Saint Patrick's Battalion
Saint Patrick's Battalion | |
---|---|
Active | 1846–1848 |
Allegiance | Mexico |
Branch | Mexican Army |
Type | Artillery/Infantry |
Size | c. 200 (at maximum strength) |
Nickname(s) | Los San Patricios Los Colorados Valientes |
Patron | Saint Patrick |
Motto(s) | Erin go bragh |
Colors | Turkish Blue Sky Blue Crimson Yellow[a] |
Engagements | |
Commanders | |
Colonel of the Regiment | Francisco R. Moreno |
Notable commanders | Brevet Major John Riley[b] Captain Santiago O'Leary Sergeant Prisciliano Almitrano |
The Saint Patrick's Battalion (Spanish: Batallón de San Patricio), later reorganized as the Foreign Legion of Patricios, was a Mexican Army unit which fought against the United States in the Mexican–American War. Consisting of between 175 and several hundred mostly European expatriates and immigrants, including numerous men who had deserted or defected from the United States Army, the battalion was formed and led by Irishman John Riley. It served as an artillery unit for much of the war, and despite later being formally designated as an infantry unit of two companies, the battalion continued to operate artillery pieces throughout the conflict. The San Patricios participated in many of the bloodiest battles during the American invasion of Mexico, with Ulysses S. Grant remarking that "Churubusco proved to be about the severest battle fought in the valley of Mexico".[1]
Composed primarily of
Historical perspective
For those Mexicans who had fought in the
Motivations
The great majority of those men who formed Saint Patrick's Battalion were recent immigrants who had arrived at northeastern U.S. ports. They were part of the
Numerous theories have been proposed as to their motives for desertion, including cultural alienation,
It is believed primary motivations were shared religion with the Mexicans and sympathy for the Mexican cause based on similarities between the situations in Mexico and Ireland. This hypothesis is based on evidence of the number of Irish Catholics in the battalion, the letters of John Riley, and the field entries of senior officers.[17][18] Irish immigrants had been faced with animosity both as a result of their Catholic faith and ethnicity. [19]Catholic immigrants were regularly met with discrimination from their Protestant peers, sentiments which sometimes boiled over into events such as the Philadelphia nativist riots against Irish Catholic immigrants. Catholic churches had been similarly defaced by the American military in Mexico during the war. Additionally, both the Mexicans and the Irish were subjected to racism and xenophobia based on racist pseudo-science and treated as inferior to American nativists.[20]
Another hypothesis is that the members of the Saint Patrick's Battalion had been unhappy with their treatment in the U.S. Army; this was the conviction of George Ballentine, an Englishman who served in the American army. Ballentine stated that while "there was a portion of truth" in the view—commonly assigned by officers—that the deserters joined the Mexican army due to their Catholicism; he said, "I have good reason to believe, in fact in some cases I know, that harsh and unjust treatment by their officers operated far more strongly than any other consideration to produce the deplorable result [desertion]," and described how he found the punishments used for "trivial offensives" to be "revolting and disgusting".[21] Another theory some historians hold is that the soldiers were attracted by the incentives offered by the Mexican government: safe passage throughout Mexico for deserters, generous land grants, and the offer of potential military commissions.[22] For poor people coming from famine conditions, economics was often an important incentive.[23]
Mexican author José Raúl Conseco noted that many Irish lived in northern Texas, and were forced to move south due to regional insecurity. Mainly Irish settlers from
Irish expatriates had a long tradition of serving as mercenaries in the military forces of Catholic countries, including in
Service as a military unit
Formation and early engagements
Present in the Mexican Army for the battles of
The first major engagement of the Saint Patrick's Battalion, as a recognised Mexican unit, was as an
At the battle of Monterrey the San Patricios proved their artillery skills by causing the deaths of many American soldiers, and they are credited with defeating two[33] to three[3] separate assaults into the heart of the city. Among their targets were companies led by such officers as Braxton Bragg, many of whose soldiers would end up in their own ranks later in the war.[34] Their tenacity, however, did not affect the Mexican commanders' decision to capitulate and abandon the position.
