Safed
Safed (Tzfat)
| |
---|---|
Tzfat | |
Hebrew transcription(s) | |
• ISO 259 | Çpat |
• Translit. | Tz'fat |
• Also spelled | Tsfat, Tzefat, Zfat, Sfat, Ẕefat (official) |
Safed | |
Founded | 1500 BCE[1] |
Government | |
• Mayor | Yossi Kakon |
Elevation | 850 m (2,790 ft) |
Population (2024)[2] | |
• Total | 42,117 |
Website | http://www.zefat.muni.il |
Safed (also known as Tzfat;
Safed has been identified with Sepph (Σὲπφ), a fortified town in the
Safed's population reached 24,000 toward the end of the 19th century; it was a
Safed has a large
Biblical reference
Legend has it that Safed was founded by a son of
It has been suggested that Jesus' assertion that "a city that is set on a hill cannot be hidden"[14] may have referred to Safed.[15]
History
Antiquity
Safed has been identified with Sepph, a fortified town in the Upper Galilee mentioned in the writings of the Roman-Jewish historian Josephus.[16] Safed is mentioned in the Jerusalem Talmud as one of five elevated spots where fires were lit to announce the New Moon and festivals during the Second Temple period.[17]
Crusader era
Pre-Crusader village and tower
There is scarce information about Safed before the
First Crusader period
The Frankish chronicler William of Tyre noted the presence of a burgus (tower) in Safed, which he called "Castrum Saphet" or "Sephet", in 1157.[22] Safed was the seat of a castellany (area governed by a castle) by at least 1165, when its castellan (appointed castle governor) was Fulk, constable of Tiberias.[23] The castle of Safed was purchased from Fulk by King Amalric of Jerusalem in 1168.[22] He subsequently reinforced the castle and transferred it to the Templars in the same year.[22] Theoderich the Monk, describing his visit to the area in 1172, noted that the expanded fortification of the castle of Safed was meant to check the raids of the Turks (the Turkic Zengid dynasty ruled the area east of the Kingdom).[24] Testifying to the considerable expansion of the castle, the chronicler Jacques de Vitry (d. 1240) wrote that it was practically built anew.[25] The remains of Fulk's castle can now be found under the citadel excavations, on a hill above the old city.[26]
In the estimation of modern historian Havré Barbé, the castellany of Safed comprised approximately 376 square kilometers (145 sq mi).
Ayyubid interregnum
Safed was captured by the
Second Crusader period
As an outcome of the treaty negotiations between the Crusader leader
Mamluk period
The Ayyubids of Egypt had been supplanted by the
Baybars assigned fifty-four mamluks, at the head of whom was Emir Ala al-Din Kandaghani, to oversee the management of Safed and its dependencies.[49] From the time of its capture, the city was made the administrative center of Mamlakat Safad,[50] one of seven mamlakas (provinces), whose governors were typically appointed from Cairo, which made up Mamluk Syria.[51] Initially, its jurisdiction corresponded roughly with the Crusader castellany.[49] After the fall of the Montfort Castle to the Mamluks in 1271, the castle and its dependency, the Shaghur district, were incorporated into Mamlakat Safad.[52] The territorial jurisdiction of the mamlaka eventually spanned the entire Galilee and the lands further south down to Jenin.[50]
The geographer
The native qadi (Islamic head judge) of Safed, Shams al-Din al-Uthmani, composed a text about Safed called Ta'rikh Safad (the History of Safed) during the rule of its governor Emir Alamdar (r. 1372–1376).[56] The extant parts of the work consisted of ten folios largely devoted to Safed's distinguishing qualities, its dependent villages, agriculture, trade and geography, with no information about its history.[57] His account reveals the city's dominant features were its citadel, the Red Mosque and its towering position over the surrounding landscape.[58] He noted Safed lacked "regular urban planning", madrasas (schools of Islamic law), ribats (hostels for military volunteers) and defensive walls, and that its houses were clustered in disarray and its streets were not distinguishable from its squares.[59] He attributed the city's shortcomings to the dearth of generous patrons.[60] A device for transporting buckets of water called the satura existed in the city mainly to supply the soldiers of the citadel; surplus water was distributed to the city's residents.[61] Al-Uthmani praised the natural beauty of Safed, its therapeutic air, and noted that its residents took strolls in the surrounding gorges and ravines.[60]
The Black Death brought about a decline in the population in Safed from 1348 onward.[44] There is little available information about the city and its dependencies during the last century of Mamluk rule (c. 1418 – c. 1516), though travelers' accounts describe a general decline precipitated by famine, plagues, natural disasters and political instability.[62]
Ottoman era
Sixteenth-century prosperity
The Ottomans conquered Mamluk Syria following their victory at the Battle of Marj Dabiq in northern Syria in 1516.[63] Safed's inhabitants sent the keys of the town citadel to Sultan Selim I after he captured Damascus.[64] No fighting was recorded around Safed, which was bypassed by Selim's army on the way to Mamluk Egypt.[63] The sultan had placed the district of Safed under the jurisdiction of the Mamluk governor of Damascus, Janbirdi al-Ghazali, who defected to the Ottomans.[64] Rumors in 1517 that Selim was slain by the Mamluks precipitated a revolt against the newly appointed Ottoman governor by the townspeople of Safed, which resulted in wide-scale killings, many of which targeted the city's Jews, who were viewed as sympathizers of the Ottomans.[65] Safed became the capital of the Safed Sanjak, roughly corresponding with Mamlakat Safad but excluding most of the Jezreel Valley and the area of Atlit,[66] part of the larger province of Damascus Eyalet.[67]
