Salina, Kansas
Salina, Kansas | ||
---|---|---|
ZIP code 67401-67402[6] | ||
Area code | 785 | |
FIPS code | 20-62700[1] | |
GNIS ID | 476808[1] | |
Website | salina-ks.gov |
Salina /səˈlaɪnə/ is a city in and the county seat of Saline County, Kansas, United States.[1] As of the 2020 census, the population was 46,889.[4][5]
In the early 1800s, the Kanza tribal land reached eastward from the middle of the Kansas Territory. In 1858, settlers from Lawrence founded the Salina Town Company with a wagon circle, under constant threat of High Plains tribal attacks from the west. It was named for the salty Saline River. Saline County was soon organized around this township, and in 1870, Salina incorporated as a city.
As the westernmost town on the
It is now a
History
Native inhabitance: up to 1800s
Shortly prior to
By the time of exploration of the prairie by the United States following the Louisiana Purchase in the early 1800s, the Republican Pawnee had established its influence in the Smoky Hills,[11] driving the Kansa to its northeastern Kansas settlements.[12][13][14][15]
The United States established forts throughout the territory to provide security for established commercial trade trails, including the
Battle of Indian Rock: 1857
By the time of the first tentative settlements by United States citizens, the site was claimed as hunting grounds by the High Plains tribes of Cheyenne, Arapaho, and Sioux, which had expanded into the area, driving out the Pawnee. However, the Kansa continued to hunt in the area, in which they were joined by the Delaware and Potawatomi tribes which had been relocated by the U.S. Government near the Kansa's reserve and assured of hunting access to the plains. The High Plains tribes were hostilely opposed to both the U.S. settlers in central Kansas and to the relocated tribes in Eastern Kansas and Nebraska, who they also regarded as settlers, and there were several raids in the Salina area in the 1850s. These Indian skirmishes repeatedly discouraged settlement of the Salina site until 1857, according to William A. Phillips who resided in Lawrence while scouting settlement locations.[16]
In that year, Big Chief of the Cheyenne led a party of the High Plains tribes. At Spring Creek, 20 miles west of what became Salina, they made a surprise attack on a hunting party of the "friendly" Eastern tribes. The hunting party retreated to Dry Creek, trapped and sending for help from another Kaw hunting party from Council Grove. Big Chief forced them to flee further to a butte in a bend of the Smoky Hill River, where they were joined by the Kaw reinforcements with rifles. Firing rifles from the cover of large sandstone boulders atop the butte, the defenders killed Big Chief on the first of five offensive charge attempts. His attacking bow and arrow force was devastated, leaving bodies strewn, and effectively ending the local raids.[16][17]
The aftermath was recalled by settler Christina Campbell: "one of the fiercest and most cruel Indian battles known to white settlers; around were strewn thousands of arrows and implements of Indian warfare. Indian Rock, besmeared with blood, showed the part it played in repelling the repeated savages' attacks. It was here that the Cheyenne made their last attack."[16]
Founding: 1858–1870
The defeat of the aggressive High Plains tribes had enabled the safe return of attempted settlers. In April 1858, journalist and lawyer William A. Phillips from Lawrence led the founding of Salina, accompanied by settlers David Phillips, Alexander M. Campbell Sr. (husband of Christina), A.C. Spillman, and James Muir. They were all Scotch Presbyterians, and all but Muir were related. From a west riverbank dugout at what is now Riverside Park, they camped and designed the first building. It was a two-story dwelling and Campbell's store, at what is now the southwest corner of 5th St and Iron Ave near Founders Park. Constant tribal attacks required a wagon circle around the first water well one block west. The Campbells had the first surviving settler birth in the area, also named Christina.[18][16]
That month, and still predating the 1861 statehood of Kansas, they chartered the Salina Town Company with the Kansas territory legislature. During the following year, they organized the surrounding area as Saline County, and named Salina the county seat.[18][16][17] The westernmost town on the Smoky Hill Trail, Salina established itself as a trading post for westbound immigrants, gold prospectors bound for Pikes Peak, and area American Indian tribes.[18] The town's growth halted with the outbreak of the American Civil War when much of the male population left to join the Union Army.[19]
In 1862, residents fended off Indian raiders and suffered a second assault by
Growth resumed with returning war veterans, and the town expanded rapidly with the arrival of the Kansas Pacific Railway in 1867. The construction of the railroad through Salina to Denver was a violation of treaty promises of Indian hunting grounds west of Salina, and Dog Soldiers began raiding the construction parties between Salina and Fort Wallace.[22] The following U.S. military action removed Indians from western Kansas by 1868.[citation needed]
Salina incorporated as a city in 1870.[19][23]
Growth: 1872–1950s
The cattle trade arrived in 1872, transforming Salina into a cowtown. It brought further prosperity, but also a rowdy culture that agitated local residents. The cattle trade relocated westward just two years later.
