Sally Ride

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Sally Ride
portrait
Ride in 1984
Born
Sally Kristen Ride

(1951-05-26)May 26, 1951
Los Angeles, California, U.S.
DiedJuly 23, 2012(2012-07-23) (aged 61)
San Diego, California, U.S.
EducationSwarthmore College
University of California, Los Angeles
Stanford University (BA, BS, MS, PhD)
Spouse
​
​
(m. 1982; div. 1987)​
PartnerTam O'Shaughnessy (1985–2012)
AwardsPresidential Medal of Freedom (2013, posthumous)
Space career
NASA astronaut
Time in space
14d 7h 46m
SelectionNASA Group 8 (1978)
Missions
Mission insignia
STS-7 mission patch STS-41-G mission patch
RetirementAugust 15, 1987

Sally Kristen Ride (May 26, 1951 – July 23, 2012) was an American

cosmonauts Valentina Tereshkova in 1963 and Svetlana Savitskaya
in 1982. She was the youngest American astronaut to have flown in space, having done so at the age of 32.

Ride was a graduate of

capsule communicator (CapCom) for the second and third Space Shuttle flights, and helped develop the Space Shuttle's robotic arm. In June 1983, she flew in space on the Space Shuttle Challenger on the STS-7 mission. The mission deployed two communications satellites and the first Shuttle pallet satellite (SPAS-1). Ride operated the robotic arm to deploy and retrieve SPAS-1. Her second space flight was the STS-41-G
mission in 1984, also on board Challenger. She spent a total of more than 343 hours in space. She left NASA in 1987.

Ride worked for two years at Stanford University's

Center for International Security and Arms Control, then at the University of California, San Diego, primarily researching nonlinear optics and Thomson scattering. She served on the committees that investigated the loss of Challenger and of Columbia, the only person to participate in both. Having been married to astronaut Steven Hawley during her spaceflight years and in a private, long-term relationship with former Women's Tennis Association player Tam O'Shaughnessy, she is the first astronaut known to have been LGBT. She died of pancreatic cancer
in 2012.

Early life

Sally Kristen Ride was born on May 26, 1951, in the

U.S. Army in Europe with the 103rd Infantry Division during World War II. After the war he went to Haverford College on the G.I. Bill, earned a master's degree in education at the University of California, Los Angeles,[2]: 4–6  and became a political science professor at Santa Monica College.[4]

Ride grew up in the

astrophysicist.[6] She graduated in June 1968, and then took a class in advanced math at Santa Monica College during the summer break.[2]
: 30–31 

Her friend Sue Okie was interested in going to

straight sets. However, Ride was homesick for California, and before Title IX, women's tennis was not well-supported at the college level; Swarthmore had four tennis courts but no indoor courts and she could not practice when it snowed. After three semesters at Swarthmore, she returned to California in January 1970, with the aim of becoming a professional tennis player.[2]
: 32–38 

Ride entered the University of California, Los Angeles, where she enrolled in courses in

Shakespeare and quantum mechanics, earning A's in both subjects. She was the only woman majoring in physics. She was romantically involved with the teaching assistant, John Tompkins, but the relationship ended in September when he went to Moscow to conduct research at the Institute for High Energy Physics. Her foray into professional tennis was unsuccessful; after playing three matches in a single August morning her whole body ached the following day. She realized that far more effort would be necessary in order to reach the required level of fitness: she needed to practice for eight hours a day. She concluded that she did not have what it took to be a professional tennis player.[2]
: 40–42 

Ride applied for a transfer to

X-rays with the interstellar medium",[8] under the supervision of Arthur B. C. Walker Jr.[9]

At Stanford, Ride renewed her acquaintance with Molly Tyson, who was a year younger than her. The two had met on the tennis circuit as junior tennis players. Although Ride was rated number one at Stanford and Tyson was number six, the two played

ball boys. Billie Jean King became a mentor and a friend. Ride watched her win the Battle of the Sexes match against Bobby Riggs in 1973. Tyson ended their relationship in 1975, and Ride moved in with Bill Colson, a fellow graduate physics student who was recently divorced.[2]
: 54–60 

