Shishak
Shishak, also spelled Shishaq or Susac (
He supported
Biblical narrative
Shishak's campaign against the
Shishak took away treasures of the Solomon's Temple and the king's house, as well as shields of gold which Solomon had made;[3] Rehoboam replaced them with brass ones.
According to Second Chronicles,
When Shishak king of Egypt attacked Jerusalem, he carried off the treasures of the temple of the Lord and the treasures of the royal palace. He took everything, including the gold shields Solomon had made.
Shishak was also related by marriage to Jeroboam. The
- And Sousakim gave to Jeroboam Ano, the eldest sister of Thekemina his wife, to him as wife; she was great among the king's daughters... [5]
Shishak's name
The spelling and pronunciation of Shishak's name is not consistent throughout the Hebrew Bible. It occurs three times as Šīšaq (שִׁישַׁק), three times as Šīšāq (שִׁישָׁק), and once as Šūšaq (שׁוּשַׁק).
Identified as Pharaoh Shoshenq I
In the very early years after the decipherment of Egyptian hieroglyphs, on chronological, historical, and linguistic grounds, nearly all Egyptologists identified Shishak with Shoshenq I of the 22nd dynasty, who invaded Canaan following the Battle of Bitter Lakes.[1] A common variant of Shoshenq's name omits its 'n' glyphs, resulting in a pronunciation like, "Shoshek".[6] This position has been maintained by most scholars ever since, and remains the majority position today.
Campaign records
Shoshenq I left behind "explicit records of a campaign into Canaan (scenes; a long list of Canaanite place-names from the Negev to Galilee; stelae), including a stela [found] at Megiddo" which supports the traditional interpretation.[7][8][9][10]
The
Critical questions
It has been claimed[
Fringe theories
Other identifications of Shishak have been put forward by chronological revisionists, arguing that Shoshenq's account does not match the Biblical account very closely, but these are considered
In popular culture
Shishak is mentioned in
.References
- ^ a b Troy Leiland Sagrillo. 2015. "Shoshenq I and biblical Šîšaq: A philological defense of their traditional equation". In Solomon and Shishak: Current perspectives from archaeology, epigraphy, history and chronology; proceedings of the third BICANE colloquium held at Sidney Sussex College, Cambridge 26–27 March 2011, edited by Peter J. James, Peter G. van der Veen, and Robert M. Porter. British Archaeological Reports (International Series) 2732. Oxford: Archaeopress. 61–81.
- ^ ISBN 9781575061283.
- ^ 1 Kings 14:25; 2 Chronicles 12:1–12 English-Hebrew
- ^ Antiquities of the Jews - Book VIII, Chapter X.
- ^ 1 Kings 12:24e, New English Translation of the Septuagint
- ^ von Beckerath, Jürgen (1984) Handbuch der ägyptischen Königsnamen, München: Deutscher Kunstverlag, page 257–258, 260–262, 264
- ^ a b K.A. Kitchen, On the Reliability of the Old Testament, William Eerdmans & Co, 2003. pp. 10, 32–34, 607. Page 607 of Kitchen's book depicts the surviving fragment of Shoshenq I's Megiddo stela which bears this king's cartouche.
- ^ a b "The Jerusalem Archaeological Park - timeline". Archpark.org.il. Retrieved 2022-04-30.
- ^ a b 'The First Oppressors: Shishak of Egypt' - BiblicalStudies.org pg1
- ^ ISBN 978-1-000-77324-8.
- 2 Chronicles 11:5–12
- ^ 2 Chronicles 12, 7 - 10
- ^ Sagrillo, Troy Leiland (2012). Šîšaq's army: 2 Chronicles 12:2–3 from an Egyptological perspective. The ancient Near East in the 12th–10th Centuries BC: Culture and history; Proc. of the international conference held at the University of Haifa, 2–5 May 2010. Alter Orient und Altes Testament: Veröffentlichungen zur Kultur und Geschichte des Alten Orients und des Alten Testaments. Vol. 392. Münster: Ugarit-Verlag. pp. 425–450.
- ISBN -0-283-35257-4.
- ISBN 978-0-7126-5913-0.
- ^ James, Peter (2017). "The Levantine War-records of Ramesses III: Changing Attitudes, Past, Present and Future". Antiguo Oriente. 15: 57–147.
Further reading
- Rohl, David M.(1995). Pharaohs and Kings: A Biblical Quest. New York: Crown Publishers, inc.
- Kenneth Kitchen, 'Egyptian interventions in the Levant in Iron Age II'. In Dever, William G. (ed.). Symbiosis, symbolism, and the power of the past: Canaan, ancient Israel, and their neighbors from the Late Bronze Age through Roman Palaestina. Eisenbrauns, Seymour Gitin, 2003: pp. 113–132
- Yigal Levin; 'Sheshonq I and the Negev Haserim', Maarav 17 (2010), pp. 189-215.
- Yigal Levin, 'Sheshonq’s Levantine Conquest and Biblical History'. In: Jonathan S. Greer, John W. Hilber, & John H. Walton (eds.), Behind the Scenes of the Old Testament: Cultural, Social, and Historical Contexts, Grand Rapids: Baker Academic, 2018.
- Troy Leiland Sagrillo. 2015. "Shoshenq I and biblical Šîšaq: A philological defense of their traditional equation." In Solomon and Shishak: Current perspectives from archaeology, epigraphy, history and chronology; proceedings of the third BICANE colloquium held at Sidney Sussex College, Cambridge 26–27 March 2011, edited by Peter J. James, Peter G. van der Veen, and Robert M. Porter. British Archaeological Reports (International Series) 2732. Oxford: Archaeopress. 61–81.
- Muchiki Yoshiyuki (1999). Egyptian Proper Names and Loanwords in North-West Semitic. Atlanta: Society of Biblical Literature.