Saint Croix
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Nickname: Twin City | |
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Multiracial |
Saint Croix (
St. Croix is the largest of the territory's islands. As of the 2020 U.S. census, its population was 41,004.
Name
The island's indigenous
History
Various indigenous groups inhabited the island during its prehistory. Columbus landed on Santa Cruz, as he called it, on 14 November 1493, and was immediately attacked by the Kalinago, who lived at Salt River on the north shore. This is the first recorded fight between the Spanish and a New World native population, and Columbus gave the battle site the name Cabo de la Flecha (Cape of the Arrow).[6] The Spanish never colonized the Islands, but most or all of the native population was eventually dispersed or killed. By the end of the 16th century, the islands were said to be uninhabited.[7]
Colonial period
Dutch and English settlers landed at Saint Croix in 1625, joined by some French refugees from Saint Kitts. The English expelled the Dutch and French settlers before they themselves were evicted by a Spanish invasion from Puerto Rico in August 1650.[8] Around 1650, a French force attacked and established a colony of 300. From 1651 until 1664, the Knights of Malta (at the time a vassal state of the Kingdom of Sicily) ruled the island in the name of Louis XIV.[8] The island then passed to the French West India Company. The colony was evacuated to Saint-Domingue in 1695, when France battled the English and Dutch in the War of the Grand Alliance. The island was then uninhabited and abandoned for another 38 years.[9]
In 1725, St. Thomas Governor
For nearly 200 years, St. Croix, St. Thomas, and St. John were the Danish West Indies. By the mid- to late 18th century, the peak of the plantation economy, St. Croix's enslaved population numbered between 18,000 and 20,000. The white population during this time ranged between 1,500 and 2,000.[11]
Future Founding Father Alexander Hamilton and his brother lived in Christiansted with their mother, Rachel Faucette, on St. Croix after she returned to the island in 1765. Their residence was in the upper floor of a house at 34 Company Street, while Rachel used the lower floor as a shop selling food items. Within two years, Hamilton lost his father, James Hamilton, by abandonment, and his mother to death. Official documents from the island, a 1768 probate court testimony from his uncle, established Alexander's age at 13. By 1769, Hamilton's cousin, aunt, uncle, and grandmother had also died. Alexander’s brother James became an apprentice carpenter and Alexander became the ward of Thomas Stevens, a merchant on King Street. Hamilton was soon clerking in the export-import business of Beekman and Cruger at the intersection of King and King's Cross Streets. In 1772 a local businessmen funded Hamilton's further education in New York.[12]
The slave trade was abolished in the Danish colonies in 1792, although the prohibition did not go into effect until 1802. Existing enslaved people were freed in 1848, after the
The British occupied the Danish West Indies in March 1801, with the arrival of a British fleet at St. Thomas. Denmark-Norway accepted the Articles of Capitulation and the British occupied the islands without a shot being fired. The occupation lasted until April 1802, when Britain returned the islands to Denmark-Norway.
The British
As a United States territory
The 1878 St. Croix labor riot shook the island. In 1916, Denmark sold St. Croix, St. Thomas, and St. John to the U.S., formalizing the transfer in the Treaty of the Danish West Indies, in exchange for $25 million in gold. In a national referendum on the issue, 64.2% of Danish voters approved the sale. In an unofficial referendum held in the islands, 99.83% voted in favor of the purchase. Formal transfer of the islands to the U.S. took place on 1 April 1917.