In 1525/26, the population of Safed consisted of 633 Muslim families, 40 Muslim bachelors, 26 Muslim religious persons, nine Muslim disabled, 232 Jewish families, and 60 military families.[68] In 1549, under Sultan Suleiman the Magnificent, a wall was constructed and troops were garrisoned to protect the city.[69] In 1553/54, the population consisted of 1,121 Muslim households, 222 Muslim bachelors, 54 Muslim religious leaders, 716 Jewish households, 56 Jewish bachelors, and 9 disabled persons.[70] At least in the 16th century, Safed was the only kasaba (city) in the sanjak and in 1555 was divided into nineteen mahallas (quarters), seven Muslim and twelve Jewish.[71] The total population of Safed rose from 926 households in 1525–26 to 1,931 households in 1567–1568.[72] Among these, the Jewish population rose from a mere 233 households in 1525 to 945 households in 1567–1568.[72] The Muslim quarters were Sawawin, located west of the fortress; Khandaq (the moat); Ghazzawiyah, which had likely been settled by Gazans; Jami' al-Ahmar (the Red Mosque), located south of the fortress and named for the local mosque; al-Akrad,[73] which dated to the Middle Ages and continued to exist through the 19th century,[74] and whose inhabitants were mostly Kurds; al-Wata (the lower), the southernmost quarter of Safed and situated below the city; and al-Suq, named after the market or mosque located within the quarter.[73] The Jewish quarters were all situated west of the fortress. Each quarter was named for the place of origin of its inhabitants: Purtuqal (Portugal), Qurtubah (Cordoba), Qastiliyah (Castille), Musta'rib (Jews of local, Arabic-speaking origin), Magharibah (northwestern Africa), Araghun ma' Qatalan (Aragon and Catalonia), Majar (Hungary), Puliah (Apulia), Qalabriyah (Calabria), Sibiliyah (Seville), Taliyan (Italian) and Alaman (German).[73]
In the 15th and 16th centuries there were a number of well-known
After the expulsion of the Jews from Spain in 1492, many prominent
Political decline, attacks and natural disasters
By the early part of the 17th century, Safed was a small town.]
The Druze again attacked the Jews of Safed in 1656.[90] During the power struggle between Fakhr al-Din's heirs (1658–1667), each faction attacked Safed.[90] In 1660, in the turmoil following the death of Mulhim, the Druze destroyed Safed with only a few of the former Jewish residents returning to the city by 1662.[91][92] Safed Sanjak and the neighboring Sidon-Beirut Sanjak to the north were administratively separated from Damascus in 1660 to form the Sidon Eyalet, of which Safed was briefly the capital.[93] The province was created by the imperial government to check the power of the Druze of Mount Lebanon, as well as the Shia of Jabal Amil.[93]
As nearby
The Tiberias-based sheikh Zahir al-Umar of the local Arab Zaydan clan, whose father Umar al-Zaydani had been the governor and tax farmer of Safed in 1702–1706, wrested control of Safed and its tax farm from its native strongman, Muhammad Naf'i, through military pressure and diplomacy by 1740.[95] The Naf'i, Shahin, and Murad families continued to farm the taxes of Safed and its countryside into the 1760s as Zahir's subordinates.[96] By the 1760s, Zahir entrusted Safed to his son Ali, who made the town his headquarters.[97] After Zahir was killed by Ottoman imperial forces, the governor of Sidon, Jazzar Pasha, moved to oust Zahir's sons from their Galilee strongholds. Ali made a final, unsuccessful stand against Jazzar Pasha from Safed, which was afterward captured and garrisoned by the governor.[98] The concomitant rise of Acre, established by Zahir as his capital in 1750 and which served as the capital of the Sidon Eyalet under Jazzar Pasha (1775–1804) and his successors, Sulayman Pasha al-Adil (1805–1819) and Abdullah Pasha (1820–1831), contributed to the political decline of Safed. It became a subdistrict center with limited local influence, belonging to the Acre Sanjak .[67]
Underdevelopment and a series of natural disasters further contributed to Safed's decline during the 17th–mid-19th centuries.
The
Tanzimat reforms and revival
Ottoman rule was restored across the Levant in 1840. The Empire-wide Tanzimat reforms, which were first adopted in the 1840s, brought about a steady rise in Safed's population and economy.[67] In 1849 Safed had a total estimated population of 5,000, of whom 2,940-3,440 were Muslims, 1,500-2,000 were Jews and 60 were Christians.[111] The population was estimated at 7,000 in 1850–1855, of whom 2,500-3,000 were Jews.[111] The Jewish population increased in the last half of the 19th century by immigration from Persia, Morocco, and Algeria.[101] Moses Montefiore (d. 1885) visited Safed seven times and financed much of the rebuilding of Safed's synagogues and Jewish houses.[101]
In 1864 the Sidon Eyalet was absorbed into the new province of
In 1878 the municipal council of Safed was established.
Safed's population reached over 15,000 in 1879, 8,000 of whom were Muslims and 7,000 Jews.