Following the engagement at Monterrey, the San Patricios grew in number, by some estimates reaching an enlistment of over 700 men.[32][35] Forces re-assembled at San Luis Potosí and they had their distinct green silk flag embroidered there.[citation needed]
Buena Vista
They then marched northward after joining a larger force commanded by
They started the battle supporting Mexican infantry by firing on U.S. lines as the Mexicans advanced on them, then later decimating an artillery battery directly opposite them on the battlefield (Washington's 4th Artillery, D Battery). A small number of San Patricios were dispatched with a
In frustration U.S. Commander
Re-organization and final battles
Despite their excellent performance in a number of engagements as artillery, the much-reduced San Patricios were ordered to muster a larger infantry battalion, as well as a cavalry unit, in mid-1847 by personal order of Santa Anna. It was renamed the Foreign Legion of Patricios and consisted of volunteers from many European countries, commanded by Col. Francisco R. Moreno, with Riley in charge of 1st company and Santiago O'Leary heading up the second.[7] Desertion handbills were produced, specially targeting Catholic Irish, French and German immigrants in the invading U.S. army and stating that "You must not fight against a religious people, nor should you be seen in the ranks of those who proclaim slavery of mankind as a constitutive principle ... liberty is not on the part of those who desire to be lords of the world, robbing properties and territories which do not belong to them and shedding so much blood in order to accomplish their views, views in open war to the principles of our holy religion".[44]
The Battle of Churubusco (20 August 1847) took place about four months after the defeat at Cerro Gordo. Gen. Santa Anna gave a verbal order to "preserve the point at all risk".[45] The San Patricio Companies initially met the attackers outside the walls of the convent at a tête-de-pont, which was about 500 yards (457 m) from a fortified convent.[46] A battery of three[47] to five[46] heavy cannons were used from this position to hold off the American advance along with support from Los Independencia Batallón and Los Bravos Batallón.[47] The Americans were under the command of Col. William Hoffman.[48] Several U.S. charges towards the bridgehead were thrown off,[49] with the San Patricio companies serving as an example to the supporting battalions.[50] Unlike the San Patricios, most of whom were veterans (many having served in the armies of the United Kingdom and various German states), the supporting Mexican battalions were simply militia (the term 'National Guard' is also used[45]) who had been untested by battle.[47]
A lack of ammunition led the Mexican soldiers in the trenches between the bridgehead and the convent to disband; without ammunition, they had no way to fight back.
The San Patricios used this battle as a chance to settle old scores with U.S. troops: "The large number of officers killed in the affair was ... ascribed to them, as for the gratification of their revenge they aimed at no other objects during the engagement".
Gen. Anaya stated in his written battle report that 35 San Patricios were killed, 85 taken prisoner (including a wounded John Riley, Captain O'Leary, and Anaya); about 85 escaped with retreating Mexican forces.
Aftermath of Churubusco
Trials
The San Patricios captured by the U.S. Army were treated and punished as traitors for desertion in time of war. Seventy-two men were immediately charged with desertion by the Army.[33]
Two separate courts-martial were held, one at Tacubaya on 23 August, and another at San Ángel on 26 August. At neither of these trials were the men represented by lawyers nor were transcripts made of the proceedings. This lack of formal legal advice could account for the fact that several of the men claimed that drunkenness had led them to desert (a common defense in military trials at the time that sometimes led to lighter sentences), and others described how they were forced to join the Mexican Army in some form or another. The majority of the San Patricios either offered no defense or their defenses were not recorded. Wealthy Mexicans came to the San Patricios' defence at the trials, and members of Mexico's first families visited them in prison.[65]
Sentences
One soldier who claimed he was forced to fight by the Mexicans after he was captured by them, and who subsequently refused to do so, was sentenced to death by firing squad instead of hanging, along with another who was found not to have officially joined the Mexican Army.[33]
Most of the convicted San Patricios were sentenced to death by hanging: 30 from the Tacubaya trial and 18 from San Ángel. The rationale was that they had entered Mexican military service following the declaration of war. Execution by hanging was in violation of the contemporary
Those soldiers who had left military service before the official declaration of war on Mexico (Riley among them) were sentenced to "... receive 50 lashes on their bare backs, to be branded with the letter 'D' for deserter, and to wear iron yokes around their necks for the duration of the war."[67] This, too, went against the Articles of War; deserters who left prior to a declaration of war were supposed to be branded, scourged, or sentenced to hard labor. The San Patricios instead received all three punishments, a fate that once again was given to no other deserters during the war.[20]
Executions
In all, 50 Saint Patrick's Battalion members were officially executed by the U.S. Army, all but two by hanging. Collectively, this was the largest
By order of Gen.