NASA astronaut

Selection and training

Main article: NASA Astronaut Group 8
Ride standing in a doorway in a NASA uniform
During training in May 1983

In January 1977, Ride spotted an article on the front page of

cosmonaut Valentina Tereshkova had flown in space in 1963. Ride mailed a request for, and received the application forms. When asked for three persons with knowledge of her qualifications, she gave the names of three with whom she had been in relationships: Colson, Tompkins and Tyson.[10][2]
: 78–82 

Ride's was one of 8,079 applications NASA received by the June 30, 1977, deadline. She then became one of 208 finalists.[11] She was the only woman among the twenty applicants in the sixth group, all applicants for mission specialist positions, who reported to NASA's Johnson Space Center (JSC) in Houston, Texas, on October 3, for a week of interviews and medical examinations.[12] Her physical fitness impressed the doctors. They also placed her in a Personal Rescue Enclosure to see if she suffered from claustrophobia. She was asked to write a one-page essay on why she wanted to become an astronaut. Finally, she was interviewed by the selection committee.[2]: 85–89  On January 16, 1978, she received a phone call from George Abbey, NASA's director of flight operations, who informed her that she had been selected as part of NASA Astronaut Group 8. She was one of 35 astronaut candidates in the group, of whom six were women.[11]

T-38 Talon
jet

Group 8's name for itself was "TFNG". The abbreviation was deliberately ambiguous; for public purposes, it stood for "Thirty-Five New Guys", but within the group itself, it was known to stand for the military phrase, "

astronaut candidates; they would not become fully-fledged astronauts until they had completed their training. Ride was graded a civil service GS-12, with a salary of US$21,883 (equivalent to $102,225 in 2023). She bought a unit in the Nassau Bay, Texas, area, and moved in with Colson, who secured a research grant at Rice University so they could move to Houston together. He became the only unmarried astronaut candidate's partner.[2]: 95–101  Ride and Colson split up in January 1979, and she briefly dated fellow astronaut candidate Robert "Hoot" Gibson.[2]
: 118–120 

Astronaut candidate training included learning to fly NASA's

private pilot's license. She bought a part interest in a Grumman Tiger aircraft, which she would fly on weekends.[2]: 95–101  On August 31, 1979, NASA announced that the 35 astronaut candidates had completed their training and evaluation, and were now officially astronauts, qualified for selection on space flight crews.[14]

In 1981, Ride began dating Steven Hawley, another one of the TFNGs. They moved in together, and considered themselves engaged. Unlike Colson, he was not aware of her earlier relationship with Tyson.[2]: 121  They were married on July 26, 1982, in the backyard of Hawley's parents' house in Salina, Kansas. Ride flew up from Houston for the occasion in her Grumman Tiger, and wore white jeans. The ceremony was jointly conducted by Hawley's father Bernard, the pastor at the local Presbyterian church, and Ride's sister Bear. It was deliberately kept low-key, with only parents and siblings in attendance. They became the third NASA astronaut couple, after Rhea Seddon and Hoot Gibson, who had married a few months before, and Anna Fisher and her husband Bill Fisher, who became an astronaut couple when the latter was selected with NASA Astronaut Group 9 in 1980. Ride did not take her husband's name.[2]: 138–142 

STS-7

Main article: STS-7
refer to caption
Communicating with ground controllers from the flight deck during the STS-7 mission

Ride served as a ground-based

Chris Kraft preferred Fisher, and Abbey had to defend their decision. NASA Headquarters ultimately approved Ride's selection,[2]: 126–130 [18]: 290–293  which was officially announced in April 1982.[19]

