Sacrilege

Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.
bashibazouks of the Ottoman Empire violating adherents of the Bulgarian Orthodox Church
inside one of its churches.

Sacrilege is the violation or injurious treatment of a

sacred object, site or person. This can take the form of irreverence to sacred persons, places, and things. When the sacrilegious offence is verbal, it is called blasphemy, and when physical, it is often called desecration
. In a more general sense, any transgression against what is seen as the virtue of religion would be a sacrilege, and so is coming near a sacred site without permission.

Most ancient religions have a concept analogous to sacrilege, often considered as a type of

Sacred–profane dichotomy
.

Etymology

The term "sacrilege" originates from the Latin sacer, meaning sacred, and legere, meaning to steal. In Roman times, it referred to the plundering of temples and graves. By the time of Cicero, sacrilege had adopted a more expansive meaning, including verbal offences against religion and the undignified treatment of sacred objects.

Owing to the phonetic similarities between the words sacrilegious and

sacred
, and the verb legere, meaning "to steal", "to collect", or "to read". The Latin noun sacrilegus thus means "one who steals sacred things".1

Christianity

A medieval painting depicting host desecration by Jews

With the advent of Christianity as the official religion of the Roman Empire, the Emperor Theodosius criminalized sacrilege in an even more expansive sense, including heresy, schism, and offenses against the emperor, such as tax evasion.

By the Middle Ages, the concept of sacrilege was again restricted to physical acts against sacred objects, and this forms the basis of all subsequent Catholic teachings on the subject. A major offence was to tamper with a consecrated host, otherwise known as the Body of Christ. Additionally, Bible desecration has resulted in prosecution.[1][2]

Most modern nations have abandoned laws against sacrilege out of respect for

Burstyn v. Wilson
(1952) struck down a statute against sacrilege, ruling that the term could not be narrowly defined in a way that would safeguard against the establishment of one church over another and that such statutes infringed upon the free exercise of religion and freedom of expression.

Despite their decriminalisation, sacrilegious acts are still sometimes regarded with strong disapproval by the public, even by nominal or former members and non-adherents of the offended religion, especially when these acts are perceived as manifestations of hatred toward a particular sect or creed.

Catholic Church

According to Catholic theology sacrilege is classified as personal, local, or real.

Personal sacrilege is irreverence shown to a person consecrated by

vow of chastity, it is considered a personal sacrilege on their part. Laying violent hands on a cleric used to incur an automatic excommunication according to the 1917 Code of Canon Law
. Since 1983, only someone who physically attacks the pope is excommunicated.

Local sacrilege is the violation and desecration of sacred places and space. Robbing or vandalizing a church, chapel, oratory, convent, or monastery would be of this category. It could also be committing immoral and sinful acts inside a sacred building, such as murder or sexual acts. The 1917 Code considered the burial of a publicly excommunicated person in a Catholic cemetery or hallowed ground to be sacrilege. The current 1983 Code makes no mention of it.

Real sacrilege is the contemptuous irreverence shown for sacred things, especially the

Blessed Sacrament, as it is the most important and most sacred item in Catholicism (far more than any relic or historical artifact whatsoever).[3]

England and Wales

In Post-Reformation England, sacrilege was a criminal offence for centuries, though its statutory definition varied considerably. Most English dictionaries of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries appealed to the primary sense of stealing objects from a church.

Criminal law was

consolidated by Peel's Acts from 1828. Of these, 7 & 8 Geo 4 c 27[4] repealed the provisions of 1 Ed 6 c 12[5] in relation to sacrilege, while two created new laws around larceny: 7 & 8 Geo 4 c 29[6] for England and Wales, and 9 Geo 4 c 55[7]
for Ireland. Section 10 of each was identical:

That if any person shall break and enter any church or chapel, and steal therein any chattel, or having stolen any chattel in any church or chapel, shall break out of the same, every such offender, being convicted thereof, shall suffer death as a felon.

Both of those sections were replaced[8] by section 50 of the Larceny Act 1861, which was described by its marginal note as "breaking and entering a church or chapel and committing any felony" and which read:

Whosoever shall break and enter any church, chapel, meeting house, or other place of divine worship, and commit any felony therein, or being in any church, chapel, meeting house, or other place of divine worship, shall commit any felony therein and break out of the same, shall be guilty of felony, and being convicted thereof shall be liable, at the discretion of the court, to kept in penal servitude for life, or for any term not less than three years, or to be imprisoned for any term not exceeding two years, with or without hard labour, and with or without solitary confinement.

This offence was not triable at

quarter sessions[8]

Section 50 of the Larceny Act 1861 was repealed by section 48(1) of, and the schedule to, the Larceny Act 1916. It was replaced by section 24 of the Larceny Act 1916 which provided:

Every person who -

(1) breaks and enters any place of divine worship and commits any felony therein; or
(2) breaks out of any place of divine worship, having committed any felony therein;

shall be guilty of felony called sacrilege and on conviction thereof liable to

penal servitude
for life.

The words "arrestable offence" were substituted for the word "felony", in subsections (1) and (2), by section 10(1) of, and paragraph 12(1) of Schedule 2 to, the Criminal Law Act 1967.

Section 24 was replaced by sections 9 and 10 of the

aggravated burglary.[9]

As violence, self-harm and pride

Violence against God was the sign of arrogance which brought attributes of a divine nature down to the material world, while their existence belonged to gods and thus was inviolable.

See also

Notes

  1. ^ Michaels, Sean (October 31, 2012). "Polish singer faces two years in jail over Bible-tearing stunt". The Guardian.
  2. ^ Peter, Jeff. "วัตถุมงคล". Retrieved 13 February 2023.
  3. ^ Catholic Encyclopedia - Sacrilege
  4. ^ "An Act for repealing various Statutes in England relative to the Benefit of Clergy, and to Larceny and other Offences connected therewith, and to malicious Injuries to Property, and to Remedies against the Hundred". The Statutes of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. Vol. 11. Eyre and Strahan. 1829. p. 80. Retrieved 31 January 2017.
  5. ^ Evans, William David (1829). "An Act for the Repeal of certain Statutes concerning Treasons, Felonies, etc". A Collection of Statutes Connected with the General Administration of the Law. Vol. 5. p. 72. Retrieved 31 January 2017.
  6. ^ "An Act for consolidating and amending the Laws in England relative to Larceny and other Offences connected therewith". The Statutes of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. Vol. 11. Eyre and Strahan. 1829. p. 88. Retrieved 31 January 2017.
  7. ^ "An Act for consolidating and amending the Laws in Ireland relative to Larceny, and other Offences connected therewith.". Statutes at Large 1828. HM Statute Law Printers. 1828. p. 244. Retrieved 31 January 2017.
  8. ^
    The Criminal Law Consolidation Statutes of the 24 & 25 of Victoria, Chapters 94 to 100: Edited with Notes, Critical and Explanatory, Butterworths, 1861, p 58
  9. ^ Griew, Edward. The Theft Acts 1968 and 1978. Sweet and Maxwell. Fifth Edition. 1986. Paragraph 4-01 at page 84.

7. The Editors of Encyclopædia Britannica. (n.d.). Theodosian Code. Retrieved March 31, 2017, from https://www.britannica.com/topic/Theodosian-Code

External links