While overseeing the hangings, Harney ordered Francis O'Connor hanged although he had had both legs amputated the previous day. When the army surgeon informed the colonel that the absent soldier had lost both his legs in battle, Harney replied: "Bring the damned son of a bitch out! My order was to hang 30 and by God I'll do it!"[72]The U.S. flag appeared on the flagpole at 9.30 a.m. Legend has it that the Mexican flag had been taken by a cadet,
The Mexican government described the hangings as "a cruel death or horrible torments, improper in a civilized age, and [ironic] for a people who aspire to the title of illustrious and humane",[15] and by a writer covering the war as "a refinement of cruelty and ... fiendish".[76] George Ballentine remarked, in his account of his American military service in Mexico, "[T]he desertion of our soldiers to the Mexican army ... were still numerous, in spite of the fearful example of the executions at Churubusco, [and] also served to inspire that party with hope." [77]
Legacy
Those who survived either made lives for themselves in Mexico or returned to their home nations such as Ireland. Some former San Patricios found work at the arsenal in Guadalajara making gun stocks.[78] One former San Patricio, an Irishman, started a military academy teaching "the sword exercise", also in Guadalajara.[79] Others were reportedly killed while travelling through Mexico,[80] while others were reduced to living on handouts.[81] A handful are on record as having made use of the land claims promised them by the Mexican government. Americans in Mexico who had been taken prisoner by Mexico or who were common deserters were known to falsely present themselves as members of the Saint Patrick's Battalion; American William W. Carpenter, who found himself in this predicament, stated that: "the reputation of the San Patricio battalion was spread from ocean to ocean, and to that, more than any thing else, do I owe my present safety".[82]
The men have continued to be honored and revered as heroes in Mexico.[83] The Batallón de San Patricio is memorialised on two separate days; 12 September, the generally accepted anniversary of the executions of those battalion members captured by the U.S. Army, and 17 March, Saint Patrick's Day. Numerous schools, churches and other landmarks in Mexico take their name from the battalion, including:
- Monterrey: The street in front of the Irish School is named Batallón de San Patricio (Battalion of Saint Patrick).
- Mexico City: The street in front of the Santa María de Churubusco convent was named Mártires Irlandeses ("the Irish martyrs").
- The Wall of Honor in Mexico's Chamber of Deputies: On Thursday, 28 October 2002 the LVII Mexican Congress held a ceremony where the inscription "Defensores de la Patria 1846–1848 y Batallón de San Patricio" [Defenders of the Motherland 1846–1848 and the San Patricio Battalion] was inscribed in gold letters.[42][84]
- Banda de Gaitas del Batallon de San Patricio [St. Patrick's Battalion Pipes & Drums]: The only bagpipe band in Mexico is named after the battalion, and based at the former Convent of Churubusco in Mexico City, which now houses the Museum of Foreign Interventions (Museo Nacional de las Intervenciones). The band was inducted into the Irish America Hall of Fame in 2013.[85]
- San Patricio station: Metro Zapata was renamed for one day to Metro San Patricio, on 17 March 2015, to commemorate Saint Patrick's day and the Saint Patrick's Battalion. This was the first time a metro had been renamed in such a manner.[86]
In the U.S., the memory of the battalion has been different. In Winfield Scott's
Preferring to fight with the Catholic Mexicans against the Protestant Americans, the San Patricios were the only group of deserters in American history to band together in the service of a foreign enemy.
–Peter Quinn, Looking for Jimmy: A Search for Irish America[89]
In 1997, President of Mexico Ernesto Zedillo commemorated the 150th anniversary of the execution of the San Patricios at a ceremony in Mexico City's San Jacinto Plaza. This is where the U.S. Army conducted the first 16 hangings after the men were convicted of desertion at court martial. Ireland and Mexico jointly issued commemorative postage stamps to mark the anniversary.