In 1943, the U.S. Army established
The Salina micropolitan area is a center of trade, transportation, and industry in North Central Kansas.[17]
Geography
Salina is located at 38°50′25″N 97°36′41″W / 38.84028°N 97.61139°W (38.8402805, -97.6114237) at an elevation of 1,224 feet (373 m).
Salina lies in the Smoky Hills region of the Great Plains approximately 6 miles (9.7 km) west-southwest of the confluence of the Saline and Smoky Hill Rivers.[30] The Smoky Hill River runs north then northeast through the eastern part of the city; the Saline River flows southeast immediately north of the city.[31] In the northeast part of the city, the old channel of the Smoky Hill branches from the river's current course and winds west, north, and back east before draining back into the river. Mulberry Creek, a tributary of the Saline, flows northeast through the far northern part of the city. Dry Creek, a tributary of Mulberry Creek, flows north through the western part of the city.[32]
According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 25.15 square miles (65.14 km2), of which 25.11 square miles (65.03 km2) is land and 0.04 square miles (0.10 km2) is water.[33]
Climate
Salina lies in the transition area between North America's
Salina is in a region prone to
The annual average temperature in Salina is 56.1 °F (13 °C). The monthly daily average temperature ranges from 31.0 °F (−0.6 °C) in January to 81.1 °F (27.3 °C) in July. The high temperature reaches or exceeds 90 °F (32 °C) an average of 67.6 days per year and reaches or exceeds 100 °F (38 °C) an average of 15.9 days per year. The low temperature falls below the freezing point, 32 °F (0 °C), an average of 115.5 days per year and below 0 °F (−18 °C) an average of 2.1 days per year.[39] The hottest temperature recorded in Salina is 118 °F (48 °C) on August 13, 1936; the coldest temperature recorded is −31 °F (−35 °C) on February 13, 1905.[40]
On average, Salina receives 32.2 in (818 mm) of precipitation per year with the largest share being received from May to August.
Climate data for Salina, Kansas Salina Regional Airport (KSLN), 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1900–present | |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
Record high °F (°C) | 78 (26) |
84 (29) |
96 (36) |
105 (41) |
106 (41) |
114 (46) |
116 (47) |
118 (48) |
110 (43) |
100 (38) |
89 (32) |
81 (27) |
118 (48) |
Mean maximum °F (°C) | 65.2 (18.4) |
70.9 (21.6) |
81.0 (27.2) |
87.7 (30.9) |
93.9 (34.4) |
101.1 (38.4) |
105.7 (40.9) |
103.3 (39.6) |
98.0 (36.7) |
89.7 (32.1) |
76.0 (24.4) |
64.9 (18.3) |
106.9 (41.6) |
Mean daily maximum °F (°C) | 41.4 (5.2) |
46.3 (7.9) |
57.3 (14.1) |
66.9 (19.4) |
76.8 (24.9) |