St. Croix's inhabitants were granted U.S. citizenship in 1927. The island industrialized and moved away from an agrarian society in the 1960s. The 1972 Fountain Valley massacre, a mass shooting during a robbery at a golf club, led to a devastating reduction in tourism that lasted many years. In 1989, Hurricane Hugo struck the island with Category 4 winds. The United States Army, the Federal Bureau of Investigation, and the United States Marshals Service were brought in to restore order.[15][16]
The 2012 shutdown of the Hovensa refinery resulted in the loss of many jobs. Agriculture has seen a slow resurgence, due to an increase in demand for local produce and agricultural products. Category 5 Hurricane Maria's weaker outer eyewall crossed St. Croix in 2017; sustained winds reached over 150 mph and gusted up to 250 mph in some places on the island's western end. Maria damaged or destroyed 70% of St. Croix's buildings, including schools and the only hospital.[citation needed]
Geography
Saint Croix lies at 17°45′N 64°45′W / 17.750°N 64.750°W. The United States' easternmost point in the western hemisphere is St. Croix's Point Udall. The island has an area of 214.66 km2 (82.88 sq mi). The terrain is rugged, though not extremely so. The island's highest point, Mount Eagle, is 1,165 feet (355 m) high. Most of the east end is quite hilly and steep, as is the north side from Christiansted west. From the north-side hills, a fairly even plain slopes down to the south coast; this was cultivated as the island's prime sugar land.
Climate
The trade wind blows more or less along the length of the island. The hills of the western part of the island receive a good deal more rain than the east end; annual rainfall is on the whole extremely variable, averaging around 40 inches (1,000 mm). The east end of the island is a dry desert range with a substantial amount of cactus, while the west end has lush vegetation and palm trees. The island has multiple ecosystems in a small geographic area. Fairly severe and extended drought has always been a problem, particularly considering the lack of fresh groundwater and lack of freshwater streams or rivers. St. Croix has a desalination plant, but most residential homes and businesses have built-in cisterns used to collect rainwater. St. Croix does not have a weather station and thus climate averages are unknown.
Demographics
Inhabitants are called Crucians /ˈkruːʒən/[17] (frequently written as "Cruzans").
Due to St. Croix's history of immigration, there is much debate as to what constitutes a native Crucian. The consensus in Crucian society is anyone bahn ya ("born here" in Crucian dialect) on St. Croix can claim to be Crucian, but not necessarily a native Crucian. People considered native Crucians, or ancestral native Crucians, are those who can trace their ancestry to the era before Crucians was granted U.S. citizenship in 1927. Ancestral native Crucians (one-fourth to one-third of St. Croix's population) largely consist of the descendants of enslaved Africans brought to the island by Europeans during the 18th and 19th centuries and the descendants of paid laborers the Danes recruited from the British and Dutch West Indies after the Danish emancipation law in 1848. As on other Caribbean islands, many ancestral natives are also descended from European settlers and planters who migrated to the West Indies during the 17th, 18th and 19th centuries. Due to a low number of European women in the colonial West Indies, many European men in colonial St. Croix had offspring with the majority African population, whose mixed-heritage descendants bear their European ancestors' surnames. There are also a handful of ancestral families on the island (traditionally known as bukra) of full European ancestry.
Due to historical economic and political differences, as well as the remnants of a 19th-century caste system based on skin complexion, socioeconomic class differences among ancestral native Crucians can vary widely, even within the same family. Most ancestral native Crucians today are employed by the Government of the Virgin Islands, while others are involved in the tourism industry and the legal and medical professions.
Puerto Rican migration was prevalent in the 1930s, '40s and '50s, when many Puerto Ricans relocated to St. Croix for work after the collapse of the sugar industry. The total population declined by 50% in the century preceding 1945.[18]
The United States Navy purchase of two-thirds of the nearby Puerto Rican island of Vieques during World War II resulted in the displacement of thousands of Viequenses, many of whom relocated to St. Croix because of its similar size and geography. The local holiday of Puerto Rico/U.S. Virgin Islands Friendship Day has been celebrated since the 1960s on the second Monday of October, the same date as Columbus Day. St. Croix's Puerto Ricans, most of whom have lived on the island for more than a generation, have kept their culture alive while integrating it into native Crucian culture and society. For example, in informal situations, many Puerto Ricans in St. Croix speak a Spanglish-like combination of Puerto Rican Spanish and Crucian Creole English.
Migration from "down-island" (a local colloquial term for islands in the
Down-island migration to St. Croix is most commonly thought of as a mid-20th century phenomenon brought upon by American immigration policy, but people of both European and African descent from the nearby islands of
Continental Americans, although small in number in comparison with Caribbean immigrants, have also been part of the St. Croix community. Most reside on the island's east end, and they tend to work in tourism, real estate, and legal professions. Many are temporary residents or retirees.