In 2004, at an official ceremony attended by numerous international dignitaries, including directors Lance and Jason Hool and several actors from the film One Man's Hero, the Mexican government gave a commemorative statue to the Irish government in perpetual thanks for the bravery, honor and sacrifice of the Saint Patrick's Battalion. The statue was erected in the town of
External image | |
---|---|
An image displaying both the Irish and Mexican versions of the joint issue stamp |
The battalion has inspired numerous responses: it is the name of an supporters's association of the association football team Club Deportivo Chivas USA. The unit was evoked in a Saint Patrick's Day message from Subcomandante Marcos of the Zapatista Army of National Liberation,[91] The San Patricios have been remembered as a symbol of international solidarity with Mexico.[92][93]
Flag
There are conflicting accounts of the design of the flag of the Saint Patrick's Battalion. No flags or depictions of them are known to have survived to the present day. The only version of the flag known to have survived the war was subsequently lost or stolen from the chapel at
John Riley, who left an account of the battalion, noted the flag in a letter:[95]
In all my letter, I forgot to tell you under what banner we fought so bravely. It was that glorious Emblem of native rights, that being the banner which should have floated over our native Soil many years ago, it was St. Patrick, the Harp of Erin, the Shamrock upon a green field.
According to George Wilkins Kendall, an American journalist covering the war with Mexico:[96]
The banner is of green silk, and on one side is a harp, surmounted by the Mexican coat of arms, with a scroll on which is painted Libertad por la Republica Mexicana [Liberty for the Mexican Republic]. Under the harp is the motto of Erin go Bragh! On the other side is a painting ... made to represent St. Patrick, in his left hand a key and in his right a crook or staff resting upon a serpent. Underneath is painted San Patricio.
Two other eye-witness accounts of the flag exist, both from American soldiers. The first describes it as:
... a beautiful green silk banner [which] waved over their heads; on it glittered a silver cross and a golden harp, embroidered by the hands of the fair nuns of
San Luis Potosí.— Samuel E. Chamberlain, My Confession, [97]
The second notes only:
Among the mighty host we passed was O'Reilly [
POW), name unknown, [98]
A radically different version of the flag was described in a Mexican source:[99]
They had a white flag/standard, on which were found the shields of Ireland and Mexico, and the name of their captain, John O'Reilly [sic] embroidered in green.
Whatever the case, in 1997 a reproduction military flag was created by the Clifden and Connemara Heritage Group. Another was created the following year for the MGM film One Man's Hero, a romanticised version of the San Patricios' history. A third version embodying the description of the San Luis Potosí flag was made for the Irish Society of Chicago, which hung it in the city's Union League Club.
Some writers suggest that the Saint Patrick's Battalion might have used different banners (as an artillery unit, as an infantry company, and as a reconstructed unit).[100]
Music
A number of musical works have covered the battalion, including:[citation needed]
- "Saint Patrick's Battalion" – by The Elders (on Story Road)
- "St Patricks Battalion" by The Wakes
- "San Patricio" – album by The Chieftains and Ry Cooder[101]
- "San Patricio Brigade" – by Black 47[102]
- "San Patricios" – by Street Dogs (on State of Grace)
- "St Patrick's Brave Brigade" – by Damien Dempsey
- "St Patrick's Battalion" – by David Rovics
- "The San Patricios" – by The Fenians
- "John Riley" – by Paul McKenna Band
Films and fiction
- 1962 – Saint Patrick's Battalion, by Carl Krueger
- 1985 – A Flag to Fly: Based on True Story of the St. Patrick's Battalion in Mexico 1847, by Chris Matthews
- 1996 – The San Patricios, directed by Mark R. Day
- 1997 – In the Rogue Blood, by James Carlos Blake, winner of Los Angeles Times Book Prize for Fiction,
- 1998 – St. Patrick's Battalion, documentary film directed by Jason Hool
- 1999 – One Man's Hero, feature film directed by Lance Hool, written by Milton S. Gelman[103]
- 2001 – Gone for Soldiers, novel by Jeff Shaara
- 2006 – Saint Patrick's Battalion, novel by James Alexander Thom, published by Blue River Press of Indianapolis
- 2009 – Just like me, novel by Michael Fallaw. ISBN 978-1436385084
- 2011 – Saol John Riley, TG4 (Ireland) documentary, directed by Kieran Concannon
- 2012 – Country of the Bad Wolfes, novel by James Carlos Blake, published by Cinco Puntos Press, El Paso, TX
- 2018 – El Batallón de San Patricio, novel by Pino Cacucci, published by Grijalbo
- 2017 - The Battle of Churubusco, novel by Andrea Ferraris, published by Fantagraphics
Notes
a.