Mandatory Palestine
Safed was the centre of Safad Subdistrict. According to a census conducted in 1922 by the British Mandate authorities, Safed had a population of 8,761 inhabitants, consisting of 5,431 Muslims, 2,986 Jews, 343 Christians and others.[126] Safed remained a mixed city during the British Mandate for Palestine and ethnic tensions between Jews and Arabs rose during the 1920s. During the 1929 Palestine riots, Safed and Hebron became major clash points. In the Safed massacre 20 Jewish residents were killed by local Arabs.[127] Safed was included in the part of Palestine recommended to be included in the proposed Jewish state under the United Nations Partition Plan for Palestine.[128]
By 1948 the city was home to about 12,000 Arabs and about 1,700 Jews, mostly religious and elderly.
On April 16, the same day that British forces evacuated Safed, 200 local Arab militiamen, supported by over 200 Arab Liberation Army soldiers, tried to take over the city's Jewish Quarter. They were repelled by the Jewish garrison, consisting of some 200 Haganah fighters, men and women, boosted by a Palmach platoon.[131]
The Palmach ground attack on the Arab section of Safed took place on 6 May, as a part of
The secretary-general of the Arab League Abdul Rahman Hassan Azzam stated that the goal of Plan Dalet was to drive out the inhabitants of Arab villages along the Syrian and Lebanese frontiers, particularly places on the roads by which Arab regular forces could enter the country. He noted that Acre and Safed were in particular danger.[135] However, the appeals for help were ignored, and the British, now less than a week away from the end of the British Mandate of Palestine, also did not intervene against the second and final Haganah attack, which began on the evening of 9 May, with a mortar barrage on key sites in Safed. Following the barrage, Palmach infantry, in bitter fighting, took the citadel, Beit Shalva and the police fort, Safed's three dominant buildings. Through 10 May, Haganah mortars continued to pound the Arab neighbourhoods, causing fires in the marked area and in the fuel dumps, which exploded. "The Palmah 'intentionally left open the exit routes for the population to "facilitate" their exodus...' "[136] According to Gilbert, "The Arabs of Safed began to leave, including the commander of the Arab forces, Adib Shishakli (later Prime Minister of Syria). With the police fort on Mount Canaan isolated, its defenders withdrew without fighting. The fall of Safed was a blow to Arab morale throughout the region... With the invasion of Palestine by regular Arab armies believed to be imminent – once the British had finally left in eleven or twelve days' time – many Arabs felt that prudence dictated their departure until the Jews had been defeated and they could return to their homes.[132] According to Abbasi, the exodus of the Arabs of Safed had three phases.[6] The first was due to the departure of the British compounded by the failure of an attack on the Jewish quarter and a disagreement between the Jordanian and Syrian commanders.[6] The second was due to the fall of nearby Ein al-Zeitun and the massacre that Jewish forces committed there.[6] The third was due to the deliberate creation of panic by Jewish forces.[6]
Some 12,000 Arabs, with some estimates reaching 15,000, fled Safed and were a "heavy burden on the Arab war effort".
Early in June, Jewish dignitaries from Safed journeyed to Tel Aviv to ask the government to block the return of Arabs to the city, threatening to abandon it if the latter were allowed back. They reasoned that since most of the Arabs' property had been seized or stolen in the meantime, the Jewish community would be unable to withstand the pressure of the returnees' demands for restitution.[140]
-
Safad 1937
-
Mandate Police station at Mount Canaan, above Safed (1948)
-
Safed (1948)
-
Safed Citadel (1948)
-
Safad Municipal Police Station after the battle (1948)
-
Bussel House, Safad, 11 April 1948: Yiftach Brigade headquarters
-
View of Safed from Mount Canaan (1948)
-
Mandate administration building on the eastern outskirts of Safed (1948)
-
Hotchkissmachine guns, based at Bussel House, 1948
-
Druze parading in Safed after the Palmach victory in 1948
State of Israel
In 1974, 25 Israeli Jews (mainly school children) from Safed, were killed in the Ma'alot massacre. Over 1990s and early 2000s, the town accepted thousands of Russian Jewish immigrants and Ethiopian Beta Israel.[141] In July 2006, "Katyusha" rockets fired by Hezbollah from Southern Lebanon hit Safed, killing one man and injuring others. Many residents fled the town for the duration of the conflict.[142] On July 22, four people were injured in a rocket attack.
The town has retained its unique status as a Jewish studies centre, incorporating numerous facilities.[141] In 2010, eighteen senior rabbis led by the chief rabbi of Safed, Shmuel Eliyahu, issued an edict urging the city's residents not to rent or sell property to Arabs, warning of an "Arab takeover"; Arabs constitute a fractional proportion of the population, and the statement was generally perceived to be directed at the 1,300 Arab students enrolled at Zefat Academic College.[143][144][145]
Demographics
In 2008, the population of Safed was 32,000.
The city is home to a relatively large community of
Mayors
- 1948–1955 - Moshe Pedehzur
- 1955–1965 - Avraham Hacohen
- 1965–1967 - Meir Meiber
- 1967–1971 - Yakov Hopert
- 1971–1973 - Eli Kadosh
- 1973–1983 - Aharon-Raphael Nahmias
- 1983–1993 - Zeev Perl
- 1993–1998 - Moshe Hania
- 1998–2001 - Yossef Oz
- 2001–2003 - Oded Hameiri
- 2003–2008 - Yishai Maimon
- 2008–2018 - Ilan Shohat
- 2018–2024 - Shuki Ohana
- 2024-present - Yossi Kakon
Seismology
The city is located above the Dead Sea Transform, and is one of the cities in Israel most at risk of earthquakes (along with Tiberias, Beit She'an, Kiryat Shmona, and Eilat).[148]
Geography
Safed is 40 kilometers (25 mi) east of Acre and 20 kilometers (12 mi) north of Tiberias.[39]
Climate
Safed has a Mediterranean climate (Köppen climate classification: Csa) with hot, dry summers and cool, rainy and occasionally snowy winters. The city receives 682 mm (27 in) of precipitation per year. Summers are rainless and hot with an average high temperature of 31 °C (88 °F) and an average low temperature of 20 °C (68 °F). Winters are cool and wet, and precipitation is occasionally in the form of snow. Winters have an average high temperature of 10 °C (50 °F) and an average low temperature of 5 °C (41 °F).
