murell JC, Dalton H (eds) Methane and methanol utilizers. New York, USA: Plenum. pp. 207–244.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  17. ^ McNeill, J.; et al. (2012). "International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi and plants". Regnum Vegetabile. 154.
  18. ^
    PMID 22679600
    .
  19. doi:10.3114/sim.2023.105.01
    .

External links
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Saccharomycotina&oldid=1214394081"