Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines | ||
---|---|---|
Motto: "Pax et Justitia" ( Prime Minister | Ralph Gonsalves | |
Legislature | Associated State | 27 October 1969 |
• from the United Kingdom | 27 October 1979 | |
Calling code | +1 784 | |
ISO 3166 code | VC | |
Internet TLD | .vc |
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines (/ˌɡrɛnəˈdiːnz/ ⓘ GREH-nə-DEENZ) is an island country in the eastern Caribbean. It is located in the southeast Windward Islands of the Lesser Antilles, which lie in the West Indies, at the southern end of the eastern border of the Caribbean Sea, where the latter meets the Atlantic Ocean.
Its 369 km2 (142 sq mi) territory consists of the main island of
To the north of Saint Vincent lies Saint Lucia, to the east is Barbados, and Grenada lies to the south. Saint Vincent and the Grenadines has a population density of over 300 inhabitants/km2 (700 per sq mi), with an estimated population of 110,872.[6]
In April 2021, the
Etymology
History
Pre-colonial period
Before the arrival of Europeans and Africans in the 16th century, various
European arrival and early colonial period
It is thought that Christopher Columbus sighted the island in 1498, giving it the name St Vincent.[10] The Kalinago people aggressively opposed European settlement on Saint Vincent.[14][11]
French and British colonisation and First Carib War
Various attempts by the English and Dutch to claim the island proved unsuccessful, and it was the French who were first able to colonise the island, settling in the town of Barrouallie on the leeward side of St Vincent in 1719.[14] The French imported Black slaves to work on plantations producing sugar, coffee, indigo, tobacco, cotton and cocoa.[15]
The British captured the island and drove out the French from Barrouallie during the Seven Years' War, a claim confirmed by the Treaty of Paris (1763).[14] On taking control of the island in 1763, the British laid the foundations of Fort Charlotte and also continued the importation of slaves to work on the island's plantations. The Garifuna, an Afro-Indigenous creole people on the island, were opposed to the British presence and entered into open conflict against the British, starting the First Carib War, which lasted from 1772 to 1773.[14]
During the
British colonial period and Second Carib War
The uneasy peace between the British and the Garifuna led to the Second Carib War, which lasted from 1795 to 1797.[14] The Garifuna were led by paramount chief Joseph Chatoyer and supported by the French, notably Victor Hugues who was based on the island of Martinique. They were eventually defeated in 1797 by British forces under the command Sir Ralph Abercromby; a peace treaty agreement was made which resulted in almost 5,000 Garifuna being deported to Roatán, an island off the coast of Honduras, and to Belize and Baliceaux in the Grenadines.[11]
In 1806, the construction of Fort Charlotte was completed.[16]
The
The British abolished slavery in Saint Vincent (as well as in all other British West Indies colonies) in 1834, and an apprenticeship period followed which ended in 1838.[11][14] After its end, labour shortages on the plantations resulted, and were initially addressed by the immigration of indentured servants; in the late 1840s, many Portuguese immigrants arrived from Madeira, and between 1861 and 1888 shiploads of Indian labourers arrived.[14]
20th century
In 1902, the
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines passed through various stages of colonial status under the British. A representative assembly was authorised in 1776, Crown Colony government was installed in 1877, a legislative council was created in 1925 with a limited franchise,[14] and universal adult suffrage was granted in 1951.[14] During the period of its control of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Britain made several attempts to unify the island with the other Windward Islands as a single entity, to simplify British control in the sub-region through a single unified administration.[14] In the 1960s, the British again tried to unify all of its regional islands, including Saint Vincent, into a single politically unified entity under British control. The unification was to be called the West Indies Federation and was driven by a desire to gain independence from the British government. However, the attempt collapsed in 1962.[14]
Saint Vincent was granted "associate statehood" status by Britain on 27 October 1969.[14] This gave Saint Vincent complete control over its internal affairs but fell short of full independence in law.[citation needed]
In April 1979,
On 27 October 1979, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines gained full independence;[14][11] the date is now the country's Independence Day, a public holiday.[10] The country opted to remain within the Commonwealth of Nations, retaining the then-Queen Elizabeth II as Monarch, represented locally by a Governor-General.[18]
Post-independence era
Milton Cato of the centre-left Saint Vincent Labour Party (SVLP) was the country's first Prime Minister (he had been Premier since 1974), ruling until his defeat in the 1984 Vincentian general election by James Fitz-Allen Mitchell of the centre-right New Democratic Party (NDP).[14] During Cato's time in office, there was a brief rebellion on Union Island in December 1979 led by Lennox 'Bumba' Charles. Inspired by the recent revolution on Grenada, Charles alleged neglect of the Union by the central government. However, the revolt was swiftly put down and Charles was arrested.[19][20] There were also a series of strikes in the early 1980s.[11] James Mitchell remained Prime Minister for 16 years until 2000, winning three consecutive elections.[14] Mitchell was at the forefront of attempts to improve regional integration.[11] In 1980 and 1987, hurricanes damaged many banana and coconut plantations. Hurricane seasons were also very active in 1998 and 1999, with Hurricane Lenny in 1999 causing extensive damage to the west coast of the island.[citation needed]
In 2000, Arnhim Eustace became Prime Minister after taking over the leadership of the NDP following Mitchell's retirement; he was defeated a year later by Ralph Gonsalves of the Unity Labour Party (successor party to the SVLP).[21][14] Gonsalves—a left-winger known in the country as "Comrade Ralph"[22][23]—argued that European nations owe Caribbean nations reparations for their role in the Atlantic slave trade.[24] Gonsalves won a second term in 2005,[22] a third in 2010,[22] and a fourth in 2015.[25]
In 2009,
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines was elected as a non-permanent member of the United Nations Security Council 2020–21.