b.
c. .
d.
See also
- 69th New York Infantry
- Fenian raids
- Irish Brigade (France)
- Irish Brigade (Spanish Civil War)
- Irish Brigade (Union Army)
- John Murphy (Saint Patrick's Battalion)
- List of battles of the Mexican–American War
- Niños Héroes
References
- ^ a b Grant 1998, p. 115.
- ^ Miller 1989, pp. 188–192.
- ^ a b Callaghan 1995.
- ^ Hopkins 1913, pp. 283–284.
- ^ Hogan 1998, p. 223.
- ^ Connaughton 2005.
- ^ a b c d e f Fogarty 2005.
- ISBN 978-0-8223-7613-2.
- ^ Mermann-Jozwiak 2001, p. 150.
- ^ a b c d e f Rollins 2008, pp. 91–92.
- ^ Ballentine 1860, pp. 34–35 & 281–282.
- ^ a b Radford Ruether 2007, p. 81.
- ISBN 978-0-19-934037-8, retrieved 18 February 2024
- ISBN 978-0-19-994867-3.
- ^ a b c d e Downey 1955.
- ^ Woolf 2015.
- ^ Lloyd 2000, p. 104.
- ^ Hogan 1998, p. 152.
- S2CID 238671319, retrieved 18 February 2024
- ^ a b c Hogan 1997.
- ^ Ballentine 1860, p. 281–282.
- ^ Ramold 2010, p. 39.
- ^ McCornack 1958, p. 255.
- ^ Super 1992, p. 136.
- ^ Stevens 1999, p. 291.
- ^ Newark 2012, "The first significant battle for the San Patricios was at Monterrey on 21 September 1846".
- ^ Tucker, Arnold & Wiener 2013, p. 197: "The battalion was formed as an artillery company and fought at Matamoros and Monterrey".
- ^ a b Wallace 1950, p. 85.
- ^ Bauer 1992, p. 42.
- ^ Miller 1989, p. 27.
- ^ Hogan 1998, p. 42.
- ^ a b Hopkins 1913, p. 280.
- ^ a b c Howes 2003, p. 181.
- ^ Stevens 1999, pp. 150 & 172–173.
- ^ Chamberlain 1853, p. 226.
- ^ Cave 2013.
- ^ Smith 1919a, p. 391.
- ^ Stevens 1999, p. 195.
- ^ Stevens 1999, p. 193.
- ^ Smith 1919a, p. 393.
- ^ Smith 1919a, p. 395.
- ^ a b c d Paredes 2010.
- ^ a b c Hogan 2006.
- ^ Zinn & Arnove 2004, pp. 157–158.
- ^ a b Ramsey 1850, p. 283.
- ^ a b Ramsey 1850, p. 284.
- ^ a b c Smith 1919b, p. 111.
- ^ a b Grant 1998, p. 114.
- ^ Smith 1919b, p. 115.
- ^ Smith 1919b, p. 114.
- ^ Ramsey 1850, p. 286.
- ^ Smith 1919b, p. 116.
- ^ Ramsey 1850, p. 295.
- ^ Ramsey 1850, p. 296.
- ^ a b Ballentine 1860, p. 256.
- ^ McCaffery 1994, p. 179.
- ^ Meltzer 1974, p. 197.
- ^ a b Nordstrom 2008.
- ^ Ramsey 1850, p. 299.