88.1 (31.2) |
92.8 (33.8) |
90.1 (32.3) |
81.9 (27.7) |
69.1 (20.6) |
55.1 (12.8) |
43.2 (6.2) |
67.4 (19.7) |
Daily mean °F (°C) | 30.8 (−0.7) |
34.9 (1.6) |
45.3 (7.4) |
54.6 (12.6) |
65.1 (18.4) |
76.2 (24.6) |
80.9 (27.2) |
78.6 (25.9) |
70.1 (21.2) |
57.0 (13.9) |
43.6 (6.4) |
32.9 (0.5) |
55.8 (13.3) |
Mean daily minimum °F (°C) | 20.1 (−6.6) |
23.6 (−4.7) |
33.2 (0.7) |
42.3 (5.7) |
53.4 (11.9) |
64.2 (17.9) |
69.1 (20.6) |
67.1 (19.5) |
58.2 (14.6) |
44.9 (7.2) |
32.1 (0.1) |
22.6 (−5.2) |
44.2 (6.8) |
Mean minimum °F (°C) | 2.2 (−16.6) |
5.6 (−14.7) |
15.4 (−9.2) |
26.1 (−3.3) |
38.4 (3.6) |
52.0 (11.1) |
59.0 (15.0) |
57.0 (13.9) |
42.4 (5.8) |
28.0 (−2.2) |
15.9 (−8.9) |
5.8 (−14.6) |
−3.0 (−19.4) |
Record low °F (°C) | −28 (−33) |
−31 (−35) |
−11 (−24) |
5 (−15) |
19 (−7) |
39 (4) |
46 (8) |
38 (3) |
28 (−2) |
13 (−11) |
−5 (−21) |
−24 (−31) |
−31 (−35) |
Average precipitation inches (mm) | 0.71 (18) |
0.87 (22) |
1.82 (46) |
2.72 (69) |
5.04 (128) |
3.75 (95) |
3.92 (100) |
3.71 (94) |
2.65 (67) |
2.16 (55) |
1.22 (31) |
1.12 (28) |
29.69 (753) |
Average snowfall inches (cm) | 6.0 (15) |
3.2 (8.1) |
2.2 (5.6) |
0.3 (0.76) |
0.0 (0.0) |
0.0 (0.0) |
0.0 (0.0) |
0.0 (0.0) |
0.0 (0.0) |
0.4 (1.0) |
1.2 (3.0) |
3.3 (8.4) |
16.6 (41.86) |
Average precipitation days (≥ 0.01 in) | 5.0 | 5.1 | 7.1 | 8.6 | 11.3 | 9.6 | 9.5 | 8.3 | 7.0 | 7.3 | 4.9 | 4.8 | 88.5 |
Average snowy days (≥ 0.1 in) | 2.9 | 1.8 | 1.1 | 0.2 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.1 | 1.1 | 2.0 | 9.2 |
Average relative humidity (%)
|
69 | 63 | 67 | 65 | 71 | 62 | 59 | 61 | 50 | 56 | 66 | 73 | 64 |
Source 1: NOAA (snow/snow days 1981–2010)[39][42] | |||||||||||||
Source 2: National Weather Service[40][43] Weatherbase: Humidity[41] |
Demographics
Census | Pop. | Note | %± |
---|---|---|---|
1870 | 918 | — | |
1880 | 3,111 | 238.9% | |
1890 | 6,149 | 97.7% | |
1900 | 6,074 | −1.2% | |
1910 | 9,688 | 59.5% | |
1920 | 15,085 | 55.7% | |
1930 | 20,155 | 33.6% | |
1940 | 21,073 | 4.6% | |
1950 | 26,176 | 24.2% | |
1960 | 43,202 | 65.0% | |
1970 | 37,714 | −12.7% | |
1980 | 41,843 | 10.9% | |
1990 | 42,303 | 1.1% | |
2000 | 45,679 | 8.0% | |
2010 | 47,707 | 4.4% | |
2020 | 46,889 | −1.7% | |
U.S. Decennial Census[44] 2010-2020[5] |
Salina is the anchor city of the Salina Micropolitan Statistical Area, which includes all of Saline and Ottawa counties.[45]
2020 census
The
Of the 19,245 households, 25.4% had children under the age of 18; 43.7% were married couples living together; 30.4% had a female householder with no husband present. 36.9% of households consisted of individuals and 13.6% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.4 and the average family size was 3.1.