In the 21st century, waves of migration to St. Croix have included people from the Dominican Republic, Haiti, Jamaica, the Philippines, and various South American nations. St. Croix's history of migration has sometimes caused tensions between immigrants and Crucians whose ancestry on the island dates back for generations. Tensions have subsided to some extent in recent years, mainly due to intermarriage among Crucians and other Caribbean peoples. In the late 1990s, many people supported legislation to define as a "native U.S. Virgin Islander" anyone who could trace their ancestry on the island to 1927, the year in which U.S. Virgin Islanders were granted U.S. citizenship. This effort by a select group of nationalist senators failed after much public outcry and controversy. It was learned that most native-born U.S. Virgin Islanders would not qualify as "native" under the proposed legislation, as their immigrant ancestors had arrived later than 1927, but thousands of Danish citizens would have qualified.
In 2009, the proposed U.S. Virgin Islands Constitution proposed by the
Subdivisions
St. Croix is divided into the following subdistricts (with population per the 2020 U.S. census):[19]
- Anna's Hope Village(pop. 3,282)
- Christiansted (pop. 1,866)
- East End (pop. 2,336)
- Frederiksted (pop. 2,303)
- Northcentral (pop. 4,197)
- Northwest (pop. 3,431)
- Sion Farm(pop. 10,332)
- Southcentral (pop. 7,415)
- Southwest (pop. 5,842)
Language
English has been the dominant language on St. Croix since the 1700s and the official language since 1917, when the United States purchased the Danish West Indies. Previously, the official language was Danish, but it was not widely spoken. Other languages spoken throughout St. Croix's colonial history have included Irish, Scots, Spanish, and French, as well as a now-extinct Dutch Creole spoken by St. Thomas and St. John-born people living in St. Croix, as well as the local Creole English that still exists today.[20]
Known on the island as
Religion
Christianity is St. Croix's predominant religion; the island has been called the "Land of Churches"[22] for the approximately 150 churches that serve its 50,000 residents.
As in most of the Caribbean, various forms of
Economy
St. Croix was once an agricultural powerhouse in the Caribbean, but that period ended with the rapid industrialization of the island's economy in the 1960s. As on many other Caribbean islands today, tourism is one of St. Croix's main sources of revenue. A number of other industries contribute to its economy.
St. Croix was home to
On January 18, 2012, HOVENSA announced that its refinery would be permanently shut down. This had a major adverse effect on the economy of St. Croix and the entire U.S. Virgin Islands, as the refinery employed 1,200 residents and 950 contractors.[23] The refinery restarted in January 2021, but shut down again in May 2021 due to unsafe emissions.
St. Croix is also home to the
Diageo has completed construction of a new distillery on a 26-acre industrial site next to the HOVENSA Refinery. The new distillery produces Captain Morgan Rum.[26] Diageo's entrance into the U.S. Virgin Islands rum industry has been controversial. The cash-strapped U.S. Virgin Islands government secured $250 million in bonds for the plant, about which the Puerto Rican government has bitterly complained.
In 2023-24, the cruise ship port at Frederiksted received 3-8 ships per month.[27]
Transportation
Cars on the island are driven on the
The Virgin Islands Department of Public Works operates a public bus service, Virgin Islands Transit, or VITRAN.
In addition to taxis and buses, St. Croix has
Ferry service to St. Thomas restarted in 2017. The QE IV Ferry makes one trip per day departing from Gallows Bay, Christiansted, to Charlotte Amalie, St. Thomas. The journey takes 2.5 hours and costs $60. The QE IV Ferry does not run during hazardous weather conditions. Some ferry companies based in St. Thomas and St. John sometimes operate St. Croix-to-St. Thomas service for special occasions, such as the St. Croix Agricultural Fair in February, Virgin Islands Carnival, Crucian Christmas Carnival, and horse races.