Climate data for Safed (Har Kenaan) (2004-2022, extremes 1939-present) | |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
Record high °C (°F) | 21.7 (71.1) |
26.7 (80.1) |
30.9 (87.6) |
34.5 (94.1) |
38.1 (100.6) |
40.0 (104.0) |
39.0 (102.2) |
42.0 (107.6) |
40.6 (105.1) |
36.0 (96.8) |
30.1 (86.2) |
24.4 (75.9) |
42.0 (107.6) |
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 10.3 (50.5) |
12.2 (54.0) |
15.6 (60.1) |
20.5 (68.9) |
25.3 (77.5) |
28.6 (83.5) |
30.6 (87.1) |
30.4 (86.7) |
28.5 (83.3) |
24.8 (76.6) |
18.1 (64.6) |
12.6 (54.7) |
21.4 (70.5) |
Daily mean °C (°F) | 7.6 (45.7) |
9.1 (48.4) |
11.7 (53.1) |
15.9 (60.6) |
20.1 (68.2) |
23.1 (73.6) |
25.2 (77.4) |
25.2 (77.4) |
23.4 (74.1) |
20.4 (68.7) |
14.8 (58.6) |
10.0 (50.0) |
17.2 (63.0) |
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 5.0 (41.0) |
6.0 (42.8) |
7.9 (46.2) |
11.3 (52.3) |
14.9 (58.8) |
17.6 (63.7) |
19.9 (67.8) |
20.0 (68.0) |
18.4 (65.1) |
15.9 (60.6) |
11.4 (52.5) |
7.3 (45.1) |
13.0 (55.3) |
Record low °C (°F) | −6.4 (20.5) |
−9.0 (15.8) |
−3.4 (25.9) |
0.2 (32.4) |
5.7 (42.3) |
8.7 (47.7) |
12.2 (54.0) |
13.0 (55.4) |
10.7 (51.3) |
5.9 (42.6) |
−1.7 (28.9) |
−3.2 (26.2) |
−9.0 (15.8) |
Average rainfall mm (inches) | 182.1 (7.17) |
122.9 (4.84) |
61.4 (2.42) |
34.8 (1.37) |
12.3 (0.48) |
0.1 (0.00) |
0.0 (0.0) |
0.8 (0.03) |
3.3 (0.13) |
21.3 (0.84) |
72.3 (2.85) |
143.4 (5.65) |
654.7 (25.78) |
Average rainy days (≥ 0.1 mm) | 14.3 | 11.3 | 9.7 | 5.0 | 2.9 | 0.2 | 0.0 | 0.1 | 1.1 | 4.3 | 7.8 | 11.3 | 67.9 |
Source: Israel Meteorological Service[149][150] |
Education
According to CBS, the city has 25 schools and 6,292 students. There are 18 elementary schools with a student population of 3,965, and 11 high schools with a student population of 2,327. 40.8% of Safed's 12th graders were eligible for a matriculation (
In October 2011, Israel's fifth medical school opened in Safed, housed in a renovated historic building in the centre of town that was once a branch of Hadassah Hospital.[153]
The Azrieli Faculty of Medicine opened in 2011 as an extension of Bar-Ilan University, created to train physicians in the Upper Galilee region.[154] The schools conducts clinical instructions in six hospitals in the region:
- Baruch Padeh Medical Center
- Ziv Medical Center
- Western Galilee Hospital
- EMMS Nazareth Hospital
- The Holy Family Hospital
- Mazra Mental Health Center [154]
The Livnot U'Lehibanot program in Safed provides an open, non-denominational atmosphere for young Jewish adults that combines volunteering, hiking and study with exploring Jewish heritage.[155]
Sharei Bina is a program for women who have just finished high school and want to study in a seminary in Safed for one year that teaches young women who want to experience Jewish spirituality in the mystical city of Safed.[156] In comparison to other seminaries, Sharei Bina includes the study of the shekhinah and other Kabbalist rituals in the learning.[157]
On March 8, 2021, the Israeli Prime-Minister Benjamin Netanyahu announced that Israel is to establish its 10th university in Safed, after a growing need for a university in the northern district of Israel. Plans have been in place to establish a university in the Galilee since 2005, but no progress was made until 2015 when Netanyahu vowed to start working on the project during a Galilee Conference.[158]
Culture
Artists' colony
In the 1950s and 1960s, Safed was known as Israel's art capital. An artists' colony established in the old Arab quarter was a hub of creativity that drew artists from around the country, among them Yitzhak Frenkel, Yosl Bergner, Moshe Castel, Menachem Shemi, Shimshon Holzman and Rolly Schaffer.