- ^ Miller 1989, p. 89.
- ^ Carpenter 1851, p. 102.
- ^ Foos 2002, p. 110.
- ^ Stevens 1999, p. 286.
- ^ Stevens 1999, pp. 290–291.
- ^ Foos 2002, p. 112.
- ^ Hogan 1998, p. 19.
- ^ Frías 1984, p. 173.
- ^ McCaffery 1994, p. 196; Eisenhower 1999, p. 297.
- ^ McCaffery 1994, p. 181.
- ^ Miller 1989, pp. 93, 105.
- ^ Eisenhower 1999, p. 297.
- ^ Wunn 1984, p. 14.
- ^ Stevens 1999, p. 275.
- ^ Hogan 1998, p. 287.
- ^ McCaffery 1994, p. 197.
- ^ Fast 1993.
- ^ Ballentine 1860, p. 281.
- ^ Carpenter 1851, p. 212.
- ^ Carpenter 1851, pp. 207–208.
- ^ Carpenter 1851, p. 201.
- ^ Foos 2002, p. 111.
- ^ Carpenter 1851, p. 135.
- ^ Gonzales 2000, pp. 86–87.
- ^ Hawley 2008.
- ^ Looby 2015.
- ^ MerrionStreet.com 2015.
- ^ Eisenhower 1999, p. 329.
- ^ Stevens 1999, pp. 300–301.
- ^ Quinn 2007, p. 49.
- ^ Galway Advertiser 2014.
- ^ Boyer 2010.
- ^ Leahy 2002.
- ^ Presidency of the Republic of Mexico 1997.
- ^ Hogan 2011, pp. 252–253.
- ^ Stevens 1999, p. 285.
- ^ Kendall 1999, p. 350.
- ^ Miller 1989, p. 38.
- ^ Miller 1989, p. 52.
- ^ Garibay & Teixidor 1971, p. 3146.
- ^ Ferrigan III 2000.
- ^ NPR 2010.
- ^ Dickson 2008, p. 145.
- ^ Wagenen 2012, pp. 230–232.
- ^ Miller 1989, pp. 38 & 71; Stevens 1999, p. 231.
- ^ Wallace 1950, p. 85; Miller 1989, p. 26; Stevens 1999, p. 293.
Sources
Primary sources
- Ballentine, George (1860). The Mexican War, by an English Soldier: Comprising Incidents and Adventures in the United States and Mexico with the American Army. New York: W. A. Townsend & Co.
- Carpenter, William W. (1851). Travels and adventures in Mexico : in the course of journeys of upward of 2500 miles, performed on foot; giving an account of the manners and customs of the people, and the agricultural and mineral resources of that country. New York: Harper & Bros. Retrieved 24 March 2015.
- Chamberlain, Samuel (1853). My Confession: Recollections of a Rogue. New York: Harper & Bros.
- ISBN 978-1582181899 – via Digital Scanning Inc.)
{{cite book}}
: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link - Kendall, George Wilkins (1999). Cress, Lawrence Delbert (ed.). Dispatches from the Mexican-American War. ISBN 0806131217.
- Ramsey, Albert C., ed. (1850). The other side; or, notes for the history of the war between Mexico and the United States. New York: John Wiley.
- "CL Aniversario del batallón de San patricio" (in Spanish). Presidency of the Republic of Mexico. 12 September 1997. Archived from the original on 2 April 2015. Retrieved 20 March 2015.
Al conmemorar la gesta heroica del Batallón de San Patricio honramos la memoria de todos los hombres y de todas las mujeres que han luchado y siguen luchando por construir un mundo más justo, más incluyente y más democrático, independientemente de su origen étnico, su condición social, su herencia cultural y su filosofía de vida. [As we commemorate the heroic gesture of the St. Patrick's Battalion, we honor the memory of all men and all women who have fought and are still struggling to build a world more just, more democratic and inclusive, regardless of their ethnic origin, social status, cultural heritage and philosophy of life]
- "Mexico City renames Metro Station after St Patrick for one day". MerrionStreet.com. Irish Government News Service. 17 March 2015. Retrieved 25 March 2015.
