Sallum
Sallum
السلوم as-Sallūm | |
|---|---|
Village/harbour-side town | |
UTC+2 (EST ) |
Sallum (
Sallum is mainly a Bedouin community of the families of merchants, fishermen and herdsmen. It has little tourist activity and few organized historical curiosities. It is a key trading center for the local Bedouin community. It has a World War II Commonwealth War Graves Commission cemetery and is 7.5 km (4.7 mi) north of Halfaya Pass.
Sallum is on its own pass, improved since World War II, has become the main pass ascending the related ridge, which obstructs east–west trade. The ridge extends away from its northern part, east-facing sea cliffs, south by 55 km (34 mi), there turning increasingly east. This escarpment is the ʿAqaba al-Kabīr, once called the ʿAqaba as-Sallūm, such as in the 12th century – a descriptor meaning graded (evened out) ascent, then making the name of the town. There are no other roadworthy passes nearby.
Sallum was a small ancient Roman port. Some Roman wells remain locally. Sometimes called Baranis, it should not be confused with the medieval-noted branch of the Berbers, the al-Baranis.
At its southern end scattered homes mark out the end of the northern coast of Egypt. Amenities include a post office and a National Bank of Egypt branch.
History
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Early settlement
Local people are mentioned in some Roman accounts of Catabathmus Maior/Magnus (referring to the local, obstructive ridge to east–west land trade, ʿAqaba as-Sallūm or more commonly today ʿAqaba al-Kabīr, literally 'the great pass.' It may have been Plynos Limen and Tetrapyrgia mentioned in less context-clear early courses.
Sallum was the origin for many eastward migrations to
Sovereignty and battles
Sallum was part of the
During the
In December 1941, during Operation Crusader in World War II (and the two other operations affecting nearby Halfaya Pass) Sallum was the location of fighting between the British Empire and allied Commonwealth forces against German forces; the latter were retreating from gains they had made deeper into Egypt. The Halfaya Sollum War Cemetery was established by the Commonwealth War Graves Commission to inter over 2,000 soldiers who died in the region.
On July 21, 1977, Libya attacked Sallum, initiating the first clash in the
Solar eclipse
Sallum was a destination in the total solar eclipse on March 29, 2006 among expeditions.[5]
Climate
| Climate data for Sallum | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °C (°F) | 30.3 (86.5) |
33.4 (92.1) |
37.4 (99.3) |
42.4 (108.3) |
44.2 (111.6) |
47.3 (117.1) |
41.7 (107.1) |
47.2 (117.0) |
43.0 (109.4) |
41.4 (106.5) |
36.6 (97.9) |
32.0 (89.6) |
47.3 (117.1) |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 18.6 (65.5) |
19.6 (67.3) |
21.4 (70.5) |
24.2 (75.6) |
26.8 (80.2) |
30.0 (86.0) |
31.3 (88.3) |
31.1 (88.0) |
29.6 (85.3) |
27.4 (81.3) |
23.9 (75.0) |
20.2 (68.4) |
25.3 (77.5) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | 13.8 (56.8) |
14.5 (58.1) |
16.1 (61.0) |
18.6 (65.5) |
21.2 (70.2) |
24.7 (76.5) |
26.2 (79.2) |
26.4 (79.5) |
25.0 (77.0) |
22.6 (72.7) |
18.9 (66.0) |
15.3 (59.5) |
20.3 (68.5) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 9.8 (49.6) |
10.3 (50.5) |
11.8 (53.2) |
14.1 (57.4) |
16.9 (62.4) |
20.3 (68.5) |
21.9 (71.4) |
22.3 (72.1) |
20.9 (69.6) |
18.5 (65.3) |
14.8 (58.6) |
11.3 (52.3) |
16.1 (61.0) |
| Record low °C (°F) | 3.7 (38.7) |
4.8 (40.6) |
6.1 (43.0) |
8.5 (47.3) |
9.9 (49.8) |
14.0 (57.2) |
18.0 (64.4) |
18.4 (65.1) |
15.4 (59.7) |
12.9 (55.2) |
7.3 (45.1) |
6.5 (43.7) |
3.7 (38.7) |
| Average rainfall mm (inches) | 21 (0.8) |
15 (0.6) |
7 (0.3) |
6 (0.2) |
2 (0.1) |
1 (0.0) |
0 (0) |
0 (0) |
0 (0) |
13 (0.5) |
10 (0.4) |
17 (0.7) |
92 (3.6) |
| Average rainy days (≥ 1.0 mm) | 2.7 | 1.1 | 0.7 | 0.8 | 0.2 | 0.1 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.1 | 1.1 | 1.0 | 1.3 | 9.1 |
| Average relative humidity (%)
|
59 | 58 | 59 | 58 | 60 | 59 | 62 | 65 | 64 | 62 | 59 | 59 | 60.3 |
| Mean monthly sunshine hours | 217.0 | 211.9 | 279.0 | 297.0 | 306.9 | 369.0 | 393.7 | 378.2 | 327.0 | 300.7 | 219.0 | 210.8 | 3,510.2 |
| Mean daily sunshine hours | 7.0 | 7.5 | 9.0 | 9.9 | 9.9 | 12.3 | 12.7 | 12.2 | 10.9 | 9.7 | 7.3 | 6.8 | 9.6 |
| Source 1: NOAA[6] | |||||||||||||
| Source 2: Arab Meteorology Book (sun only)[7] | |||||||||||||
See also
- Halfaya Pass
- Military history of Italy during World War II
- Military history of Egypt during World War II
- Egyptian–Libyan War
Notes
- S2CID 197799335.
- S2CID 236222143.
- ^ Anna Baldinetti, The Origins of the Libyan Nation: Colonial Legacy, Exile and the Emergence of a New Nation-State (Routledge, 2010), p. 2.
- ^ John Slight (2014), "British Understandings of the Sanussiyya Sufi Order’s Jihad against Egypt, 1915–17", The Round Table: The Commonwealth Journal of International Affairs, 103(2) pp. 233–242.
- Valoria La Buena annular eclipse expedition" (report), Solar Physics Group, Astrophysics Lab, University of Rome, January 10, 2007, webpage (mostly Italian): ICRA-solar: mentions Sidi Barrani observation area.
- ^ "Salloum Climate Normals 1961–1990". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved April 5, 2015.
- ^ "Appendix I: Meteorological Data" (PDF). Springer. Retrieved January 17, 2016.
External links
- Photograph of twilight Sidi Barrani solar eclipse (Oct. 2005, copyright 2005-2007 Magyar Csillagászati Egyesület): Hungarian-foto Sidi-twilight (540x345, 38 KB).
- Photograph of solar eclipse at Sidi Barrani (Oct. 2005, copyright 2005-2007 Magyar Csillagászati Egyesület): Hungarian-foto Sidi-eclipse (9 kb).
- Photograph of Sidi Barrani observers (Oct. 2005, copyright 2005-2007 Magyar Csillagászati Egyesület): Hungarian-foto Sidi-people (50 kb).
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