In honor of the opening of the Glitzenstein Art Museum in 1953, the artist
Music
In the 1960s, Safed was home to the country's top nightclubs, hosting the debut performances of Naomi Shemer, Aris San, and other singers.[162] Nowadays, Safed has been hailed as the klezmer capital of the world, hosting an annual Klezmer Festival that attracts top musicians from around the globe.[163][164] A school of world music, especially eastern music called Maqamat operates in the Artists' Quarter of Safed.[165]
Museums
- The Beit Hameiri museum documents Safed's Jewish community over the past 200 years.
- The Museum of the Art of Printing displays the first Hebrew printing press.
Historic sites
- Citadel Hill
The Citadel Hill, in Hebrew HaMetzuda, rises east of the Old City and is named after the huge Crusader and then Mamluk castle built there during the 12th and 13th centuries, which continued in use until being totally destroyed by the 1837 earthquake. Its ruins are still visible. On the western slope beneath the ruins stands the former British police station, still pockmarked by bullet holes from the 1948 war.
- Old Jewish Quarter
Before 1948, most of Safed's Jewish population used to live in the northern section of the old city. Currently home to 32 synagogues, it is also referred to as the synagogue quarter and includes synagogues named after prominent rabbis of the town: the Abuhav, Alsheich, Karo and two named for Rabbi Isaac Luria: one Ashkenazi, the other Sephardi.
- Mamluk-period buildings
Further south are two monumental Mamluk-period buildings:
- the Red Mosque with a khan (1276)
- the Mamluk mausoleum, now used by
Southeast of the Artists' Quarter is the
A report about the "obliteration of non-Jewish historic sites in Safed" mentions a mausoleum, an ancient grave and an ancient mosque that was converted into a clubhouse.[168]
Notable people
Twin towns — sister cities
Safed is
- Erzsébetváros, Budapest, Hungary
- Guarda, Portugal[169]
- Nikopol, Bulgaria[171]
- Palm Beach County, Florida, United States
- Castile–La Mancha, Spain
Gallery
-
Monument to the Israeli soldiers who fought in the 1948 Arab–Israeli War
-
Safed in 2009
-
View of Safed
-
View of Safed
-
Houses in Safed
-
Doorway in Beit Castel gallery, Safed
See also
- List of clock towers – Safed has its own, the Ottoman clock tower of the "Saraya" (government house), inaugurated in 1900
Notes
- ^ Abbas is quoted as saying "People were motivated to run away... They feared retribution from Zionist terrorist organizations – particularly from the Safed ones. Those of us from Safed especially feared that the Jews harbored old desires to avenge what happened during the 1929 uprising.... They realized the balance of forces was shifting and therefore the whole town was abandoned on the basis of this rationale – saving our lives and our belongings."[138] In 2012 Abbas stated "I visited Safed before once. I want to see Safed. It's my right to see it, but not to live there."[139]
References
- ISBN 3-7701-3860-0., which might be identical with Safed.)
Der ägyptische Pharao Thutmosis III (1490-1436) erwähnte in seiner Liste der eroberten Städte Kanaans auch Saft, das möglicherweise mit Zefat identisch war. (The Egyptian Pharao Thutmose III (1490-1436) mentioned Saft in his list of cities conquered in Canaan
- ^ a b "Regional Statistics". Israel Central Bureau of Statistics. Retrieved 21 March 2024.
- ^ "Safed | History, Location, & Facts | Britannica". www.britannica.com. Retrieved 2022-05-21.
- ^ "An in depth guide to the mystical city of Tzfat (or Safed)". Time Out Israel. Retrieved 2022-05-21.
- ^ "Safed". Jewish Virtual Library Article. Retrieved December 29, 2022.
- ^ a b c d e f Abbasi (2004) pp. 40–42.
- ^ Morris (2004) 221–226.
- ISBN 9789655350272.)
{{cite book}}
: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link - ^ "Artist Quarter of Safed". www.safed.co.il. Retrieved 2023-10-24.
- ^ "The School of Paris and the Artists' Quarter of Safed". Hecht Museum. 24 October 2023.
- ^ a b c d Vilnay, Zev (1972). "Tsefat". A Guide to Israel. Jerusalem, Palestine: HaMakor Press. pp. 522–532.
- ^ "Planetware Safed Tourism". Planetware.com. Archived from the original on 2011-08-12. Retrieved 2012-01-07.
- ^ "Hadassah Magazine". Hadassah.org. Archived from the original on 2012-08-04. Retrieved 2009-05-06.
- ^ Matthew 5:14
- ^ Ellicott's Commentary for Modern Readers and Meyer's NT Commentary on Matthew 5, both accessed 9 December 2016
- ^ Geography of Israel: Safed, accessed 9 December 2016
- ^ a b "Safed". Encyclopedia Judaica. Vol. 14. Jerusalem, Israel: Keter. 1972. p. 626.
- ^ a b c d Drory 2004, p. 163.
- ^ Luz 2014, p. 33.
- ^ a b Barbé 2016, p. 63.
- ^ a b Ellenblum 2007, p. 179, note 15.
- ^ a b c Ellenblum 2007, p. 179, note 16.
- ^ Barbé 2016, p. 58.
- ^ Ellenblum 2007, p. 179.
- ^ Ellenblum 2007, p. 180.
- ^ Howard M. Sachar,Farewell Espana: The World of the Sephardim Remembered, Random House, 2013 p. 190.
- ^ Barbé 2016, pp. 56, 59.
- ^ Barbé 2016, p. 56.
- ^ Barbé 2016, p. 59.
- ^ Barbé 2016, p. 57.
- ^ Barbé 2016, pp. 63, 59.
- ^ Sachar 1994, p. 120.