Secondary sources
- Bauer, K. Jack (1992). The Mexican War, 1846–48. ISBN 0803261071.
- Boyer, Sandy (19 March 2010). "Defying a war of conquest". socialistworker.org. Retrieved 25 March 2015.
- Callaghan, James (November 1995). "The San Patricios". American Heritage Magazine. 46 (7). American Heritage Publishing Co. Retrieved 20 March 2015.
- Cave, Damien (30 October 2013). "A Reminder of a Conflict That Faded into History". The New York Times. Retrieved 20 March 2015.
- Connaughton, Michael G. (September 2005). "Beneath an Emerald Green Flag: The Story of Irish Soldiers in Mexico". irlandeses.org. Society for Irish Latin American Studies. Retrieved 20 March 2015.
- Downey, Fairfax (June 1955). "Tragic Story of the San Patricio Battalion". American Heritage Magazine. 6 (4). American Heritage Publishing Co. Retrieved 20 March 2015.
- Eisenhower, John S. D. (1999). Agent of Destiny: The Life and Times of General Winfield Scott. University of Oklahoma Press. ISBN 978-0806131283.
- Fast, Howard (February 1993). "Inglorious Tale from the Mexican War". trussel.com. Retrieved 20 March 2015.
- Ferrigan III, James J. (8 February 2000). "Three flags for the Batallón de San Patricio?". FOTW Flags of the World website. Retrieved 20 March 2015.
- Fogarty, James (September 2005). "The St. Patricio Battalion: The Irish Soldiers of Mexico". Society for Irish Latin American Studies. Retrieved 20 March 2015.
- Foos, Paul (2002). A Short, Offhand, Killing Affair: Soldiers and Social Conflict during the Mexican—American War. ISBN 978-0807854051.
- Frías, Heriberto (1984). La guerra contra los gringos [The war against the gringos] (in Spanish). Mexico City: Ediciones Leega / Jucar. ISBN 968495011X.
- Gonzales, Manuel G. (2000). Mexicanos: A history of Mexicans in the United States. ISBN 0253335205.
- Hawley, Chris (10 March 2008). "Bagpipers honor Irish who fought for Mexico". USA Today. Retrieved 10 July 2008.
- Hogan, Michael (1997). "The Irish Soldiers of Mexico". History Ireland. 5 (4): 39–43. JSTOR 27724506.
- Hogan, Michael (2011). Irish Soldiers of Mexico. Guadalajara, Mexico: Fondo Editorial Universitario. ISBN 978-9687846002.
- Hogan, Michael (15 September 2006). "Los San Patricios: The Irish Soldiers of Mexico". Indymedia. Retrieved 20 March 2015.
- Hopkins, G. T. (September 1913). "The San Patricio Battalion in the Mexican War". Cavalry Journal. XXIV: 279–284.
- Howes, Kelly King (2003). Mexican American war. UXL. ISBN 0787665371.
- Leahy, Dan; et al. (June 2002). "Students Seek To Have Expulsion Order Annulled". Mexican Labor News & Analysis. 7 (5). UE International Solidarity. Archived from the original on 2 April 2015. Retrieved 20 March 2015.
- Lloyd, David (2000). Ireland After History. ISBN 0268012180.
- Looby, David (13 August 2015). "Mexican-Irish historical link celebrated". Independent.ie. Retrieved 19 March 2015.
- McCaffery, James M. (1994). Army of Manifest Destiny: The American Soldier in the Mexican War, 1846–1848. ISBN 978-0814755051.
- McCornack, Richard (1958). "The San Patricio Deserters in the Mexican War, 1847". The Irish Sword. Vol. 3.
- Mermann-Jozwiak, Elisabeth (Fall 2001). "An interview with Montserrat Fontes". JSTOR 3185561.
- Miller, Robert Ryal (1989). Shamrock and Sword, The Saint Patrick's Battalion in the US—Mexican War. Norman, Oklahoma: ISBN 0806129646.
- Meltzer, Milton (1974). Bound for the Rio Grande; the Mexican Struggle, 1845–1850. New York: Knopf. ISBN 0394824407.
