Sacredness
Sacred describes something that is dedicated or set apart for the service or worship of a
French sociologist Émile Durkheim considered the dichotomy between the sacred and the profane to be the central characteristic of religion: "religion is a unified system of beliefs and practices relative to sacred things, that is to say, things set apart and forbidden."[2]: 47 In Durkheim's theory, the sacred represents the interests of the group, especially unity, which are embodied in sacred group symbols, or using team work to help get out of trouble. The profane, on the other hand, involve mundane individual concerns.
Etymology
The word sacred descends from the
Holy
Although the terms sacred and holy are similar in meaning, and they are sometimes used interchangeably, they carry subtle differences.
Although sacred and holy denote something or someone set apart to the worship of God and therefore, worthy of respect and sometimes veneration, holy (the stronger word) implies an inherent or essential character.
Etymology of 'holy'
The English word holy dates back to the
Transitions
The concept of things being made or associated with the sacred is widespread among religions, making people, places, and objects revered, set apart for special use or purpose, or transferred to the sacred sphere. Words for this include hallow, sanctify, and consecrate, which can be contrasted with desecration and deconsecration. These terms are used in various ways by different groups.
Sanctification and consecration come from the Latin Sanctus (to set apart for special use or purpose, make holy or sacred)[10][11] and consecrat (dedicated, devoted, and sacred).[12]
The verb form 'to hallow' is archaic in English, and does not appear other than in the quoted text in the
In the various branches of Christianity the details differ. Sanctification in Christianity usually refers to a person becoming holy,[19] while consecration in Christianity may include setting apart a person, building, or object, for God. Among some Christian denominations there is a complementary service of "deconsecration", to remove something consecrated of its sacred character in preparation for either demolition or sale for secular use.
In
In
Images of the Buddha and
Mormonism is replete with consecration doctrine, primarily Christ's title of "The Anointed One" signifying his official, authorized and unique role as the savior of mankind from sin and death, and secondarily each individual's opportunity and ultimate responsibility to accept Jesus' will for their life and consecrate themselves to living thereby wholeheartedly. Book of Mormon examples include "sanctification cometh because of their yielding their hearts unto God" (Heleman 3:35) and "come unto Christ, who is the Holy One of Israel, and partake of his salvation, and the power of his redemption, ... and offer your whole souls as an offering unto him, and continue in fasting and praying, and endure to the end; and as the Lord liveth ye will be saved" (Omni 1:26).
In most
In academia
Hierology
Hierology (
History of religions
Analysing the dialectic of the sacred, Mircea Eliade outlines that religion should not be interpreted only as "belief in deities", but as "experience of the sacred."[29] The sacred is presented in relation to the profane;[30] the relation between the sacred and the profane is not of opposition, but of complementarity, as the profane is viewed as a hierophany.[31]
Sociology
French
In religion
Ancient religions
In
Indic religions
Indian-origin religion, namely Hinduism and its offshoots Buddhism, Jainism and Sikhism, have concept of revering and conserving ecology and environment by treating various objects as sacred, such as rivers, trees, forests or groves, mountains, etc.
Hinduism
Sacred rivers and their reverence is a phenomenon found in several religions, especially religions which have
Among the sacred mountains, the most sacred among those are
Buddhism
In
Abrahamic religions
Christianity
Part of a series on the |
Attributes of God in Christianity |
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The range of
Commonly recognized outward expressions or "standards" of holiness among more fundamental adherents frequently include applications relative to dress, hair, and appearance: e.g., short hair on men, uncut hair on women, and prohibitions against shorts, pants on women, make-up and jewelry. Other common injunctions are against places of worldly amusement, mixed swimming, smoking, minced oaths, as well as the eschewing of television and radio.
Islam
Among the
The word ħarām (حرام), often translated as 'prohibited' or 'forbidden', is better understood as 'sacred' or 'sanctuary' in the context of places considered sacred in Islam. For example:
- the Masjid al-Haram, or the 'Sacred Mosque in Mecca', constituting the immediate precincts of the Kaaba;
- al-Haramain, or 'the (two) Sanctuaries', a reference to the twin holy cities of Mecca and Medina; and
- the al-Aqsa Mosque in Jerusalem.
Judaism
The Hebrew word kodesh (קֹדֶשׁ) is used in the Torah to mean 'set-apartness' and 'distinct' like is found in the Jewish marriage ceremony where it is stated by the husband to his prospective wife, "You are made holy to me according to the law of Moses and Israel." (את מקדשת לי כדת משה וישראל). In Hebrew, holiness has a connotation of oneness and transparency like in the Jewish marriage example, where husband and wife are seen as one in keeping with Genesis 2:24. Kodesh is also commonly translated as 'holiness' and 'sacredness'.[40] The Torah describes the Aaronite priests and the Levites as being selected by God to perform the Temple services; they, as well, are called "holy."
Holiness is not a single state, but contains a broad spectrum. The Mishnah lists concentric circles of holiness surrounding the Temple in Jerusalem: Holy of Holies, Temple Sanctuary, Temple Vestibule, Court of Priests, Court of Israelites, Court of Women, Temple Mount, the walled city of Jerusalem, all the walled cities of Israel, and the borders of the Land of Israel.[41] Distinctions are made as to who and what are permitted in each area.