As the first American woman to fly in space, Ride was subjected to media attention. There were over five hundred requests for private interviews, all of which were declined. Instead, NASA hosted the usual pre-launch press conference on May 24, 1983.[2]: 131, 147  Ride was asked questions such as, "Will the flight affect your reproductive organs?" and "Do you weep when things go wrong on the job?" She insisted that she saw herself in only one way—as an astronaut.[15] NASA was still adjusting to female astronauts, and engineers had asked Ride to assist them in developing a "space makeup kit", assuming it would be something a woman would want on board. They also infamously suggested providing Ride with a supply of 100 tampons for the six-day mission.[20][21]: 176–177 

refer to caption
Floating freely on the flight deck of the Space Shuttle Challenger during the STS-7 mission. Left from her head float three Hewlett-Packard HP-41 series pocket calculators customized by NASA, which were used for various tasks on board.

When the Space Shuttle Challenger lifted off from the Kennedy Space Center (KSC) on June 18, 1983, Ride became the first American woman to fly in space, and the third woman overall.[4] She also became the youngest American astronaut in space, although there had been younger cosmonauts.[22] Many of the people attending the launch wore T-shirts bearing the words "Ride, Sally Ride", lyrics from Wilson Pickett's song "Mustang Sally".[4] The purpose of the mission was to deploy two communications satellites: Anik C2 for Telesat of Canada and Palapa B1 for Indonesia. Both were deployed during the first two days of the mission.[23]

The mission also carried the first

microgravity. Part of Ride's job was to operate the robot arm to deploy and later retrieve SPAS-1, which was brought back to Earth. The orbiter's small Reaction control system rockets were fired while SPAS-1 was held by the remote manipulator system to test the movement on an extended arm.[24] STS-7 was also the first occasion on which a photograph was taken of the Space Shuttle in orbit. This was done using the camera on SPAS-1. Ride manipulated the robot arm into the shape of a "7", as it appeared on the mission patch.[25] The mission also studied Space adaptation syndrome, a bout of nausea frequently experienced by astronauts during the early phase of a space flight.[24][1] Ride was not affected and did not require medication for the syndrome.[2]: 180  Bad weather forced Challenger to land at Edwards Air Force Base in California instead of the Shuttle Landing Facility at the KSC.[2]: 165  The mission lasted 6 days, 2 hours, 23 minutes and 59 seconds.[23]

Now a celebrity, Ride, along with her STS-7 crewmates, spent the next few months after her flight on tour. She met with the

first day covers.[2]
: 179–183 

STS-41-G

Main article: STS-41-G
refer to caption
On the flight deck of the Space Shuttle Challenger during the STS-41-G mission

While she was still engaged on the publicity tour, Abbey assigned Ride to the crew of

Kathryn Sullivan would become the first American woman to perform an extravehicular activity (EVA); Savitskaya had already become the first woman to do both when she flew in space on Soyuz T-12 in July 1984. However, it would be the first time that two women were in space together.[2]: 188–191 [26]

The mission lifted off from the KSC in Challenger on October 5, 1984. The rookie astronauts on the flight were cautious about moving about too soon, lest they suffer from space adaptation syndrome, but Ride was now a veteran astronaut, one who knew that she would not be affected. Once in orbit she immediately and gracefully began moving about. The crew deployed the Earth Radiation Budget Satellite, conducted scientific observations of the Earth with the OSTA-3 pallet (including the SIR-B radar, FILE, and MAPS experiments) and large format camera (LFC), and conducted numerous in-cabin experiments as well as activating eight Getaway Special canisters containing experiments devised by outside groups.[26]

When the SIR-B antenna failed to unfold correctly, Ride used the robot arm to shake it loose, manipulating the robot arm much faster than she had been trained. She also repaired a broken antenna on the middeck. During the second day of the mission, the SIR-B antenna had to be stowed so Challenger's orbit could be altered but its latches failed to clamp and close the antenna. Ride then used the RMS to nudge the antenna panel closed. Sullivan performed an EVA with fellow TFNG mission specialist David Leestma, in which they showed that a satellite could be refueled in orbit. On this mission Challenger completed 132 orbits of the Earth in 197.5 hours, landing back at the KSC on October 13, 1984.[26][27][2]: 188–191  During the mission, Ride carried a white silk scarf that had been worn by Amelia Earhart.[2]: 198  On her two flights Ride had spent over 343 hours in space.[28]

