Nagpuri language
Nagpuri | |
---|---|
Sadri | |
Sadani | |
Native to | India |
Region | West Central Chota Nagpur (Jharkhand, Chhattisgarh, Odisha and Bihar) |
Ethnicity | Nagpuria |
Native speakers | L1: 5.1 million (2011 census)[1][2][3][4] L2: 7.0 million (2007)[4] |
Devanagari Kaithi (historical) | |
Official status | |
Official language in | India |
Language codes | |
ISO 639-3 | Either:sck – Sadrisdr – Oraon Sadri |
Glottolog | sada1242 |
Nagpuri-speaking region in India |
Nagpuri (also known as Sadri) is an
It is the native language of the
Etymology
The language is known by several names, such as Nagpuri, Nagpuria, Sadani, Sadri etc. In the literary tradition, the language is known as Nagpuri, which is the polished and literary language especially used by Hindus and in cities. While Sadri refers to the spoken and non-literary form of the language, especially spoken by tribal groups in the countryside.
Nagpuri language writers are in favour of using Nagpuri as the name of the language. There is an opposition against the use of the word Sadri and giving two names Sadan/Sadri and Nagpuria, to a single language in the upcoming
Alternate names
Alternate names of Nagpuri language include: Sadani, Sadana, Sadati, Sadari, Sadhan, Sadna, Sadrik, Santri, Siddri, Sradri, Sadhari, Sadan, Nagpuria, Chota Nagpuri, Dikku Kaji, Gawari, Ganwari, Goari, Gauuari, Jharkhandhi.[18][19][20]
History
There are different opinions among linguists about the origin of the Nagpuri language. According to Peter Shanti Navrangi, Nagpuriya Sadani or Nagpuri originated from ancient
The Nagpuri language was the court language of the
Nagpuri has been placed in the Bihari group of Indo-Aryan languages.[8][22] Recent studies demonstrate that the Indo-Aryan languages of the Chota Nagpur plateau, called Sadani languages, are distinct languages and are more closely related to each other than any other languages.[13]
Geographical distribution
The Nagpuri language is mainly spoken in the western Chota Nagpur Plateau region. The geographical distribution of language is tabulated below;
State | Jharkhand | Chhattisgarh | Odisha | Bihar |
---|---|---|---|---|
District | Chatra | Jashpur | Sundergarh | Gaya |
Palamu | Balrampur | |||
Latehar | Sarguja | |||
Garhwa | ||||
Hazaribagh | ||||
Lohardaga | ||||
Gumla | ||||
Ranchi | ||||
Simdega | ||||
Khunti | ||||
West Singhbhum |
It is also spoken by some
Phonology
Consonants
Labial | Dental/ Alveolar |
Retroflex | Post-alv./ Palatal |
Velar | Glottal | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Nasal | m | n
|
(ɳ) | ŋ | |||
Affricate
|
voiceless | p | t
|
ʈ | tʃ | k | |
aspirated | pʰ | tʰ | ʈʰ | tʃʰ | kʰ | ||
voiced | b | d
|
ɖ | dʒ | ɡ | ||
breathy | bʱ | dʱ | ɖʱ | dʒʱ | ɡʱ | ||
Fricative
|
s | h | |||||
Tap
|
ɾ | ||||||
Lateral | l
|
||||||
Approximant
|
ʋ | j |
- [ɳ] occurs from Sanskrit loanwords, or as realisations of /n/.
- /h/ can be voiced as [ɦ] when between vowels.
- /ɖ, ɖʱ/ can be heard as taps [ɽ, ɽʱ] when in word-medial position.
- /ɾ/ can also be heard as retroflex [ɽ] when after back vowels.
Vowels
Front | Central | Back | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
High
|
i iː | ʊ ʊː | ||
Mid | ɛ ɛː | (ə əː) | ʌ ʌː | ɔ ɔː |
Low
|
a aː |
Front | Central | Back | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
High
|
ĩ | ʊ̃ | ||
Mid | ɛ̃ | ʌ̃ | ɔ̃ | |
Low
|
ã |
- /i/ can be heard as [i̞] or [ɪ], in short, closed, non-final syllables in free variation.
- /ɛ, ɛː/ can be heard as more close [e, eː] in free variation within word-final syllables.
- /a/ can be heard as front [a] or central [ä] in free variation.
- /ʌ, ʌː/ is heard as more rounded [ʌ̹, ʌ̹] when after bilabial consonants, as [ʌ̞] when in short syllables, and as [ə, əː] when the final syllable contains an /i/, or when following a /ɖ/ or /ɾ/.
