Sack of Aleppo (962)
Sack of Aleppo (962) | |
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Part of the Emirate of Aleppo | |
Result | Byzantine victory, sack of Aleppo |
Naja al-Kasaki
The sack of Aleppo in December 962 was carried out by the
Background
In October 944, the
Due to the geographical position of his realm, the Hamdanid ruler also emerged as the champion of the Muslim world against the recent advances of the Christian Byzantines in the eastern
Nikephoros' 962 campaign and the sack of Aleppo
In 961, Nikephoros returned and led his troops to sack the town of
This illusion was broken in November, when a Byzantine force captured Manbij, the last city north of Aleppo, capturing its governor, Sayf al-Dawla's cousin Abu Firas al-Hamdani. [19][18] Early in December, Nikephoros—likely in command of a different army than that which had captured Manbij—moved onto Aleppo itself.[19] The Arab sources dwell extensively on the following events, but provide contradictory details, so that the exact course of the campaign is uncertain.[20] They are unanimous, however, that the attack caught Sayf al-Dawla completely off guard, possibly due to the late season, as the Byzantines did not normally campaign in winter.[20] As a result, the Byzantines held a considerable numerical advantage—Arab sources speak of 70,000 Byzantines against just 4,000 Hamdanid soldiers in the city—leaving Sayf al-Dawla scrambling to bolster his forces with last-minute levies.[19]
As the Byzantines advanced on the city, the Hamdanids tried to oppose them, but their reaction appears to have been uncoordinated and confused: Sayf al-Dawla moved to Azaz to confront the Byzantine army, but then retreated without doing so, while his lieutenant Naja moved first towards Antioch and then back towards Azaz, where he was defeated by Nikephoros' lieutenant, Tzimiskes.[21] Whatever the exact course of events, the Byzantines emerged victorious from these initial skirmishes, and proceeded to attack Aleppo.[20]
Sayf al-Dawla briefly confronted the Byzantine army with the small force at his disposal before his capital, but, unable to offer any meaningful resistance, he abandoned the city. The Hamdanid ruler fled to the fortress of
Eventually, the Byzantines departed, taking some 10,000 inhabitants,
Aftermath
Ibn Hawqal visited the city after the siege, then he wrote:
The Greeks took the city and its stone wall was of no avail to it. They ruined the Mosque, and took away captive all its women and children, and burnt the houses. Halab had a castle, but it was not a strong place and was in no way well built. All the population had fled up to it (to take refuge from the Greeks) and here most of them perished with all their goods and chattels.
— [26]
Some modern scholars have considered the sack of Aleppo as a mere setback for the Hamdanid ruler, but not ultimately critical for his realm, focusing rather on the conquest of Cilicia that followed in 963–965.[27] Garrood, on the other hand, suggests that the loss of prestige suffered by Sayf al-Dawla was an irreversible blow on his power and authority. From then on, until his death, Sayf al-Dawla's rule would be plagued by revolts and disputes between his subordinates.[28]
References
- ^ a b Bianquis 1997, p. 105.
- ^ Kennedy 2004, pp. 273–274.
- ^ Humphreys 2010, p. 537.
- ^ Bianquis 1997, p. 103.
- ^ Humphreys 2010, pp. 537–538.
- ^ Kennedy 2004, pp. 277–278.
- ^ Whittow 1996, pp. 317–322.
- ^ Bianquis 1997, pp. 106–107.
- ^ Whittow 1996, p. 320.
- ^ a b Bianquis 1997, p. 107.
- ^ Treadgold 1997, pp. 488–489, 492.
- ^ Treadgold 1997, p. 492.
- ^ Kennedy 2004, p. 277.
- ^ Bianquis 1997, pp. 107–108.
- ^ Garrood 2008, pp. 131–132.
- ^ a b c Bianquis 1997, p. 108.
- ^ Treadgold 1997, pp. 495–496.
- ^ a b c d e f Kaldellis 2017, p. 39.
- ^ a b c d e f g Garrood 2008, p. 133.
- ^ a b c d e f PmbZ, Nikephoros II. Phokas (#25535).
- ^ Garrood 2008, pp. 133–134.
- ^ a b Garrood 2008, p. 134.
- ^ Kaldellis 2017, pp. 39–40.
- ^ PmbZ, Nikephoros II. Phokas (#25535); Theodoros Parsakutenos (#27758).
- ^ "December 23, 962: Christians Invade Aleppo!". History & Headlines. 23 December 2016.
- ^ Burns 2017, p. 93.
- ^ Garrood 2008, p. 128.
- ^ Garrood 2008, pp. 134–135.
Sources
- ISBN 978-90-04-10422-8.
- Burns, Ross (2017). Aleppo: A History (Cities of the Ancient World). Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-73721-0.
- Garrood, William (2008). "The Byzantine Conquest of Cilicia and the Hamdanids of Aleppo, 959–965". Anatolian Studies. 58: 127–140. S2CID 162596738.
- Humphreys, Stephen (2010). "Syria". In Robinson, Charles F. (ed.). The New Cambridge History of Islam, Volume I: The Formation of the Islamic World, Sixth to Eleventh Centuries. Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press. pp. 506–540. ISBN 978-0-521-83823-8.
- Kaldellis, Anthony (2017). Streams of Gold, Rivers of Blood: The Rise and Fall of Byzantium, 955 A.D. to the First Crusade. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-1902-5322-6.
- ISBN 978-0-582-40525-7.
- Lilie, Ralph-Johannes; Ludwig, Claudia; Pratsch, Thomas; Zielke, Beate (2013). Prosopographie der mittelbyzantinischen Zeit Online. Berlin-Brandenburgische Akademie der Wissenschaften. Nach Vorarbeiten F. Winkelmanns erstellt (in German). Berlin and Boston: De Gruyter.
- ISBN 0-8047-2630-2.
- ISBN 978-0-520-20496-6.