Likewise, the
Beyond the intrinsically holy, objects can become sacred through
The encounter with the holy is seen as eminently desirable, and at the same time fearful and awesome. For the strongest penalties are applied to one who transgresses in this area—one could in theory receive either the death penalty or the heavenly punishment of kareth, spiritual excision, for mis-stepping in his close approach to God's domain.
See also
References
- ^ "sacred." Merriam-Webster Dictionary. Retrieved 16 July 2020.
- ^ ISBN 978-0-8341-2182-9.
- ^ Stormonth, James, and Philip Henry Phelp, eds. 1895. "Sacred." In A Dictionary of the English Language. Blackwood & sons p. 883.
- ISBN 978-90-04-16797-1.
- ^ a b "Difference Between Sacred and Holy Archived 12 October 2016 at the Wayback Machine." Difference Between. 26 September 2013.
- ISBN 978-0809145515.
- ^ "Sacred", Webster's Collegiate Dictionary, 5th ed., p. 875
- The Catholic Encyclopedia 7. New York: Robert Appleton Company. 20 November 2016. This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
- ^ Ringe, Donald; Taylor, Ann (2014). The Development of Old English – A Linguistic History of English, vol. II. United States of America: Oxford University Press. pp. 335, 129.
- ^ "sanctify". Archived from the original on 10 June 2023. Retrieved 24 June 2023.
- ^ "Sanctify | Etymology, origin and meaning of sanctify by etymonline". Archived from the original on 20 January 2023. Retrieved 24 June 2023.
- ^ "Definition of CONSECRATE". Merriam-Webster. Archived from the original on 27 October 2021. Retrieved 3 June 2019.
- ^ "Dictionary.com". Lexico Publishing Group, LLC. 15 January 2007. Archived from the original on 12 February 2007. Retrieved 23 January 2007.
- ^ Webster's Collegiate Dictionary entry for hallowed
- ^ Matthew 6:9 and Luke 11:2
- ISBN 978-1932168440.
The word "hallow" means "saint," in that "hallow" is just an alternative form of the word "holy" ("hallowed be Thy name").
- ISBN 978-0811728669.
The word hallow was simply another word for saint.
- ^ Leslie, Frank (1895). Frank Leslie's Popular Monthly. Allhallowtide. Frank Leslie Publishing House. p. 539.
Just as the term "Eastertide" expresses for us the whole of the church services and ancient customs attached to the festival of Easter, from Palm Sunday until Easter Monday, so does All-hallowtide include for us all the various customs, obsolete and still observed, of Halloween, All Saints' and All Souls' Days. From the 31st of October until the morning of the 3d of November, this period of three days, known as All-hallowtide, is full of traditional and legendary lore.
- ^ Justo L. González, Essential Theological Terms, Westminster John Knox Press, US, 2005, p. 155
- ^ "Jewish Encyclopedia: Sanctification of the Name". Archived from the original on 26 July 2021. Retrieved 26 July 2021.
- ^ "Jewish Encyclopedia: Holiness". Archived from the original on 26 July 2021. Retrieved 26 July 2021.
- ^ Juan Eduardo Campo, Encyclopedia of Islam, Infobase Publishing, US, 2009, p. 598
- ISBN 978-1400848058.
- ^ "Account Suspended". modernhinduculture.com. Archived from the original on 28 July 2020. Retrieved 3 June 2019.
- ISBN 81-208-1578-5
- ^ "hierology Archived 22 May 2013 at the Wayback Machine." Dictionary.com.
- ^ "hierology." Oxford Dictionary Online.
- ^ A. Lidov. "Hierotopy. The creation of sacred spaces as a form of creativity and subject of cultural history" in Hierotopy. Creation of Sacred Spaces in Byzantium and Medieval Russia, ed. A.Lidov, Moscow: Progress-Tradition, 2006, pp. 32–58
- ISBN 978-083-7171-96-8.
- ISBN 978-0156-79201-1.
- ISBN 973-725-715-4. p. 35.
- ISBN 0-19-508725-9. p. 99
- ISBN 978-0-15-100585-7, archivedfrom the original on 24 March 2023, retrieved 30 July 2013
- ISBN 978-1-4020-5179-1.
- ISBN 0-85229-760-2.
- ^ "Sarasvati | Hindu deity". Encyclopedia Britannica. Archived from the original on 5 April 2023. Retrieved 24 June 2023.
- ^ "Narmadāparikramā – Circumambulation of the Narmadā River". Brill. Archived from the original on 17 September 2013. Retrieved 3 March 2014.
- ISBN 0-85692-173-4, pp. 39, 33, 35, 225, 280, 353, 362–363, 377–378
- ^ 59:23
- ^ Blue Letter Bible. "H6944 – qodesh – Strong's Hebrew Lexicon (HNV)". Archived from the original on 15 August 2016. Retrieved 28 June 2016.
- ^ Mishnah Kelim, chapter 1
- ^ Mishna, Shabbat 7:2
Sources
- Durkheim, Emile (1915) The Elementary Forms of the Religious Life. London: George Allen & Unwin (originally published 1915, English translation 1915).
- Eliade, Mircea (1957) The Sacred and the Profane: The Nature of Religion. Translated by Willard R. Trask. (New York: Harcourt, Brace & World).
- ISBN 978-0-8341-2182-9
- Pals, Daniel (1996) Seven Theories of Religion. New York: Oxford University Press. US ISBN 0-19-508725-9(pbk).
- ISBN 0-8126-9041-9.
External links
- The Sacred and the Profane by Carsten Colpe (Encyclopedia of Religion)