The
Though St. Croix is a U.S. territory, the U.S. Virgin Islands are maintained as a
Education
The St. Croix School District operates a number of public schools in St. Croix.[28] There are also multiple private schools, including St. Croix Montessori, Star Apple Montessori School, The Good Hope Country Day School, AZ Academy, St. Mary's Catholic School, Free Will Baptist, St. Croix SDA School, and The Manor School. The island's only colleges are the University of the Virgin Islands, St. Croix campus and Barry University, which operates a physician assistant training program.
Culture
Festivals
The island's largest festival, Crucian Christmas Carnival, is celebrated on St. Croix throughout late December and early January. Another significant festival is the Agricultural and Food Fair, held in mid-February.
Several times a year, there is a nighttime festival in
The St. Croix Half Ironman Triathlon is held in the first week of May.[29] It includes a 1.2-mile (1.9 km) swim, a 56-mile (90 km) bike ride, and a 13.1-mile (21.1 km) run. Because the bicycle route includes a ride up an extremely steep hill known as "The Beast", this triathlon is often nicknamed "Beauty and the Beast".
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A costumed carnival dancer
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Parade of costumed carnival dancers
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A costumed carnival dancer
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A costumed carnival dancer
Points of interest
Buck Island Reef National Monument preserves a 176 acres (71 ha) island just north of St. Croix and the surrounding reefs. It is a popular destination for snorkelers. Buck Island maintains a U.S. Coast Guard weather station and is home to a student-monitored lemon shark breeding ground. Green Cay (pronounced green key) is a small island southwest of Buck Island managed by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. It hosts a nearby reef popular among scuba divers and snorkelers, Tamarind Reef.
The farmer's market (1 Estate, Kingshill, 00850, St. Croix) offers local fruit and vegetables, as well as plants, local food, and juice. The outdoor vendors open every Saturday from 6 a.m. to 12 p.m., sometimes longer. The farmer's market is open year-round.
The St. Croix National Heritage Area was established by the National Heritage Area Act in 2022[30] to help preserve and promote historic and cultural sites across the island.[31][32]
Scuba diving, snorkeling, and watersports
The waters surrounding St. Croix are warm year-round, with temperatures ranging from 25 °C (77 °F) – 30 °C (86 °F), making it a popular destination for watersports including scuba diving, snorkeling, kayaking, paddleboarding, surfing, kite surfing, parasailing, jet skiing, fishing, and sailing. Two of the island's most popular underwater sites for scuba divers are the Frederiksted Pier and the drop-off into deep water at Salt River Bay National Historical Park and Ecological Preserve.
A few hundred meters off the northern coast of the island, from Salt River to Cane Bay, the bottom drops suddenly into a deep trench, where coral reefs, abundant tropical fish, and migrant sea turtles may be observed. Kayaking is also popular in the Salt River.
Bioluminescent bays
There are two
A combination of factors creates the necessary conditions for bioluminescence: red mangrove trees surround the water (the organisms have been related to mangrove forest,[39] although mangrove is not necessarily associated with this species).[40] A study at the Salt River bio bay is being conducted as of 2013[update] by faculty and students from the University of South Carolina, the University of North Carolina-Wilmington, and the University of the Virgin Islands. Their research focuses on analyzing quality and nutrient composition of the water, the distribution of a microorganism, the dinoflagellate Pyrodinium bahamense, that glows when the water is disturbed, and the abundance of "cysts", dormant dinoflagellates embedded in the sea floor.
A concurrent complementary study is being undertaken by the St. Croix Environmental Association in conjunction with Scripps Institution of Oceanography. It focuses on counting the photon density of the phenomenon over time and in various weather conditions. Water quality and taxonomic analysis from both studies will be shared and correlated to create one of the most thorough investigations of year-round bioluminescent bays to date.
St. Croix's two bio bays have very different characteristics. The one at Altona Lagoon is large but shallow, allowing one to see various marine life swimming and agitating the water, lighting it up. The bio bay at Salt River is smaller but deeper than Altona Lagoon. Because of its depth, it is also home to a second form of bioluminescence, Ctenophora, or comb-jellies, that are not found at Altona Lagoon.