Planned third mission

External videos
video icon Presentation by Sherr on Sally Ride: America's First Woman in Space, June 25, 2014, C-SPAN
video icon Presentation by Sherr on Sally Ride, August 30, 2014, C-SPAN
video icon Presentation by Sherr on Sally Ride, February 14, 2015, C-SPAN

Ride was soon back in the rotation, training for her third flight, STS-61-I. This mission was scheduled to be flown no later than July 15, 1986, and was to deploy the

astronaut beach house at the KSC. Spouses were expected to attend events before and after launches, including the post-mission publicity tour.[32]: 157–166  This could be agonizing for a couple whose marriage was breaking up.[2]
: 199 

Rogers Commission

STS-61-M was cancelled after the

O-rings, namely, that they become stiff at low temperatures, that eventually led to identification of the cause of the explosion. To protect her source, they then fed this information to Richard Feynman. Ride was even more disturbed by revelations of NASA dysfunctional management decision-making and risk-assessment processes.[2]: 204–213 [33][34] According to Roger Boisjoly, who was one of the engineers that warned of the technical problems that led to the Challenger disaster, after the entire workforce of Morton-Thiokol shunned him, Ride was the only public figure to show support for him when he went public with his pre-disaster warnings. Ride hugged him publicly to show her support for his efforts.[35] The Rogers Commission submitted its report on June 6, 1986.[34]

Following the Challenger investigation, Ride was assigned to NASA headquarters in Washington, D.C., where she led NASA's first

NASA Leadership and America's Future in Space". NASA management was unhappy with its prioritization of Earth exploration over a mission to Mars. She founded NASA's Office of Exploration, which she headed for two months. On weekends she flew to Atlanta to be with O'Shaughnessy. In October 1986, she published a children's book, To Space and Back, which she co-wrote with Sue Okie, her high school and Swarthmore friend.[1][2]
: 221–228 

After NASA

Sally Ride takes questions at the White House Astronomy Night (2009)

In May 1987, Ride announced that she was leaving NASA to take up a two-year fellowship at the Stanford University

nuclear warheads could be counted and verified from space, but the impending end of the Cold War made this a much less pressing issue. As the end of her fellowship approached, Ride hoped to secure a permanent position at Stanford. Sidney Drell, who had recruited her, attempted to get a department to appoint her as a professor, but none would. Drell resigned from CISAC in protest.[2]
: 231–234 

On July 1, 1989, Ride became a professor of physics at the

professor emeritus.[40]

From the mid-1990s until her death, Ride led two public-outreach programs for NASA—the

fissile materials being stolen in Russia and ending up in the hands of terrorists.[2]
: 249–250 

Everywhere I go I meet girls and boys who want to be astronauts and explore space, or they love the ocean and want to be oceanographers, or they love animals and want to be zoologists, or they love designing things and want to be engineers. I want to see those same stars in their eyes in 10 years and know they are on their way.

Sally Ride[43]

From September 1999 to July 2000, Ride was the president of the space news website, Space.com, a company that aggregated news about science and space on its website.[2]: 257–260  She then became the president and CEO of Sally Ride Science, a company she co-founded with O'Shaughnessy, who served as the chief executive officer and chair of the board.[4][44] Sally Ride Science created entertaining science programs and publications for upper elementary and middle school students, with a particular focus on girls.[45][46] Ride and O'Shaughnessy co-wrote six books on space aimed at children, with the goal of encouraging children to study science.[47][48][49]