In November 2020, Ralph Gonsalves, Prime Minister of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines since 2001, made history by securing the fifth consecutive victory of his Unity Labour Party (ULP) in general election.[27]
In 2021, on 9 April, the La Soufrière volcano erupted, sending ash several miles into the atmosphere. Approximately 16,000 people were evacuated in the days leading up to the eruption.[28]
Geography
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines lies to the west of
The capital of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines is Kingstown, Saint Vincent.[10] The main island of Saint Vincent measures 26 km (16 mi) long, 15 km (9.3 mi) in width and 344 km2 (133 sq mi) in area. From the most northern to the most southern points, the Grenadine islands belonging to Saint Vincent span 60.4 km (37.5 mi), with a combined area of 45 km2 (17 sq mi).[30]
The island of Saint Vincent is volcanic and heavily forested and includes little level ground.
The country is home to two terrestrial ecoregions: Windward Islands moist forests and the Lesser Antillean dry forests.[32] It had a 2019 Forest Landscape Integrity Index mean score of 6.95/10, ranking it 61st globally out of 172 countries.[33]
Government and politics
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines is a
The office of Governor-General has mostly ceremonial functions including the opening of the islands' House of Assembly and the appointment of various government officials. Control of the government rests with the elected Prime Minister and their cabinet. The current Prime Minister is Ralph Gonsalves, elected in 2001 as head of the Unity Labour Party.[35]
The legislative branch of government is the unicameral House of Assembly of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, seating 15 elected members representing single-member constituencies and six appointed members known as Senators. The parliamentary term of office is five years, although the Prime Minister may call elections at any time.[10]
The judicial branch of government is divided into district courts, the
Political culture
The two political parties with parliamentary representation are the New Democratic Party (NDP) and the Unity Labour Party (ULP). The parliamentary opposition is made up of the largest minority stakeholder in the general elections, headed by the Leader of the Opposition. The current opposition leader is Godwin Friday.[10]
Military
Saint Vincent has no formal armed forces, although the Royal Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Police Force includes a Special Service Unit as well as a militia that has a supporting role on the island.[36][37]
In 2017, Saint Vincent signed the UN treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons.[38]
Administrative divisions
Administratively, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines is divided into six
LGBT rights
"Acts of gross indecency", which may be defined to include
Any person, who in public or private, commits an act of gross indecency with another person of the same sex, or procures or attempts to procure another person of the same sex to commit an act of gross indecency with him or her, is guilty of an offence and liable to imprisonment for five years.[40]
Foreign relations
International and regional relationships
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines maintains close ties to
The Double Taxation Relief (CARICOM) Treaty
This section may contain an excessive amount of intricate detail that may interest only a particular audience. |
On 6 July 1994 at Sherbourne Conference Centre, St Michael, Barbados, as a representative of the Government of St. Vincent and the Grenadines, then (James Mitchell, who was subsequently knighted) signed the Double Taxation Relief (CARICOM) Treaties.[41] There were seven other signatories to the agreement on that day. The countries which were represented were Antigua and Barbuda, Belize, Grenada, Jamaica, St Kitts and Nevis, St Lucia, and Trinidad and Tobago.[42][citation needed]
An eighth country signed the agreement on 19 August 2016, Guyana. [citation needed]
This treaty covered taxes, residence, tax jurisdictions, capital gains, business profits, interest, dividends, royalties and other areas.[41]
FATCA
On 30 June 2014, St. Vincent and the Grenadines signed a Model 1 agreement with the United States of America with respect to Foreign Account Tax Compliance (Act) or FATCA.[43]
According to the updated site as of 16 January 2017, on 13 May 2016 the agreement went to "In Force" status. [citation needed]
International and regional bodies to which Saint Vincent and the Grenadines belong
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines is a member of the United Nations, the Commonwealth of Nations, the Organization of American States, and the Association of Caribbean States (ACS).