A third bioluminescent organism is also found in Salt River. A species of marine Odontosyllis fireworm performs its brilliant green mating ritual within 57 hours after the full moon, females rising to the surface and leaving a luminescent green puddle for the males to race through, fertilizing the eggs.
Protected areas
- Buck Island Reef National Monument, managed by the National Park Service (a federal agency)
- Christiansted National Historic Site, managed by the National Park Service (a federal agency)
- Green Cay National Wildlife Refuge, managed by the US Fish and Wildlife Service (a federal agency)
- Salt River Bay National Historical Park and Ecological Preserve, co-managed by the Territory of the Virgin Islands and the National Park Service (a federal agency)
- Sandy Point National Wildlife Refuge, managed by the US Fish and Wildlife Service (a federal agency)
- Point Udall
- St. Croix East End Marine Park: managed by the Government of the Virgin Islands through the Department of Planning and Natural Resources' Division of Coastal Zone Management
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Christiansted, looking north.
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Downtown Christiansted and harbor
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Old Danish Customs House, Christiansted
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East End
-
East End
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Teague Bay Beach
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Canegarden Bay Beach
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St. George Village Botanical Gardens
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Scuba diver and sponges, Cane Bay wall
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Scuba diver and sponges, Cane Bay wall
Notable people
- Abraham Markoe (1727–1806), businessman, landowner and planter; later an American revolutionary figure
- Edmund Bourke (1761-1821), Danish diplomat
- Margaret Hartman Markoe Bache (1770–1836), an American printer and editor.
- Hans Jonatan (1784–1827), possibly the first person of color to live in Iceland
- William Leidesdorff (1810–1848), entrepreneur, one of the founders of San Francisco.
- Judah P. Benjamin (1811–1884), American and Confederate politician
- Casper Holstein (1876–1944), New York mobster during the Harlem Renaissance
- Prince Monolulu (1881–1965), real name Peter Carl Mackay, a horse-racing tipster
- Rea Irvin (1881–1972), American illustrator, art director on The New Yorker magazine, died in Saint Croix
- Henry S. Whitehead (1882–1932), American author of horror fiction and fantasy; Archdeacon in St Croix from 1921 to 1929.
- Hubert Harrison (1883–1927), Harlem activist and intellectual, known as "The Father of Harlem Radicalism"
- D. Hamilton Jackson (1884–1946), a labour rights advocate and he lobbied leaders in Denmark
- Frank Crosswaith (1892–1965), socialist politician and trade union organizer in New York City
- Elizabeth Hawes (1903–1971), clothing designer, author and social critic, who wrote about her life in St. Croix titled But Say It Politely
- Bennie Benjamin (1907–1989), musician, songwriter
- Annie de Chabert (1908–1976), political figure, entrepreneur
- Jimmy Hamilton (1917–1994), American jazz musician, died in Saint Croix
- feminist, died in Saint Croix
- Roy Innis (1934–2017), civil rights advocate, chairman, Congress of Racial Equality (CORE)
- Warren Mosler (born 1949), American hedge fund manager, entrepreneur and economist; moved to St Croix in 2010
- Erika J. Waters (born ca.1950), academic and critic; moved to St Croix in early 1970's
- Jack Gantos (born 1951), author (mentioned in Hole in My Life)
- St. Croix.[41]
- U.S. Small Business Administration
- Mike Yard (born ca.1970), contributor on The Nightly Show
- Jasmin St. Claire (born 1972), an American former pornographic actress and wrestler
- De Apostle (born ca.1978), reggae singer-songwriter
- Dezarie (born ca.1980), reggae singer
- Midnite, (active 1989–2015) roots reggae band
Sport
- Peter Jackson (1861–1901), 19th-century Australian boxing champion
- Elmo Plaskett (1938–1998), baseball player
- Horace Clarke (1939–2020), professional baseball player, New York Yankees and San Diego Padres
- NBA basketball player[42]
- Sugar Ray Seales (born 1952), boxer, gold medallist at the 1972 Summer Olympics.