- /ɔ, ɔː/ can be heard as [o, oː] in free variation.[24]
Front | Central | Back | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
High
|
ʊi̯ | |||
Mid | ɛi̯, ɛʊ̯ | [əɪ̯] | ʌɛ̯, ʌ̃ɛ̯̃, ʌi̯, ʌʊ̯ | ɔɛ̯, ɔ̃ɛ̯̃, ɔi̯, ɔ̃ĩ̯ |
Low
|
aɛ̯, ãɛ̯̃, aɪ̯, aʊ̯, ãʊ̯̃ |
- [əɪ̯] is a realisation of /ʌi̯/.
Vocabulary
Similarities between words
There are similarities between the words of Nagpuri,
Nagpuri | Hindi | Apabrahmsha | Prakrit | Sanskrit | English |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Pachhe | Peechhe | Picchhu | Pachha | Pashcha | Behind |
Beyir | Surya | Beri | Rabi | Ravi | Sun |
Sapna | Sapna | Supan | Suvan | Swapna | Dream |
Dharam | Dharm | Dham | Dhamm | Dharma | Religion |
Aayinkh | Aankh | Aankhi | Akiv | Akshi | Eyes |
Didh | Drudh | Didh | Didh | Dhairya | Courage |
Tenses
Magadhi, Nagpuri and Jharkhand Prakrit use "la" in the past tense, "ta" in the present tense and "ma" in the future tense. The words are given below in the table.[7]
Nagpuri | Hindi | English |
---|---|---|
Gelon | gaya | went |
Sutlon | soya | slept |
Peelon | piya | drank |
Khalon | khaya | ate |
Jathon | Ja raha hoon | I am going |
Sutothon | so raha hoon | I am sleeping. |
Piyothon | Pee raha hoon | I am drinking. |
Khathon | Kha raha hoon | I am eating |
Jamu | jaoonga | I will go. |
Sutmu | soounga | I will sleep |
Pimu | Piyunga | I will drink. |
Khamu | Khaoonga | I will eat. |
Relationship
Below are some words about relationships in Nagpuri in the table.[7]
Nagpuri | Hindi | English |
---|---|---|
Mae, Aayo | Ma | Mother |
Baap, Abba | Pita | Father |
Badi | Pardadi | Great grandmother |
Kaka | Kaka | Father's younger brother |
Didi | Didi | Elder sister |
Bhai | Bhai | Brother |
Bahin | Bahen | sister |
Puth | Putra | Son |
Nani | Nani | Maternal grandmother |
Jani | Mahila | woman |
Sayis | Saas | Mother- in - law |
Sangat/Yaar | brother of sister-in-law and brother-in-law | |
Sangatin | sister of sister-in-law and brother-in-law |
Words
Below are some words of daily use in Nagpuri, Hindi and English in the table.[7]
Nagpuri | Hindi | English |
---|---|---|
Charka | Sweth | White |
Gola | Bhura | Brown |
Peeyar | Peela | Yellow |
Laal | Laal | Red |
Leel | Neela | Blue |
Aayij | Aaj | Today |
Aekhane | Abhi | Now |
Sagar din | Sara din | Whole night |
Adhberiya | Dopahar | Afternoon |
Sanjh | Sam | Evening |
Thanv | Sthan | Place |
Pokhra | Pokhar | Pond |
Pethiya | Bazar | Market |
Pahad | Pahad | Mountain |
Nadi | Nadi | River |
Masna | Masan/Samsaan | Graveyard |
Jaad | Jaada | Winter |
Barkha | Barsa | Rainy season |
Rait | Raat | Night |
Paala | Paala | Snow |
Sample phrases
English | Nagpuri | Nagpuri (Devanagari) |
---|---|---|
What is your name? | Tor naam ka heke? | तोर नाम का हेके ? |
How are you ? | Toen kaisan aahis? | तोयं कसैन आहीस्? |
I am fine. | Moen thik aahon | मोएं ठीक आहों। |
What? | Ka? | का? |
Who? | Ke? | के? |
Why? | Kale? | काले? |
How? | Kaisan? | कसैन? |
Which? | Kon? | कोन? |
Come here. | Hian aao | हीयां आओ |
I am going to home. | Moen ghar jat hon | मोएं घर जात हों। |
I have eaten. | Moen kha hon | मोएं खा हों। |
I will go. | Moen Jamu | मोएं जामु। |
We go. | Hame jaeil | हामे जाइल। |
You go. | Toen jais | तोयं जाइस्। |
You are writing. | Toen likhathis | तोयं लिखतहिस्। |
You will come. | Toen aabe | तोयं आबे। |
We are writing. | Hame likhathi | हामे लीखतही। |
We have written. | Hame likh hi | हामे लीख ही। |
He/She come. | Oo aawela | उ आवेला। |
He/She is going. | Oo jat he | उ जात हे। |
He/She was coming. | Oo aawat rahe | उ आवत रहे। |
He/She will play. | Oo kheli | उ खेली। |
They have eaten bread. | Ooman roti kha haen | उमन रोटी खा हयं। |