23.2% of the population was under the age of 18, 9.1% from 18 to 24, 25.2% from 25 to 44, 25.4% from 45 to 64, and 16.7% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 38.0 years. For every 100 females, the population had 98.6 males. For every 100 females ages 18 and older, there were 96.4 males.
The 2016-2020 5-year
2010 census
As of the
There were 19,391 households, of which 31.6% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 45.3% were married couples living together, 4.9% had a male householder with no wife present, 11.8% had a female householder with no husband present, and 38.0% were non-families. 31.6% of all households were made up of individuals, and 11.6% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.39, and the average family size was 2.99.[48]
The population was spread out, with 25.1% of residents under the age of 18; 9.9% between the ages of 18 and 24; 25.4% from 25 to 44; 25.3% from 45 to 64; and 14.3% 65 years of age or older. The median age was 36.4 years. The gender makeup was 49.4% male and 50.6% female.[48]
The
2000 census
As of the
There were 18,523 households, of which 31.5% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 49.8% were married couples living together, 10.5% had a female householder with no husband present, and 35.9% were non-families. 30.1% of all households were made up of individuals, and 11.3% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.39 and the average family size was 2.98.
The population was spread out, with 25.9% under the age of 18, 10.0% from 18 to 24, 28.7% from 25 to 44, 21.1% from 45 to 64, and 14.3% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 35 years. For every 100 females, there were 95.8 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 92.8 males.
The median income for a household was $36,066, and the median income for a family was $45,433. Males had a median income of $31,250 versus $21,944 for females. The per capita income was $18,593. About 6.7% of families and 9.6% of the population were below the poverty line, including 10.6% of those under age 18 and 9.2% of those age 65 or over.[48]
Economy
Salina hosted the first garment factory for
As of 2010[update], 71.0% of the population over the age of 16 was in the labor force. 0.4% was in the armed forces, and 70.6% was in the civilian labor force with 66.9% being employed and 3.7% unemployed. The composition, by occupation, of the employed civilian labor force was: 27.2% in management, business, science, and arts; 25.4% in sales and office occupations; 19.4% in service occupations; 9.9% in natural resources, construction, and maintenance; 18.2% in production, transportation, and material moving. The three industries employing the largest percentages of the working civilian labor force were: educational services, health care, and social assistance (21.2%); manufacturing (17.8%); and retail trade (13.1%).[48]
The cost of living in Salina is relatively low; compared to a U.S. average of 100, the cost of living index is 80.9.[56] As of 2010[update], the median home value was $109,700, the median selected monthly owner cost was $1,070 for housing units with a mortgage and $396 for those without, and the median gross rent was $599.[48]
Top employers
As of Salina's 2019 Comprehensive Annual Financial Report,[57] these were the employers with the most employees in 2019:
# | Employer | # of Employees |
---|---|---|
1 | Salina Regional Health Center | 1,875 |
2 | Schwan's Global Supply Chain | 1,700 |
3 | Salina United School District (USD) 305 | 1,500 |
4 | Great Plains Manufacturing | 1,100 |
5 | Exide Technologies | 600 |
6 | City of Salina | 425 |
7 | Salina Vortex | 375 |
8 | REV Group | 300 |
9 | Walmart | 250 |
10 | Signify | 190 |
Government
Salina is a
The Salina Fire department operates four stations inside the city.[citation needed]
Salina is the
Salina lies within Kansas's 1st U.S. Congressional District. For the purposes of representation in the Kansas Legislature, the city is located in the 24th district of the Kansas Senate and the 69th, 71st, and 108th districts of the Kansas House of Representatives.[58]
Education
Primary and secondary
The primary public school district for almost all of the city of Salina is USD 305. A small area of Salina is located within three other public school districts: USD 306, USD 307, USD 400.[62][63]
Salina USD 305 school district operates twelve schools in Salina:[62][56][64][65]
- Salina High School Central (9-12)
- Salina High School South (9-12)
- Lakewood Middle School (6-8)
- Salina South Middle School (6-8)
- Coronado Elementary School (K-5)
- Cottonwood Elementary School (K-5)
- Grace E. Stewart Elementary School (K-5)
- Heusner Elementary School (K-5)
- Meadowlark Ridge Elementary School (K-5)
- Oakdale Elementary School (K-5)
- Schilling Elementary School (K-5)
- Sunset Elementary School (K-5)
Southeast of Saline USD 306 school district includes a tiny amount of the south side of Salina,[62] and its borders are along or near the southeast side of Salina.