- Newark, Tim (2012). The Fighting Irish: The Story of the Extraordinary Irish Soldier. Hachette UK. ISBN 9781780335117.
- Nordstrom, Pat (18 January 2008). "San Patricio Battalion". Handbook of Texas. Texas State Historical Association. Retrieved 20 March 2015.
- Paredes, Martín (4 December 2010). "The Irish Heroes of Mexico". Clifden and Connemara Heritage Society. Retrieved 20 March 2015.
- Quinn, Peter (2007). Looking for Jimmy: A Search for Irish America. New York: The Overlook Press. ISBN 978-1590200230.
- Rollins, Peter C. (2008). Why We Fought: America's Wars in Film and History. ISBN 978-0813191911.
- Radford Ruether, Rosemary (2007). America, Amerikkka: Elect Nation and Imperial Violence. ISBN 978-1845531584.
- Ramold, Steven (2010). Baring the Iron Hand: Discipline in the Union Army. ISBN 978-0875804088.
- Smith, Justin H. (1919a). The War with Mexico, vol 1. New York: Macmillan.
- Smith, Justin H. (1919b). The War with Mexico, vol 2. New York: Macmillan.
- Stevens, Peter F. (1999). The Rogue's March: John Riley and the St. Patrick's Battalion. Washington, DC: Brassey's. ISBN 1574887386.
- Super, John C. (1992). The United States at War. Salem Press. ISBN 978-1587652363.
- Tucker, Spencer; Arnold, James R.; Wiener, Roberta, eds. (2013). The Encyclopedia of the Mexican-American War: A Political, Social, and Military History, Volume 1. ABC-CLIO. ISBN 9781851098538.
- Wallace, Edward S (Summer 1950). "The Battalion of Saint Patrick in the Mexican War" (PDF). Military Affairs. 14 (2): 84–91. JSTOR 1982456.
- Woolf, Christopher (17 March 2015). "On St. Patrick's Day, Mexico remembers the Irishmen who fought for Mexico against the US". Public Radio International. Retrieved 25 March 2015.
- Wunn, Dennis J. (1984). San Patricio Soldiers: Mexico's Foreign Legion. Texas Western Press. ISBN 0-87404-150-3.
- ISBN 1583226281.
- Wagenen, Michael Van (2012). Remembering the Forgotten War: The Enduring Legacies of the U.S./Mexican War. University of Massachusetts Press. ISBN 978-1558499300.
- "Mexican-Irish hero to be honoured in Clifden". Galway Advertiser. 6 November 2014. Retrieved 19 March 2015.
Tertiary sources
- Garibay, Ángel María; Teixidor, Felipe, eds. (1971). Diccionario Porrúa de historia, biografía y geografía de México. Vol. 3 (3rd ed.). Mexico City: Editorial Porrúa. p. 3146.
Tenían una insignia blanca, en la que se encontraban los escudos de Irlanda y Mexico, y el nombre de su capitán, John O'Reilly bordado en verde.
- The United States in Latin America: A Historical Dictionary, vol. S, 2008, p. 311
- "The Chieftains And Ry Cooder Tell 'San Patricio' History". npr.org. NPR. 7 March 2010. Retrieved 17 June 2020.
- Dickson, Ted, ed. (2008). America on the World Stage: A Global Approach to U.S. History. University of Illinois Press. p. 145. ISBN 978-0252075520.
Further reading
- Murray, Edmundo (2006). "The San Patricio Battalion: A Bibliography". irlandeses.org. Society for Irish Latin American Studies. Retrieved 19 March 2015.
External links
- Commemoration of the Saint Patrick’s Battalion, Embassy of Ireland Mexico, Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade
- Freedom Denied: the St Patrick's Battalion Australian Broadcasting Corporation interview
- The San Patricios: the Irish Heroes of Mexico, Library of Congress blog post
- Martin Paredes, "Batallón de San Patricio: the Irish Heroes of Mexico" Archived 23 May 2010 at the Wayback Machine, Website of leading author on the Saint Patrick's battalion
- Dr. Michael Hogan, Website of leading author on the Saint Patrick's battalion
- "Irish Immigrants Deserted US Army in the Mexican American War" accessed 3 May 2020