They went. | Ooman gelaen | उमन गेलयं। |
They will go home. | Ooman ghar jabaen | उमन घर जाबयं। |
Dialects
The Nagpuri language spoken in different districts such as Ranchi, Gumla, Simdega and Garhwa varies with each other.[13]
Script
The early inscriptions found in the region are in
Literature
The Nagpuri language is rich in folk tales, folk songs and riddles. Literature in the Nagpuri language are available since the 17th century. The Nagvanshi king Raghunath Shah and the King of Ramgarh, Dalel Singh, were poets. These poems were composed in Devnagari script and Kaithi script.[26][27] Some Nagpuri peots were Hanuman Singh, Jaigovind Mishra, Barju Ram Pathak, Ghasi Ram Mahli, Das Mahli, Mahant Ghasi and Kanchan.[28] "Nagvanshavali" (1876), written by Beniram Mehta, is a historical work in the nagpuri language. The poet Ghasi Ram Mahli wrote several works, including "Nagvanashavali", "Durgasaptasati", "Barahamasa", "Vivha Parichhan" etc. There were also great writers like Pradumn Das and Rudra Singh.[29] It is believed that prose writing in the nagpuri language started by Christian missionaries. E.H.Whitley wrote Notes on the Ganwari dialect of Lohardaga, Chhota Nagpur in 1896, which considered the start of writing prose in the nagpuri language.[30] Some Nagpuri language writers and poets in the modern period are Praful Kumar Rai, Sahani Upendra Pal Singh, Shiv Avtar Choudhary, Lal Ranvijay Nath Shahdeo, Bisheshwar Prasad Keshari and Girdhari Ram Gonjhu.[21]
Monthly Nagpuri magazines Gotiya and Johar Sahiya have been published in Ranchi.[31][32] Several magazines have also been published in Assam, West Bengal's Tarai and Dooars districts.[33][3]
Author and Work
Some poets, writers and their works in the nagpuri language are as follows:[30]
Author | Work |
---|---|
Raghunath Shah | first known poet in the Nagpuri language, mostly composed devotional poetry on Krishna |
Beniram Mahata | Nagvanshavali (1876) |
Ghasi Ram Mahli | Nagpuri Fag Satak, Lalana Ranjana, Durga Saptasati, Nagvanshavali Jhumar |
Kanchan | Sudama Charitra, Krishna Charitra, Mahabharat, Lanka Kand, Usha Haran |
Drugpal Ram Deogharia | Nal Charita, Korambe Upakhyan |
Dhaniram Bakshi | Jitiya Kahani, Fogli budhia kar Kahani, Narad Moh Lila, Karam Mahatmay, Sri Krishna Charit |
E.H Whitley | Notes on Ganwari dialects of Lohardaga, Chotanagpur (grammar), 1896 |
Konrad Bookout | Grammar of the Nagpuria Sadani language |
Praful Kumar Rai | Son Jhair (collection of stories), 1967 |
Sahani Upendra Pal Singh | Mewar Keshri, Amba Manjar |
Bisheshwar Prasad Keshari | Nerua Lota urf Sanskritit Abdharna (nibandh), Thakur Vishwanath Sahi, Kanti |
Shravan Kumar Goswami | Nagpuri Vyakran, Seva aur Nokri, Teteir Kar Chhaon, Du Dair Bis Phool |
Girdhari Ram Gonjhu | Mahabali Radhe Kar Balidan, Akhra Nindaye Gelak |
Naimuddin Mirdaha | Menjur Painkh |
Baraik Iswari Prasad Singh | Kaka kar Kahani |
Kali Kumar Suman | Khukhri Rugda |
Shakuntala Mishra | Nagpuri Sadani Vyakaran, Sadani Nagpuri-Hindi Sabdkosh, Sato Nadi Par |
Education
Nagpuri taught at some high schools as a subject in Jharkhand.[34] It is also taught at Ranchi University, Dr. Shyama Prasad Mukherjee University, Ranchi Women's College, Suraj Singh Memorial College, J.N College, Ram Lakhan Singh Yadav College, Doranda College, Simdega College and other universities of Jharkhand.[35][36]
Politics
Historically, Nagpuri was the
See also
References
- ^ "Statement 1: Abstract of speakers' strength of languages and mother tongues – 2011". www.censusindia.gov.in. Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India. Retrieved 7 July 2018.