In September 2017, at the 72nd Session of the UN General Assembly, the Prime Ministers of the Solomon Islands, Tuvalu, Vanuatu and Saint Vincent and the Grenadines called for UN action on alleged human rights abuses committed by Indonesia on Western New Guinea's indigenous Papuans.[44]
In
Organisation of American States
St Vincent and the Grenadines joined the
European nations
In 2013, Saint Vincent called for European nations to pay reparations for the slave trade.[46] Upon a visit in April, 2022, the British Duke and Duchess of Edinburgh were confronted with protesters calling for reparations for Britain's participation in the slave trade. Among the protesters was Jomo Thomas, former chair of the St. Vincent and the Grenadines National Reparations Committee, who called for reparations from the former colonial power.[47] [48]
Venezuela
Saint Vincent protests against
Economy
Agriculture, dominated by
There is a small manufacturing sector and a small offshore financial sector serving international businesses; its secrecy laws have caused some international concern. There are increasing demands for international financial services like stock exchange and financial intermediaries financial activities in the country. In addition, the natives of Bequia are permitted to hunt up to four humpback whales per year under IWC subsistence quotas.[51]
Tourism
The tourism sector has considerable potential for development. The filming of the
Transportation
Communications
In 2010, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines had 21,700 telephone land lines. Its land telephone system is fully automatic, covering the entire island and all of the inhabited Grenadine islands.[50] In 2002, there were 10,000 mobile phones.[55] By 2010, this number had increased to 131,800.[50] Mobile phone service is available in most areas of Saint Vincent as well as the Grenadines.[56]
Saint Vincent has two ISPs (Digicel, Flow) that provide cellular telephone and internet service.[57]
Demographics
The population as estimated in 2021 was 104,332.[58][59] The ethnic composition was 66% African descent, 19% of mixed descent, 6% East Indian, 4% Europeans (mainly Portuguese), 2% Kalinago and 3% others.[10] Most Vincentians are the descendants of West-Central African people brought to the island to work on plantations. There are other ethnic groups such as Portuguese (from Madeira) and East Indians, both brought in to work on the plantations after the abolishing of slavery by the British living on the island. There is also a growing Chinese population.[60]
Languages
English is the official language. Most Vincentians speak Vincentian Creole.[61] English is used in education, government, religion, and other formal domains, while Creole (or 'dialect' as it is referred to locally) is used in informal situations such as in the home and among friends.[62]
Religion
According to the 2001 census, 81.5% of the population of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines identified themselves as Christian, 6.7% has another religion and 8.8% has no religion or did not state a religion (1.5%).[63]
Between 1991 and 2001 the number of Anglicans, Brethren, Methodists and Roman Catholics decreased, while the number of Pentecostals, Evangelicals and Seventh-day Adventists increased.[citation needed]
The number of non-Christians is small. These religious groups include the
Culture
Sport
Cricket, rugby and association football are most popular among men whereas netball is most popular among women. Basketball, volleyball and tennis are also very popular.[66]
The country's prime
The country regularly participates at the
Music
Music popular in Saint Vincent and the Grenadines includes big drum, calypso, soca, steelpan and reggae. String band music, quadrille and traditional storytelling are also popular. One of the most successful St Vincent natives is Kevin Lyttle. He was named Cultural Ambassador for the Island 19 September 2013.[70] The national anthem of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines is "
Media
Saint Vincent has twelve FM radio stations: 88.9 Adoration Fm,[72] 89.1 Jem Radio, 89.7 NBC Radio, 95.7 and 105.7 Praise FM, 96.7 Nice Radio, 97.1 Hot 97, 98.3 Star FM, 99.9 We FM, 103.7 Hitz, 102.7 EZee radio, 104.3 Xtreme FM and 106.9 Boom FM. There are several Internet radio stations including Chronicles Christian Radio.[73] It has one television broadcast station ZBG-TV (SVGTV)[74] and one cable television provider.