- ^ a b Sharon 2007, p. 152
- ^ Drory 2004, p. 164.
- ISBN 1-59333-039-1
- ^ Barbé 2016, p. 68.
- ^ a b c d e f Luz 2014, p. 34.
- ^ Pringle 1985, p. 139.
- ^ a b c Amitai-Preiss 1995, p. 757.
- ^ Luz 2014, pp. 34–35.
- ^ a b Luz 2014, p. 35.
- ^ Holt 1995, p. 11.
- ^ Amitai-Preiss 1995, pp. 757–758.
- ^ a b c d e Amitai-Preiss 1995, p. 758.
- ^ a b c Drory 2004, p. 165.
- ^ Drory 2004, pp. 166–167.
- ^ a b Drory 2004, p. 166.
- ^ Petersen, p. 73.
- ^ a b Barbé 2016, pp. 71–72.
- ^ a b Sharon, 1997, p. xii
- ^ Rhode 1979, pp. 16–17.
- ^ Barbé 2016, pp. 72.
- ^ Al-Dimashqi, p. 210, quoted in le Strange, p. 524
- ^ Petersen, pp. 260–261.
- ^ Abu'l Fida, p. 243, quoted in le Strange, p. 525
- ^ Luz 2014, pp. 178–180.
- ^ Luz 2014, p. 178.
- ^ Luz 2014, pp. 178–179.
- ^ Luz 2014, pp. 179–180.
- ^ a b Luz 2014, p. 180.
- ^ Luz 2014, p. 179.
- ^ Rhode 1979, p. 17.
- ^ a b Rhode 1979, p. 18.
- ^ a b Layish 1987, p. 67.
- ^ Rhode 1979, pp. 18–19.
- ^ Rhode 1979, pp. 16–17, 25–26.
- ^ a b c d e Abbasi 2003, p. 50.
- S2CID 162304704.
- ^ Abraham David, 2010. pp. 95–96
- S2CID 162304704.
- ^ Rhode 1979, p. 34.
- ^ a b Petersen (2001), Gazetteer 6, s,v. Ṣafad
- ^ a b c Rhode 1979, pp. 34–35.
- ^ a b Ebied and Young 1976, p. 7.
- ^ Layish 1987, p. 70.
- ^ Layish 1987, p. 71.
- ^ a b "Safed". Jewish Virtual Library. Retrieved 2008-10-25.
- Halakhick-Semikhah in fact, after Spanish diaspora, the "figure of Rav" was not really represented by anyone; Joseph Caro writes that this was not possible because a group of "arrogantmen" have done a little invasion of [his] centre
- ^ Keneset Yiśraʼel be-Erets-Yiśraʼel. Ṿaʻad ha-leʼumi (1947). Historical memoranda. General Council (Vaad leumi) of the Jewish Community of Palestine. p. 56.
- ^ Rhode 1979, p. 20.
- ISBN 9789630540247.
- ^ "Ottomans and Safavids 17th Century". Michigan State University. Archived from the original on 2000-08-17. Retrieved 2008-10-25.
- ISBN 978-0-8173-5643-9. Retrieved 24 October 2011.
- ISBN 978-1-900949-48-4.
The Saraya was originally built as a caravanserai in the Ottoman period, though it was later used by both the Turks and the British as an administrative building.
- ^ Abu-Husayn 1985, pp. 83–84.
- ^ Abu-Husayn 1993, pp. 5–7.
- ^ Abu-Husayn 1985, p. 99.
- ^ Abu-Husayn 1985, p. 121.
- ^ Edward Robinson (1841). Biblical Researches in Palestine, Mount Sinai and Arabia Petraea: a journal of travels in the year 1838. Crocker and Brewster. p. 333. Retrieved 4 October 2010.
- ^ a b c d Finkelstein 1960, p. 63.
- ^ Joel Rappel. History of Eretz Israel from Prehistory up to 1882 (1980), Vol.2, p.531. "In 1662 Sabbathai Sevi arrived to Jerusalem. It was the time when the Jewish settlements of Galilee were destroyed by the Druze: Tiberias was completely desolate and only a few of former Safed residents had returned..."
- ISBN 978-0-8173-0572-7; p. 14
- ^ a b Salibi 1988, p. 66.
- ^ Petersen 2001, p. 261.
- ^ Joudah 1987, p. 24.
- ^ Cohen 1973, p. 83.
- ^ Cohen 1973, pp. 84–85.
- ^ Cohen 1973, pp. 93–95.
- ^ Sa'ar H. When Israel trembles: former earthquakes. Ynet online. 11.05.2012. (in Hebrew)
- ^ Morgenstern 2006, p.
- ^ a b c d e Franco 1916, p. 633.
- ^ Morgenstern 2006, p. 72.
- ^ Morgenstern 2006, p. 60.
- ^ Morgenstern 2006, p. 61.
- ^ ISBN 9782351592656
- ^ Sicker 1999, p. 13.
- ^ a b Lieber 1992, p. 256.
- ISBN 978-1-56663-189-1.
- ^ Lieber 1992, pp. 256–257.
- ^ hdl:2122/1595.
- ^ a b c Abbasi 2003, p. 52.
- ^ a b c d Abbasi 2003, p. 54.
- ^ a b c d Abbasi 2003, p. 56.
- ^ Abbasi 2003, p. 55.
- ^ Abū Mannah, Weismann and Zachs 2005, p. 178.
- ^ a b Abbasi 2003, p. 51.
- ^ Abbasi 2003, pp. 50–51.