Ell–Saline USD 307 school district includes a tiny amount of the southwest side of Salina,[62] and its borders are along or near the west side of Salina.
Smoky Valley USD 400 school district includes the Salina landfill (legally part of Salina), which is located north of the city of Smolan,[62] but there are no houses within that part of Salina.
Private schools include these:[56]
- St. Mary's Grade School (PreK-6), Catholic school
- Salina Christian Academy (PreK-10), closed in 2019[66]
- Sacred Heart Junior-Senior High School (7-12), Catholic school
- St. John's Military School (6-12), male only, closed in 2019[67]
- Cornerstone Classical School (PreK-12)
Colleges and universities
- Kansas State University Polytechnic Campus
- Kansas Wesleyan University
- Marymount College (closed in 1989)
- Salina Area Technical College
- Salina Normal University (closed in 1904)[68]
- University of Kansas School of Medicine, Salina
Infrastructure
Transportation
Salina Municipal Airport is located southwest of the city.[73] Used primarily for general aviation, it hosts one commercial airline United Express with flights to Chicago O'Hare and Denver International Airport.
Union Pacific Railroad operates one freight rail line through Salina. Its Kansas Pacific (KP) Line runs northeast-southwest through the northern part of the city.[32][74] Salina is also the southeastern terminus for both the Kyle Railroad and the Kansas and Oklahoma Railroad.[75]
Utilities
The city government's Department of Public Works is responsible for water treatment and distribution, waste water removal, sewer maintenance, and trash collection.
Health care
There are two hospitals in Salina: Salina Regional Health Center, a 204-bed not-for-profit general medical and surgical facility; and Salina Surgical Hospital, a specialized, 16-bed surgical facility.[77][78]
Media
Salina is a center of broadcast media for
Culture
Events
Each June, the Salina Arts & Humanities department holds the Smoky Hill River Festival lasting three and a half days, with arts and crafts shows, music concerts, games, and other activities. Originally held as a downtown street parade in 1976 to celebrate the
Points of interest
Operated by the city government's Arts & Humanities department, the Smoky Hill Museum contains artifacts, exhibits, and public educational programs on local history, agriculture, and education with collections dating back to 1879.[89]
The Tony's Pizza Events Center (formerly Bicentennial Center) is the primary venue in the city for large indoor events. It includes a 7,500-seat multipurpose arena and the 18,000 sq ft (1,700 m2) Heritage Hall convention center. The Center hosts concerts, sporting events, and trade shows.[90]
The Rolling Hills Wildlife Adventure is a public zoo and wildlife park located 6 miles (9.7 km) west of the city near Hedville. It has animal exhibits, an art gallery, and a wildlife museum.[91]
Indian Rock Park is the tallest point in the area, mainly featuring a hill within the vast Wellington Formation stretching from Nebraska to Oklahoma. In the late 1950s, part of the hill was excavated for flood control after the Great Flood of 1951, diverting the Smoky Hill River along the edge of the park and creating 80-foot steep shale bluffs. It has a panoramic view of the city, a river fishing pier, a pond from the former brick factory, and hiking trails.[16]
Salina Community Theatre (SCT) is a regionally acclaimed theater, producing seven seasonal shows and three summer shows every year. Productions include the contemporary, such as ABBA's Mamma Mia! and Disney's Newsies, and classics such as Miracle on 34th Street.[92]
Religion
More than 70
A Buddhist temple is located northwest of the city.[100]
Sports
- Salina was home to Cleveland Indians (1941) and Philadelphia Phillies (1946–1952). Salina teams played at Athletic Park (1898–1914), Oakdale Park (1922–1926) and Kenwood Field (1938–1952).[101][102][103][104]
- Salina hosted the Kansas Cagerz[105] and Salina Rattlers[106] basketball teams.