St Vincent and the Grenadines Broadcasting Corporation is the parent company for SVGTV, Magic 103.7.[75]
Holidays
Date | Name in English |
---|---|
1 January | New Year's Day |
14 March | National Heroes' Day |
15 April | Good Friday |
18 April | Easter Monday |
1 May | Labour Day |
6 June | Whit Monday |
4 July | Carnival Monday |
1 August | Emancipation Day |
27 October | Independence Day |
25 December | Christmas Day |
26 December | Boxing Day |
Notable people of Vincentian descent
- 21 Savage, Rapper
- Lincoln Alexander, Lawyer
- Judy Boucher, Reggae singer
- Ashley Cain, Footballer
- Dan Caplen, Singer-songwriter
- Jamal Edwards, Entrepreneur
- Skinny Fabulous, Soca musician/singer
- Adonal Foyle, American basketball player
- N'Keal Harry, American football player
- Jesse Lingard, Footballer
- Kevin Lyttle, Musician/singer
- Nixon McLean, Cricketer
- Mist, Rapper
- Nzingha Prescod, American Olympic fencer
- Protoje, Reggae singer
- Marlon Roudette, Singer-songwriter
- Franklyn Seales, television and motion picture actor
- Cassie Ventura, Singer
- Sophia Young, NCAA Champion and 3x WNBA All-Star
- Ezra Hendrickson, MLS Player and now Head Coach of Chicago Fire
- K. Dwight Venner, Former Governor of the Eastern Caribbean Central Bank
See also
- Outline of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
- List of long place names
- Index of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines-related articles
References
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- ^ ""Mid Year Total Population Estimates by Age and Sex, 2018 to 2022"". Statistical Office, Government of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines. Archived from the original on 22 April 2023.
- ^ "Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Population and Housing Census Report 2012" (PDF). Statistical Office, Government of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines. 2012. Archived from the original (PDF) on 22 April 2023.
- ^ a b "World Economic Outlook October 2023 (Saint Vincent and the Grenadines)". International Monetary Fund. October 2023. Retrieved 13 December 2023.
- ^ "Human Development Report 2023/24" (PDF). United Nations Development Programme. 13 March 2024. Retrieved 13 March 2024.
- ^ ""Mid Year Total Population Estimates by Age and Sex, 2018 to 2022"". Statistical Office, Government of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines. Archived from the original on 22 April 2023.
- ^ "Everything We Know About the Volcano Eruption on St. Vincent". Town&Country magazine. 12 April 2021. Retrieved 13 April 2021.
- ^ Jones, Dustin (12 April 2021). "From Bad To Worse: La Soufrière Volcano Continues To Erupt". NPR. Retrieved 12 April 2021.
- ^ "US$20m for St. Vincent volcano response from World Bank". NY Carib News. Archived from the original on 11 July 2022. Retrieved 13 April 2021.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m "CIA World Factbook – St Vincent". Retrieved 7 July 2019.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k "The Commonwealth – St Vincent and the Grenadines". Archived from the original on 22 January 2020. Retrieved 7 July 2019.
- ^ "Review of the Indigenous Caribbean". indigenousreview.blogspot.com.au.
- ^ Frere. Adrien Le Breton SJ. (1662–1736). Historic Account of Saint Vincent, the Kalinago Youroumayn, the island of the Karaÿbes. Paris: Museum of Natural History, Fonds Jussieu.
{{cite book}}
: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) - ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s David Lawrence Niddrie, Richard Tolson, Adrian Fraser (21 October 2019). "Saint Vincent and the Grenadines". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 7 July 2019.
{{cite encyclopedia}}
: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ "St Vincent Genealogy Resources". svgancestry.com. Archived from the original on 21 March 2012.
- ^ "St Vincent's Fort Charlotte to undergo extensive restoration, upgrades". stvincenttimes.com. St Vincent Times. 5 September 2022.
- ^ a b c Pyle, David (8 May 2014). "A volcanic retrospective: eruptions of the Soufrière, St Vincent". Retrieved 7 July 2019.
- ^ "Sir David Smith "An Australian Head of State: An Historical and Contemporary Perspective [1]"". www.aph.gov.au. Retrieved 12 August 2020.
- ^ "St. Vincent Suppresses Short-Lived Rebellion On Isle in Grenadines". The New York Times. 9 December 1979. Retrieved 7 July 2019.
- ^ "Union remembers December 7 uprising". 9 December 2005. Retrieved 7 July 2019.