- ^ a b c d e f g h Abbasi 2003, p. 53.
- ISSN 0031-0328.
- ^ Abbasi 2003, pp. 53–54.
- ^ a b c Schumacher, 1888, p. 188
- ^ Layish 1987, pp. 68, 71.
- ^ Deeb 1996, p. 1.
- ^ Abbasi 2003, pp. 55–56.
- ^ Petersen 2001, p. 259.
- ^ Barron, 1923, p. 6
- ^ "Arab Attack At Safed", The Times, Saturday, August 31, 1929; p. 10; Issue 45296; col D.
- ^ General Assembly Resolution of 29 November 1947: Retrieved 3 March 2014 Archived 24 May 2012 at the Wayback Machine
- ISBN 0-415-35901-5.
- ISBN 0-688-12362-7p. 174
- ^ Benny Morris, 1948, The First Arab-Israeli War, 2008 Yale University Press, p. 157
- ^ a b Gilbert, 1998, p. 177
- ^ "1948". Yale University Press. April 28, 2008 – via Internet Archive.
- ^ Morris, 2004, p. 223
- ^ Broadmead to HC, 5 May 1948, SAMECA CP III\5\102. Quoted in Morris, 2004, p. 223
- ^ Morris 2004, page 224 quoting unnamed source from Book of the Palmah II
- ^ Morris, 2004, page 224 quoting Yigal Allon from Book of the Palmah II
- ^ a b Sarah Honig (July 17, 2009). "Another Tack: Self-exiled by guilt". The Jerusalem Post.
- ^ Harriet Sherwood in Jerusalem (2012-11-04). "Mahmoud Abbas outrages Palestinian refugees by waiving his right to return | World news". The Guardian. London. Retrieved 2013-03-12.
- ^ Benny Morris, 'Was Israeli looting in '48 part of a broader policy to expel Arabs?,' Haaretz 3 June 2021.
- ^ a b "Safed". safed.co.il. Retrieved May 12, 2012.
- ^ Myre, Greg (2006-07-15). "2 More Israelis Are Killed as Rain of Rockets From Lebanon Pushes Thousands South". The New York Times. Retrieved 2008-10-25.
- ^ a b Sherwood, Harriet (7 December 2010). "Dozens of Israeli rabbis back call to forbid sale of property to Arabs". The Guardian. Retrieved 9 June 2020.
- ^ Ashkenazi, Eli (28 April 2011). "Safed Rabbi Boasts That anti-Arab Edict Worked". Haaretz. Retrieved 9 June 2020.
- ^ Cook, Jonathan (8 November 2010). "Safed 'the most racist city' in Israel". The National. Retrieved 9 June 2020.
- ^ "Table 3 – Population of Localities Numbering Above 1,000 Residents and Other Rural Population" (PDF). Israel Central Bureau of Statistics. 2008-06-30. Retrieved 2016-06-04.
- ^ Hassin, Tal (4 August 2020). "A New Racist Reality for the Arabs of Safed". Haaretz. Retrieved 9 June 2020.
- ^ Experts Warn: Major Earthquake Could Hit Israel Any Time By Rachel Avraham, staff writer for United With Israel Date: Oct 22, 2013
- ^ "Climate Atlas". Israel Meteorological Service. Retrieved January 22, 2023.
- ^ "Meteorological Database". Israel Meteorological Service. Retrieved January 22, 2023.
- ^ "המכללה האקדמית צפת".
- ^ ProQuest 913691816.
- ^ "New Medical School to Open in Safed". Haaretz.com. 2011-10-30.
- ^ a b "About." About | The Azrieli Faculty of Medicine | Bar-Ilan University. Accessed December 02, 2018. http://medicine.biu.ac.il/en/node/3
- ^ "Israel Programs – Kahal – Inspiration Center." Livnot U'Lehibanot. November 19, 1970. Accessed December 02, 2018. https://www.livnot.org/
- ^ "Safed HOME." Rabbi Cordovero. Accessed December 02, 2018. https://www.safed.co.il/open-learning-environment-for-women.html
- ProQuest 228062899.
- ^ "Israel to establish its 10th university in Safed". ynetnews. 2021-03-09. Retrieved 2021-03-12.
- ^ "Paintings | Moshe Castel Gallery | Israel". Moshecastelgallery. Archived from the original on 2019-08-12. Retrieved 2019-08-12.
- ^ "FRENKEL FRENEL MUSEUM". www.frenkel-frenel.org. Retrieved 2019-08-10.
- ^ Israel Travel News, Spotlight – A Spiritual Journey of Safed access date: 24/1/2018
- ^ Ashkenazi, Eli. "An Inside Job?". Haaretz. Retrieved 2008-10-25.
- ^ "Klezmer Festival 2019 in Safed".
- ^ Davis, Barry (2009-08-10). "You can take the music out of the shtetl". Fr.jpost.com. Retrieved 2012-01-07.
- ^ "Maqamat School of Eastern Music - WOMEX". www.womex.com. Retrieved 2023-12-27.
- ISBN 9780521591157. Retrieved 24 January 2018.
- ^ "The Galilee Development Authority website". Archived from the original on 2018-01-25. Retrieved 2018-01-24.
- ^ Safed’s non-Jewish Treasures Face Disrespect and Vandalism - Haaretz
- ^ "Geminações de Cidades e Vilas". Associação Nacional de Municípios Portugueses. Archived from the original on 20 October 2022. Retrieved 19 April 2021.