- ^ a b c "Sadri". Ethnologue. Retrieved 21 July 2022.
- ^ a b c "Sadri - the Language of Jharkhand". Archived from the original on 27 November 2016. Retrieved 26 November 2016.
- ^ a b Sadri at Ethnologue (26th ed., 2023)
Oraon Sadri at Ethnologue (26th ed., 2023) - ^ a b "List of Official Languages of Indian States and Union Territories". jagranjosh. 23 June 2021. Retrieved 4 December 2022.
- ^ a b "Jharkhand gives second language status to Magahi, Angika, Bhojpuri and Maithili". avenuemail. 11 March 2018. Archived from the original on 28 April 2020. Retrieved 28 March 2019.
- ^ a b c d e f g "JOURNAL OF CRITICAL REVIEWS A Study of the Special Features of Nagpuri Language of Jharkhand". research gate. July 2020. Retrieved 23 September 2022.
- ^ a b c d e f Savita Kiran, John Peterson. "Sadani / Sadri". academia.edu. Retrieved 5 October 2022.
- ISSN 0002-7294.
- ISBN 978-0-85229-400-0.
- )
- ^ Diksha Verma (2022). "THE SYLLABLE STRUCTURE IN NAGPURI (SADRI)" (PDF). Veda Publications. p. 2. Retrieved 4 November 2022.
- ^ ISSN 2196-078X.
- ^ a b "नागपुरी भाषा को दो अलग कोड देने पर नाराजगी". liveHindustan. 11 July 2021. Retrieved 10 August 2022.
- ^ Sir John Houlton, Bihar, the Heart of India, pp. 127–128, Orient Longmans, 1949.
- ^ "भाषाई जनगणना में नागपुरी को बांटने की साजिश का विरोध". Hindustan. 29 August 2021. Retrieved 10 August 2022.
- ^ "झारखंड में नागपुरी के साथ जुल्म हो रहा है : मधु मंसुरी". Dainik Jagran. 15 May 2022. Retrieved 10 August 2022.
- ^ "Sadri (Language code 'sck')". Global Recordings Network. Archived from the original on 13 May 2012. Retrieved 25 August 2012.
- ^ "Oraon Sadri(Language code 'sdr')". Global Recordings Network. Archived from the original on 15 May 2012. Retrieved 25 August 2012.
- ^ "Ethnologue report for language code: sck". Ethnologue. Archived from the original on 31 August 2012. Retrieved 25 August 2012.
- ^ ISBN 9789351867982.
- ISBN 9788126012213.
- ^ "C-16: Population by mother tongue, India - 2011". Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India. Retrieved 20 March 2024.
- ^ Peterson, John; Baraik, Sunil (2021). A grammar of Chotanagpuri Sadri: An Indo-Aryan Lingua Franca of Eastern Central India.
- ^ Lalit Aditya (October 2018). "Inscriptions in Jharkhand: A Preliminary Study". Retrieved 30 August 2022.
- ^ a b c "Giant new chapter for Nagpuri poetry". telegraphindia. 5 November 2012.
- ^ "Bid to save language treasure by Dr Keshri". dailypioneer. 30 March 2014. Retrieved 16 September 2019.
- ^ "नागपुरी राग-रागिनियों को संरक्षित कर रहे महावीर नायक". prabhatkhabar. 4 September 2019. Retrieved 17 September 2019.
- ISBN 9789351866848.
- ^ ISBN 978-9390906833.
- ^ "Nagpuri call for culture". telegraphindia. 25 July 2008.
- ^ "JOHAR SAHIYA". newspapers.
- ^ "New insight into tea community of Assam". thethumbprintmag. 25 May 2015. Archived from the original on 18 May 2022. Retrieved 28 March 2019.
- ^ "नागपुरी भाषा के प्रचार-प्रसार पर दिया गया जोर". livehindustan. 5 November 2022. Retrieved 7 November 2022.
- ^ "RU gold medallist to promote Nagpuri lang". timesofindia. 21 January 2016.
- ^ "11 कॉलेजों में चलते हैं रीजनल कोर्स". inextlive. 2 April 2014. Retrieved 7 November 2022.
- ^ "Requests to include 38 languages in Constitution pending: Govt". thehindu. 1 December 2009.
- ^ "38 languages stake claim to be in Eighth schedule". dailyexcelsior. 16 August 2013.
- ^ "'नागपुरी पझरा' संवाद कार्यक्रम में उठी नागपुरी भाषा को 8वीं अनुसूची में शामिल करने की मांग". prabhatkhabar. 3 June 2018.
- ^ "Don't add Hindi dialects in Eighth Schedule, say academics". thehindu. 20 January 2017.