- Livingstone Bramble (born 1960), boxer, born in Montserrat, raised on St. Croix
- Midre Cummings (born 1971), Major League Baseball player
- Joe Aska (born 1972), former professional American football running back
- Raja Bell (born 1976), professional basketball player, Utah Jazz[45]
- NBA basketball player [46]
- Hanik Milligan (born 1979), former professional American football player
- Muhammad Halim (born 1986), Olympic triple jumper
- Cory Bishop (born ca.1990), U.S. Virgin Islands soccer player
Visitors
- Secretary of the Treasury, born on Nevis
- Georg Carstensen (1812–1857), Danish engineer founder of Tivoli Gardens
- Soren Kierkeegard; her husband Johan Frederik Schlegelwas the island's governor from 1855 to 1860
- Victor Borge (1909–2000), Danish pianist and comedian
- Maureen O'Hara (1920–2015), actress
- Richard Cooper Newick (1926–2013), boat builder and designer
- sportscaster; retired to St. Croix
- Allen Stanford (born 1950), financier convicted of fraud
See also
- 1878 St. Croix Labor Riots
- Culture of the Virgin Islands
- Music of the Virgin Islands
- St. George Village Botanical Garden
- Virgin Islands patch reefs
- WSVI, ABC TV station
- WTJX-TV, Virgin Island Public Television
Notes
- ^ This is the figure reported by the government of the U.S. Virgin Islands on the St. Croix page of usvi.net. Other reliable sources report different figures. The article at the on-line edition of the Encyclopedia Britannica reports the area as 84 square miles. The Virgin Islands (United States) page at the United Nations Environment Programme's Island Directory gives the area as 214.4 square kilometers, equivalent to 82.8 square miles. And although the U.S. Census Bureau does not report the areas of geographic entities, it does report their population densities (equal to the total population divided by the area). In the 2010 census, the population was reported as 50,601 (Table P1, "Total Population") and the population density was reported as 607.3 per square mile (Table P40, "Population Density"). Together, these figures imply an area of 83.3 square miles.
References
- ^ "2020 Island Areas Censuses: U.S. Virgin Islands". US Census Bureau. Retrieved December 1, 2022.
- ^ "2020 Island Areas Censuses: U.S. Virgin Islands". US Census Bureau. Retrieved December 1, 2022.
- ^ ISBN 978-0-16-039761-5.)
{{cite book}}
: CS1 maint: location (link) CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link - ^ ISBN 978-976-640-145-0.
- ISBN 0912627689.
- ISBN 0316584789.
- ISBN 9780333747605.
- ^ a b c "St. Croix: island, United States Virgin Islands – Britannica". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved April 20, 2021.
- ^ a b Westergaard, Waldemar (1917). The Danish West Indies Under Company Rule (1671–1754). New York: The Macmillan Company. pp. 206–209, 222–225, 235, 243.
- ^ "Saint Croix, Virgin Islands: Facts & History". Vinow.com. Retrieved July 27, 2017.
- .
- ISBN 1594200092.
- ^ "The slave rebellion on St. Croix and Emancipation". The Danish West-Indies - Sources of history. Archived from the original on December 16, 2018.
- ^ "Danish West Indies - The Abolition of Slavery". National Museum of Denmark. Archived from the original on September 24, 2019.
- ^ Schmalz, Jeffrey; Times, Special To the New York (September 22, 1989). "Troops Find Looting and Devastation on St. Croix" – via NYTimes.com.
- ^ "Hurricane Hugo Haunts Virgin Islands". The Washington Post. October 31, 1989.
- ^ "Crucian Dictionary". cruciandictionary.com.
- ISSN 0015-7120.
- ^ a b Table 1. Population of the United States Virgin Islands: 2010 and 2020 (PDF) (Report). U.S. Census Bureau. October 28, 2021. Archived from the original (PDF) on March 14, 2023.
- ^ "Virgin Islands Language". Vinow. VI Now. 2016. Retrieved July 6, 2016.