- Salina hosted the Bicentennial Center.[107]
- Salina hosted the Bicentennial Center. When the Big Eight became the Big 12, the tournament was moved to Kansas City, Missouri.
- Salina hosts the Kansas State High School Activities Association (KSHSAA) Class 4A state wrestlingtournament and the Class 3A & 4A volleyball tournaments, the Class 4A state basketball tournament, and the Class 4A state softball tournament. Salina also occasionally hosts the Class 4A state baseball tournament and one of the state championship football games.
- Salina was home to the indoor football team playing in the Champions Professional Indoor Football League from 2013 to 2014, then Champions Indoor Football.
- Salina hosts the Salina Liberty, the second indoor football team from the city, who now play in the CIF.
- Salina is the home of the Kansas Wesleyan University Coyotes, a 20-sport National Association of Intercollegiate Athletics athletics program. The Coyotes have been a member of the Kansas Collegiate Athletic Conferencesince 1928.
In popular culture
- The 1980 teen comedy film Up the Academy starring Ralph Macchio was filmed entirely in Salina, mostly on the campus of St. John's Military School.
- Scenes in the 1955 movie Picnic, starring William Holden and Kim Novak, were filmed in Salina: the train arrival and The Bensons' mansion.
- Millie Dillmount, the fictional main character in the musical Thoroughly Modern Millie, is from Salina. She leaves home for New York City, determined never to return, as depicted in the opening number, "Not for the Life of Me".
- In Alfred Hitchcock's film Vertigo, the character Judy Barton (played by Kim Novak) comes from 425 Maple Avenue in Salina.
- The Avett Brothers wrote a song "Salina" on the 2007 album Emotionalism.
Notable people
Notable individuals who were born in or have lived in Salina include former White House press secretary
See also
- National Register of Historic Places listings in Saline County, Kansas
- Christ Cathedral
- Fox-Watson Theater Building
- Masonic Temple
- Whiteford (Price) Archeological Site - former site of Native American village around 1000-1350 AD
References
- ^ a b c d e f "Salina, Kansas", Geographic Names Information System, United States Geological Survey, United States Department of the Interior
- ^ "City of Salina Mayors". City of Salina. Retrieved July 5, 2022.
- ^ "2019 U.S. Gazetteer Files". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved July 24, 2020.
- ^ a b "Profile of Salina, Kansas in 2020". United States Census Bureau. Archived from the original on November 13, 2021. Retrieved November 13, 2021.
- ^ a b c "QuickFacts; Salina, Kansas; Population, Census, 2020 & 2010". United States Census Bureau. Archived from the original on August 24, 2021. Retrieved August 23, 2021.
- ^ "USPS - Look Up a ZIP Code". United States Postal Service. 2012. Retrieved February 15, 2012.
- ^ Sturtevant, William C. (1967). "Early Indian Tribes, Culture Areas, and Linguistic Stocks [Map]". Smithsonian Institution. Retrieved March 5, 2014.
- ^ "Louisiana Purchase". Kansapedia. Kansas Historical Society. August 2012. Retrieved March 5, 2014.
- ^ "Kansas Territory". Kansapedia. March 2013. Retrieved March 5, 2013.
- ^ Delisle, Guillaume (1718), 1718 Carte de la Louisiane et du Cours du Mississipi
- ^ Pike, Zebulon (1895). Coues, Elliott (ed.). The Expeditions of Zebulon Montgomery Pike: Arkansaw Journey. Mexican Tour. New York, NY: Francis P. Harper. pp. 417–652.
Were overtaken by the Pawnee chief whose party we left the day before, who informed us the hunting-party had taken another road, and that he had come to bid us goodbye.