- ^ "Caribbean Elections | St. Vincent and the Grenadines General Elections 2010". Archived from the original on 6 October 2011. Retrieved 12 September 2011.
- ^ a b c St Vincent and the Grenadines profile – Leaders, BBC News (27 November 2014).
- ^ Ralph E. Gonsalves, The Making of "The Comrade": The Political Journey of Ralph Gonsalves: an Autobiographical Sketch of a Caribbean Prime Minister (SFI Books, 2010).
- ^ Torres, Aileen (6 March 2014). "Caribbean nations consider push for slavery reparations". Reuters. Retrieved 7 July 2019.
- ^ St Vincent and the Grenadines country profile, BBC News (31 May 2018).
- ^ "Constitutional reform referendum defeated in St Vincent & the Grenadines". Antillean. 26 November 2009. Archived from the original on 18 February 2010. Retrieved 16 December 2011.
- ^ "Ralph romps to fifth straight election win in St Vincent and the Grenadines". jamaica-gleaner.com. 6 November 2020.
- ^ "Explosive eruption rocks volcano on Caribbean's St. Vincent". NBC News. 9 April 2021.
- ^ Balboni, Julien (10 October 2018). "L'enfer d'une société belge au paradis terrestre". L'Echo (in French). Archived from the original on 8 January 2019. Retrieved 11 December 2019.
- ^ "North America - Grassland, desert, and tundra soils | Britannica". www.britannica.com. Retrieved 19 June 2022.
- ^ "Largest Islands In Saint Vincent And The Grenadines". WorldAtlas. 25 April 2017. Retrieved 19 June 2022.
- PMID 28608869.
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- ^ "SVG's First Female Head of State Sworn In". Searchlight.vc. 1 August 2019. Retrieved 23 August 2019.
- ^ Profile Archived 6 October 2011 at the Wayback Machine, caribbeanelections.com; accessed 1 September 2014.
- ^ "Special Services Unit (SSU) Overview". rsvgpf.gov.vc. Archived from the original on 7 April 2022. Retrieved 10 April 2021.
- ^ "Food safety and quality: Country page". www.fao.org. 9 September 2019. Retrieved 10 April 2021.
- ^ "Chapter XXVI: Disarmament – No. 9 Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons". United Nations Treaty Collection. 7 July 2017.
- ^ Avery, Daniel (4 April 2019). "71 Countries Where Homosexuality is Illegal". Newsweek.
- ^ United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees. "Saint Vincent and the Grenadines: Situation and treatment of homosexuals; legislation; availability of state protection and support services (2007 – September 2009)". Refworld. Archived from the original on 28 July 2011.
- ^ a b c "The Double Taxation Relief (Caricom) Order" (PDF). Legal Supplement. 33 (273). 28 December 1994.
- ^ "No Double Taxation on Earnings Under CSME". Jamaica Information Service. 12 October 2005. Retrieved 8 December 2021.
- ^ "Foreign Account Tax Compliance Act (FATCA)". Treasury.gov. Retrieved 8 July 2017.
- ^ "Fiery debate over West Papua at UN General Assembly". Radio New Zealand 2017. 27 September 2017.
- ^ "Member State: Saint Vincent and the Grenadines". Organization of American States. 1 August 2009. Retrieved 8 July 2017.
- ^ "14 Caribbean nations sue European countries for slavery reparations". america.aljazeera.com. Retrieved 10 March 2021.
- ISSN 0029-7712. Retrieved 18 January 2024.
- ^ "The Backlash to Prince Edward and Sophie's Caribbean Royal Tour Grows". Town & Country. 26 April 2022. Retrieved 18 January 2024.
- ^ "Statement of St Vincent & the Grenadines". United Nations Population Information Network. 9 September 1994. Retrieved 16 December 2011.
- ^ a b c "The World Fact Book". Central Intelligence Agency. 10 November 2011. Retrieved 16 December 2011.
- ^ "Bequia". iwc.int. Retrieved 26 June 2022.
- ^ Culzac-Wilson, Lystra (October 2003). "Report to the Regional Consultation on SIDS Specific Issues" (PDF). United Nations Environment Program. Archived from the original (PDF) on 11 January 2012. Retrieved 16 December 2011.
- ^ "Argyle International Airport, St Vincent & the Grenadines". caribbeanconstruction.com. Archived from the original on 3 March 2016. Retrieved 3 May 2012.
- ^ "Argyle International Airport to open February 14". Antigua Observer Newspaper. 29 December 2016. Archived from the original on 4 January 2017. Retrieved 20 January 2017.