- ^ "La ville de Lille "met en veille" son jumelage avec Safed en Israël". leparisien.fr. 31 August 2015. Archived from the original on 18 December 2014. Retrieved 11 December 2014.
- ^ [1] Archived 2015-10-18 at the Wayback Machine
Bibliography
- Abbasi, Mustafa (February 2003). "The Arab Community of Safad 1840–1918: A Critical Period" (PDF). Jerusalem Quarterly. 17: 49–58.
- Abbasi, Mustafa (February 2004). "The Battle for Safad in the War of 1948: A Revised Study". International Journal of Middle East Studies. 36: 21–47.
- Abu Mannah, Butrus; Weismann, Itzchak; Zachs, Fruma, eds. (2005). Ottoman Reform and Muslim Regeneration. I.B. Tauris. ISBN 1-85043-757-2.
- Amitai-Preiss, R. (1995). "Ṣafad". In ISBN 978-90-04-09834-3.
- Barbé, Hervé (2016). "Safed Castle and its Territory: Frankish Settlement and Colonisation in Eastern Upper Galilee during the Crusader Period". In Sinibaldi, Micaela; Lewis, Kevin J.; Balázs, Major; Thompson, Jennifer A. (eds.). Crusader Landscapes in the Medieval Levant: The Archaeology and History of the Latin East. Cardiff: University of Wales Press. pp. 55–80. ISBN 978-1-78316-924-5.
- Barron, J.B., ed. (1923). Palestine: Report and General Abstracts of the Census of 1922. Government of Palestine.
- Cohen, Amnon (1973). Palestine in the 18th Century: Patterns of Government and Administration. Jerusalem: The Magnes Press. ISBN 978-0-19-647903-3.
- Deeb, Mary-Jane (1996). "A Biographical Note". In Deeb, Mary-Jane; King, Mary E. (eds.). Hasib Sabbagh: From Palestinian Refugee to Citizen of the World. Lanham, Maryland and London: Middle East Institute and University Press of America. ISBN 0-916808-43-2.
- Drory, Joseph (2004). "Founding a New Mamlaka". In Winter, Michael; Levanoni, Amalia (eds.). The Mamluks in Egyptian and Syrian Politics and Society. Brill. ISBN 9789004132863.
- Ebied, R. Y.; Young, M. J. L. (1975). Some Arabic Legal Documents of the Ottoman Period: From the Leeds Manuscript Collection University of Leeds, Dept. of Semitic Studies. Brill Archive. ISBN 90-04-04401-9.
- ISBN 9781139462556.
- Franco, M. (1916). "Safed". The Jewish Encyclopedia: A Descriptive Record of the History, Religion, Literature, and Customs of the Jewish People from the Earliest Times to the Present Day. Vol. 10. New York and London: Funk and Wagnalls Company. pp. 633–636.
- Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics (1945). Village Statistics, April, 1945.
- Hadawi, S. (1970). Village Statistics of 1945: A Classification of Land and Area ownership in Palestine. Palestine Liberation Organization Research Center.
- Holt, P. M. (1995). Early Mamluk Diplomacy, 1260–1290: Treaties of Baybars and Qalāwūn with Christian Rulers. Leiden and New York: Brill. ISBN 90-04-10246-9.
- Layish, Aharon (1987). ""Waqfs" and Ṣūfī Monasteries in the Ottoman Policy of Colonization: Sulṭan Selīm I's "waqf" of 1516 in Favour of Dayr al-Asad". Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London. 50 (1): 61–89. S2CID 161757141.
- Le Strange, G. (1890). Palestine Under the Moslems: A Description of Syria and the Holy Land from A.D. 650 to 1500. Committee of the Palestine Exploration Fund.
- Lieber, Sherman (1992). Mystics and missionaries: the Jews in Palestine, 1799–1840. University of Utah Press. p. [https://archive.org/details/mysticsmissionar0000lieb/. ISBN 978-0-87480-391-4.
- Luz, Nimrod (2014). The Mamluk City in the Middle East: History, Culture, and the Urban Landscape. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-107-04884-3.
- Mills, E., ed. (1932). Census of Palestine 1931. Population of Villages, Towns and Administrative Areas. Jerusalem: Government of Palestine.
- Morgenstern, Arie (2006). Hastening Redemption: Messianism and the Resettlement of the Land of Israel. Translated by Joel A. Linsider. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-530578-4.
- ISBN 0-521-00967-7.
- Petersen, Andrew (2001). A Gazetteer of Buildings in Muslim Palestine, Part 1. London: Council for British Research in the Levant. ISBN 978-0-19-727011-0.
- .
- Rhode, H. (1979). The Administration and Population of the Sancak of Safad in the Sixteenth Century (PhD). Columbia University.
- ISBN 978-0-520-07196-4.
- Schumacher, G. (1888). "Population list of the Liwa of Akka". Quarterly Statement - Palestine Exploration Fund. 20: 169–191.
- ISBN 90-04-10833-5.
- ISBN 978-90-04-15780-4.
- Sicker, Martin (1999). Reshaping Palestine: From Muhammad Ali to the British Mandate, 1831-1922. Westport and London: Praeger. ISBN 0-275-96639-9.
External links
- City Council website Archived 2021-08-02 at the Wayback Machine
- zefat.net (in Hebrew)
- Tourist Information Center
- Nefesh B' Nefesh Community Guide for Tzfat
- Survey of Western Palestine, Map 4: IAA, Wikimedia commons; Safed on the PEF Map