"From Pawnee Village through Kansas ... " Zebulan Pike recorded the Pawnee's control of the Smoky Hills through to the Great Bend of the Arkansas River. - ^ Frémont, J. C. 1934. The expeditions of John Charles Frémont. (D. Jackson and M. L. Spence, Eds.). University of Illinois Press, Chicago. Fremont observed Pawnee desolation of Kaw villages "After crossing this stream, I rode off some miles to the left, attracted by the appearance of a cluster of huts near the mouth of the [Little] Vermillion. It was a large but deserted Kansas village, scattered in an open wood along the margin of the stream, on a spot chosen with the customary Indian fondness for beauty and scenery. The Pawnees had attacked it in the early spring [of 1843]. Some of the houses were burnt, and others blackened with smoke, and weeds were already getting possession of the cleared places."
- ^ Howard C. Raynesford (1953). "The Raynesford Papers: Notes- The Smoky Hill River & Fremont's Indian Village". Archived from the original on January 23, 2003. Retrieved December 4, 2021.
- ^ 19th Century Kansas Trails (PDF), Kansas Department of Transportation, retrieved December 4, 2021
- ^ Carson Bear (April 4, 2018). "A Nearly Pristine Pawnee Tipi Ring Site Preserved for More Than a Century". National Trust for Historic Preservation. Retrieved December 4, 2021.
- ^ Newspapers.com.
As news of the battle spread, the potential for settlement lured Phillips, who was in Lawrence, to return to the area where Salina would be founded.
- ^ a b c d e "Salina History". City of Salina, Kansas. Archived from the original on March 5, 2014. Retrieved March 5, 2014.
- ^ a b c "History". City of Salina. Retrieved April 7, 2022.
- ^ a b c Blackmar, Frank W., ed. (1912). "Salina". Kansas: a cyclopedia of state history, embracing events, institutions, industries, counties, cities, towns, prominent persons, etc. Vol. 2. Chicago: Standard. pp. 634–635.
- ^ Bramwell, Ruby P. (1969). City on the Move: The Story of Salina. Salina: Survey Press. p. 61.
- ^ Morrison, pp. 3-4.
- ^ Collins. Kansas Pacific. p. 13.
[After Fort Hays, it] would then enter the country of three nomadic Indian tribes: the Cheyenne, Arapahoe and Kiowa. ... mile and a half per day. ... Then the Indian raids began.
- ^ Blackmar, Frank W., ed. (1912). "Saline County". Kansas: a cyclopedia of state history, embracing events, institutions, industries, counties, cities, towns, prominent persons, etc. Vol. 2. Chicago: Standard. pp. 635–639.
- ^ Cutler, William G. (1883), "Salina, Part 1", History of the State of Kansas, Chicago: A.T. Andreas
- ^ WPA (1949). Kansas: A Guide to the Sunflower State. New York City: Hastings House. p. 273.
- ^ a b "Lee Jeans History". lee.com. Archived from the original on July 13, 2011. Retrieved October 19, 2010.
- ^ a b "SAC Bases: Smokey Hill / Schilling AFB". Strategic-Air-Command.com. Retrieved July 17, 2010.
- ^ "Narrative". Salina Area Chamber of Commerce. 2008. Archived from the original on July 27, 2011. Retrieved July 17, 2010.
- ^ "City Distance Tool". Geobytes. Archived from the original on October 5, 2010. Retrieved September 5, 2013.
- ^ "Latitude/Longitude Distance Calculator". National Hurricane Center. Retrieved October 7, 2010. Used Latitude/Longitude of river confluence from United States Geological Survey and the latitude/longitude given on this page for Salina to calculate distance.
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Further reading
- Salina: 1858–2008 (Images of America); Salina History Book Committee; Arcadia Publishing; 2008; ISBN 0-7385-6181-9
- Salina: Mart of the Middle West; Salina Commercial Club, Padgett's Printing House; 1908. (Various formats eBook)
- Illustrated Salina: The Forest City; Frederick A. Loomis, S. E. Rankin Publisher, 1892. (Various formats eBook)
External links
- Official website
- Salina - Directory of Public Officials
- Salina - Chamber of Commerce
- Smoky Hill Museum
- Special Collections: A gift of William A. Phillips, the founder of Salina at the Wayback Machine (archived September 28, 2011)
- Saline city maps: KDOT, ARCGIS.