- ^ "Saint Vincent and the Grenadines". About.com. 1 November 2005. Archived from the original on 13 January 2012. Retrieved 16 December 2011.
- ^ "Saint Vincent & the Grenadines: 2 Best Prepaid SIM Cards Buying Guide (2023)". Phone Travel Wiz. 19 March 2023. Retrieved 22 March 2023.
- ^ "About SVG: Essentials". SVG Tourism Authority. Archived from the original on 7 August 2016. Retrieved 16 December 2011.
- ^ "World Population Prospects 2022". United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division. Retrieved 17 July 2022.
- ^ "World Population Prospects 2022: Demographic indicators by region, subregion and country, annually for 1950-2100" (XSLX) ("Total Population, as of 1 July (thousands)"). United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division. Retrieved 17 July 2022.
- ^ "WHO WE ARE". svg-un.org. Permanent Mission of St Vincent and the Grenadines to the United Nations.
- ^ "Vincentian Creole English". Ethnologue. 19 February 1999. Retrieved 29 April 2014.
- ^ "The Classification of the English-Lexifier Creole Languages Spoken in Grenada, Guyana, St Vincent, and Tobago Using a Comparison of the Markers of Some Key Grammatical Features". SIL International. Retrieved 29 April 2014.
- ^ "Population and housing census report 2001". stats.gov.vc. Archived from the original on 11 September 2018. Retrieved 8 July 2017.
- ^ Sen Nag, Oishimaya (13 November 2018). "Religious Beliefs In Saint Vincent and the Grenadines". World Atlas.
- ^ "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 10 August 2011. Retrieved 27 November 2010.
{{cite web}}
: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) - ^ "Visit St Vincent & the Grenadines – Sport". visitsvg.com. Archived from the original on 19 September 2015. Retrieved 28 October 2015.
- ^ "Chicago Fire FC Names Ezra Hendrickson Head Coach". Chicago Fire FC. Retrieved 24 November 2021.
- ^ "Natasha Mayers of St. Vincent and the Grenadines will be moved up to gold". sandiegouniontribune.com. Retrieved 14 February 2022.
- ^ "SVG's Kineke Alexander takes Pan Am Games 400 metres bronze". iwnsvg.com. Retrieved 14 February 2022.
- ^ "Kevin Lyttle, "Skinny Fabulous," n "Fireman Hooper" Are Named Cultural Ambassadors". Islandmix.com. 19 September 2013. Archived from the original on 29 April 2014. Retrieved 29 April 2014.
- ^ "Saint Vincent and the Grenadines - National Anthem Art". National Anthem Art.
- ^ "Contemporary Christian Radio Station". Adoration FM SVG. Retrieved 8 July 2017.
- ^ "About Caribbean Christian Radio Online". Chronicles Christian Radio. Retrieved 8 July 2017.
- ^ "SVGTV". St Vincent and the Grenadines Broadcasting Corporation Ltd. Archived from the original on 8 January 2012. Retrieved 16 December 2011.
- ^ "Welcome to the Saint Vincent & The Grenadines Broadcasting Corporation Website". SVGBC. Retrieved 18 March 2020.
- ^ "St Vincent and the Grenadines public holidays". World Travel Guide. Retrieved 13 October 2021.
Further reading
- Bobrow, Jill & Jinkins, Dana. 1985. St. Vincent and the Grenadines. 4th Edition Revised and Updated, Concepts Publishing Co., Waitsfield, Vermont, 1993.
- Cosover, Mary Jo. 1989. "St. Vincent and the Grenadines." In Islands of the Commonwealth Caribbean: A Regional Study, edited by Sandra W. Meditz and Dennis M. Hanratty. US Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C.
- CIA Factbook entry
- Gonsalves, Ralph E. 1994. History and the Future: A Caribbean Perspective. Quik-Print, Kingstown, St Vincent.
- US Dept of State Profile
- Williams, Eric. 1964. British Historians and the West Indies, Port-of-Spain.
External links
- Government
- Official website
- Website of the Prime Minister of St Vincent and the Grenadines
- Chief of State and Cabinet Members
- General information
- Saint Vincent and the Grenadines. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
- Saint Vincent and the Grenadines from UCB Libraries GovPubs
- Saint Vincent and the Grenadines at Curlie
- St Vincent and the Grenadines from the BBC News
- Wikimedia Atlas of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
- Key Development Forecasts for St Vincent and the Grenadines from International Futures
- Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Private Sector Assessment Report