In 2003, Ride served on the Columbia Accident Investigation Board, and was the only person to serve on both the panel that investigated the Challenger disaster and the one that investigated the Columbia disaster.[2]: 279–285 [50] She endorsed Barack Obama for president in 2008,[51][52] and was contacted by Lori Garver, the head of Barack Obama's transition team for NASA in 2008, but once again made it clear that she was not interested in the post of NASA administrator. She served on the board of the National Math and Science Initiative in 2007 and the Educate to Innovate initiative in 2009, and was a member of the Review of United States Human Space Flight Plans Committee, which conducted an independent review of American space policy requested by the Office of Science and Technology Policy (OSTP) on May 7, 2009.[2]: 285–287 [53]

Death

When Ride delivered a speech at the

intestine, along with her gallbladder.[2]
: 301–308 

Ride died on July 23, 2012, at the age of 61, at her home in La Jolla.

Woodlawn Memorial Cemetery, Santa Monica.[58] Her papers are in the National Air and Space Museum Archives of the Smithsonian Institution.[30] Ride's obituary publicly revealed for the first time that O'Shaughnessy had been her partner for 27 years.[59][60] This made Ride the first known LGBT astronaut.[61][62][63] The relationship was confirmed by Ride's sister Bear, who said Ride chose to keep her personal life private, including her sickness and treatments.[64]

Awards and honors

Ride received numerous awards throughout her lifetime and after. She received the

California Museum for History, Women, and the Arts on December 6, 2006.[67] The following year she was inducted into the National Aviation Hall of Fame in Dayton, Ohio.[68]

O'Shaughnessy posthumously accepts the Presidential Medal of Freedom on Ride's behalf in 2013

Ride directed public outreach and educational programs for NASA's

Gravity Recovery and Interior Laboratory (GRAIL) mission, which sent twin satellites to map the moon's gravity. On December 17, 2012, the two GRAIL probes, Ebb and Flow, were directed to complete their mission by crashing on an unnamed lunar mountain near the crater Goldschmidt. NASA announced that it was naming the landing site in her honor.[69][70] Also in December 2012, the Space Foundation bestowed upon Ride its highest honor, the General James E. Hill Lifetime Space Achievement Award.[71]

In April 2013, the United States Navy announced that a research ship would be named in honor of Ride.[72] The RV Sally Ride (AGOR-28) was christened by O'Shaughnessy on August 9, 2014, and delivered to the Scripps Institution of Oceanography in 2016. It was the first vessel in the research fleet to be named after a female scientist.[73][74]

A "National Tribute to Sally Ride" was held at the John F. Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts in Washington, D.C., on May 20, 2013. That day, President Barack Obama announced that Ride would receive the Presidential Medal of Freedom, the highest civilian award in the United States. The medal was presented to O'Shaughnessy in a ceremony at the White House on November 20, 2013.[75][76] In July 2013, Flying magazine ranked Ride at number 50 on their list of the "51 Heroes of Aviation".[77] For their first match of March 2019, the women of the United States women's national soccer team each wore a jersey with the name of a woman they were honoring on the back; Tierna Davidson chose the name of Sally Ride.[78]

Sally Ride as described by Ellen Stofan
NASA Chief Scientist Ellen Stofan describes the impact of Sally Ride as an astronaut.
Problems playing this file? See media help.

Ride was inducted into the

U.S. Postal Service issued a first-class postage stamp honoring her in 2018,[83] and Ride appeared as one of the first two honorees of the American Women quarters series in March 2022. She was the first known LGBT person to appear on U.S. currency.[84][85]

On 1 April 2022, a satellite named after Ride (ÑuSat 27 or "Sally", COSPAR 2022-033R) was launched into space as part of the Satellogic Aleph-1 constellation.[86]

The Cygnus spacecraft used for the NG-18 mission was named the S.S. Sally Ride in her honor. It launched successfully on November 7, 2022.[87]

In 2022 a statue of Ride was unveiled outside the Cradle of Aviation Museum.[88] In 2023 another statue of Ride was unveiled; this one is outside the Ronald Reagan Presidential Library.[89]

In popular culture

Selected works

See also

References

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  2. ^
    OCLC 885483468
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  5. ThePostGame. Yahoo! Sports
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Further reading

External links

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