St. Croix was owned by the French until 1733 when the Danes bought it. By 1741 there were five times as many English on the island as Danes. English Creole emerged on St. Croix more so than Dutch Creole, which was more popular on St. Thomas and St. John. A dialect of English Creole called Crucian is heard on St. Croix today.
- ^ "Virgin Islands Language". Virgin Islands.
- ^ "Religion on St Croix". Archived from the original on March 3, 2016. Retrieved May 16, 2015.
- ^ AP (January 18, 2012). "Refinery closing in huge blow to USVI economy" (Press release). Associated Press. Retrieved May 12, 2012.
- ISBN 978-1588435811.
- ^ "that's the SPIRIT! " Mixology > Cruzan Rum". Thatsthespirit.com. Archived from the original on December 13, 2004. Retrieved December 13, 2012.
- ^ "Virgin Islands governor John de Jongh announces initiative with Diageo for Captain Morgan rum distillery on Saint Croix". Diageo. June 24, 2008.
- ^ Virgin Islands Port Authority (February 6, 2024). "Ann E. Abramson Marine Facility at Frederiksted Pier: Cruise Schedule" (PDF).
- ^ St. Croix School District Archived May 12, 2007, at the Wayback Machine.Virgin Islands Department of Education. Retrieved March 19, 2008.
- ^ "The Caribbean Classic Triathlon". Archived from the original on February 29, 2008.
- ^ "National Heritage Area Act". Congress.gov. December 22, 2022.
- ^ "U.S. Senate Subcommittee Hears St. Croix National Heritage Bill". St. Thomas Source. September 22, 2022. Retrieved December 26, 2022.
- ^ Staff, IYANLA IRBY Daily News. "Plaskett: St. Croix closer to being designated a National Heritage Area". The Virgin Islands Daily News. Retrieved December 26, 2022.
- ^ Bennett, Steve (September 2, 2011). "Uncommon Caribbean – On-Site St. Croix: Re-living the Joy of Jumping Off Frederiksted Pier". Uncommon Caribbean.
- ^ "Blog, Jump Off the Frederiksted Pier, St. Croix, USVI - GoToStCroix.com". www.gotostcroix.com.
- ISBN 978-0-936513-17-1.
- ISSN 1077-985X.
- ^ "U.S. Virgin Islands - Top 10 Dives". Scuba Diving.
- ^ "SEA Launching Second Study on Bioluminescence". stcroixsource.com. Archived from the original on March 6, 2016. Retrieved June 13, 2013.
- ^ Usup, G., and R. V. Azanza (1998), "Physiology and dynamics of the tropical dinoflagellate Pyrodinium bahamense". In: Anderson D. M., A. D. Cembella and G. M. Hallegraeff (eds), The physiological ecology of harmful algal blooms. NATO ASI Series, Berlin: Springer-Verlag, pp. 81–94.
- ^ Phlips, E. J., S. Badylak, E. Bledsoe, & M. Cichra. 2006.
- ^ "Honor Roll of Judges". United States Virgin Islands Superior Court. Archived from the original on June 5, 2016.
- ^ "At Home With Walt Frazier". The New York Times. Retrieved February 24, 2014.
- ^ "Quentin Coryatt". Football-Reference.Com. Retrieved November 15, 2015.
- ^ "Andre Wadsworth". Football-Reference.Com. Retrieved November 15, 2015.
- ^ "Raja Bell". Basketball-Reference.Com. Retrieved November 15, 2012.
- ^ "Tim Duncan". Basketball-Reference.Com. Archived from the original on October 8, 2012. Retrieved November 15, 2012.
- ^ "Linval Joseph". Football-Reference.Com. Retrieved November 15, 2015.
External links
- Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. XXI (9th ed.). 1886. .
- Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 23 (11th ed.). 1911. p. 1019. .
- St. Croix – United States Virgin Islands Department of Tourism
- Office of the Lieutenant Governor – Office of the Lieutenant Governor Gregory R. Francis
- St. Croix USVI Google Map – Satellite Map of St. Croix, USVI