Saluki
Saluki | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Origin | Arabian Peninsula[1] | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| |||||||||||||||||||||||||
| |||||||||||||||||||||||||
Dog ( domestic dog ) |
The Saluki (
Name
The origins of the name of the breed are not clear.[4] [5] The Saluki has also been called the gazelle hound, Arabian hound, and the Persian greyhound.[2] One suggested origin of the breed's name is ancient Sumerian salu-ki translating to 'plunge-earth'.[6] However, there is no evidence a breed existed then or was referred to by the Sumerians with this name, nor is it certain what "plunge [to/into] earth" might have meant in reference to dogs. It is suggestive of digging for burrowing prey animals, but there is also a story of dogs being thrown toward quarry animals by a camel-mounted hunter.
The name used for the modern breed could be derived from Saluqiyyah (Arabic for "
Regardless, the adjective saluqi may have been derived by the
Description
Salukis are sighthounds – hunting by sight more than scent or sound – and run their quarry down to kill or retrieve it. The normal size range for the modern breed is 58–71 centimetres (23–28 in) high at the withers and 16–32 kilograms (35–70 lb) in weight.[9] Female Salukis are slightly smaller than males.[10] The head is long and narrow with large eyes and drop ears.[10] The tail of the breed is long and curved.[10] It has the typical deep-chested, long-legged body of sighthounds.[2] The coat comes in a variety of colors including white, cream, fawn, red, grizzle/tan, black/tan, and tri-color (white, black and tan).[11]
The overall appearance of the Saluki is grace and symmetry. Two coat types – smooth and "feathered" – are evident in the breed's gene pool. The latter variety has light fluffing on the back of the legs, thighs, ears, and sometimes the throat.[2] The fur on both types is silky[12] and is low-shedding when compared to other breeds.[13] Salukis bred in the Middle East most commonly have short hair.
There is a type called "desert Saluki" or "Sinai Saluki" or "Hijazi Saluki", which descends from bloodlines brought directly from the original region of the breed. It exists in the entire Middle Eastern region but the origin is West of the Arabian Peninsula. In Israel the type is known as the "Negev Saluki".[14] The desert Saluki does not have influence of western lines and it tends to have a more primitive appearance. It often has a broader skull, shorter muzzle, shorter and more compact body, broader chest, less angulations, and shorter tail than the western equivalent. Some desert Salukis imported from the original region have cropped ears because of the common tradition in countries such as Iran, Iraq, Turkey, and Syria. However, it is difficult to strictly determine what desert Salukis originated from due to the "original" bloodlines being bred in the Western world for 4 to 5 generations.[15] The breed existed in the US by the 1980s and there has been breeding in France since the 1990s. The first desert Salukis in Finland were imported from Israel in February 2000.[16] After that, more have been imported from countries such as Syria, Oman, Qatar, and Turkey. In addition to their countries of birth, they have for example Iranian, Moroccan, Bahraini, and Saudi Arabian "Bedouin Saluki" dogs in their background.
Swiftness and physical capacity
While the
Historically, the ancestors of the modern Saluki breed were used for hunting by nomadic tribes. Typical quarry included the gazelle, hare, fox and jackal.[2] While hunting hares, Bedouin hunters would sometimes ride close to their quarry on a camel holding such a dog, which would be thrown towards the prey while at speed to give the dog a running start.[18] Gazelle hunters have also used hawks or falcons to attack the head of the prey so that the dogs could then bring down the distracted animal.
Temperament
The modern Saluki has retained qualities of hunting hounds and may seem reserved to strangers. The often independent and aloof breed may be difficult to train, and they generally cannot be trusted to return to their owner when off-leash. Training methods have been recommended to be always gentle and patient.[19] Salukis may bore easily and are not an ideal breed to leave unattended for long periods; however, they are well-suited to life in apartments, since they are generally quiet and calm as adults.[20] The saluki does not typically enjoy rough games or activities such as retrieving balls, but does enjoy soft toys. Early socialisation will help prevent timidity and shyness in later life.[19] Given its hunting instincts, the dog is prone to chasing moving objects, such as cats, birds, squirrels, and bugs.[13]
Health
Salukis have an average lifespan of 12 to 14 years.[19]
In a 2006 breed-specific survey conducted by The Kennel Club and the British Small Animal Veterinary Association Scientific Committee, responses highlighted several health issues. The primary cause of death identified was cancer, being responsible for 35.6% of deaths, with the most common forms being
Hip dysplasia is uncommon in Salukis, with the breed ranking joint lowest in a survey by the British Veterinary Association in 2003. The breed scored an average of 5 points, with a score of 0 being low, while 106 is high.[22]
History
The Saluki's ancestors were historically bred in the Fertile Crescent, where agriculture originated.
From Iran, such dogs are mentioned in the poetry of Khaghani (1121–1190), depicted in miniature paintings of hunting scenes along with horseback archers by Master Kamāl ud-Dīn Behzād (1450–1535), depicted in book illustrations by 'Abd al-Wahhab ibn 'Abd al-Fattah ibn 'Ali (1516).[32]
The
From Europe, the legend maintains that the returning crusaders brought Saluki-type dogs from the Middle East.[37] The painting of Henry IV, Duke of Saxony with his hunting dog, painted by Lucas Cranach the Elder in 1514, shows a dog thought by some to represent an ancestral Saluki. The dog wears a collar decorated with a scallop shell, which is the badge of a pilgrim who has traveled the Way of Saint James in Spain.[38] Saluki-type dogs appear in Paolo Veronese's 1573 work The Adoration of the Magi (also known as the Adoration of the Kings), currently located at the National Gallery, London.[39][40] Veronese painted such dogs in another two of his religious paintings: The Marriage at Cana and The Finding of Moses.[37]
In 2014, a DNA study compared dogs and wolves for AMY2B (alpha amylase 2B), which is a gene and enzyme that assists with the first step in the digestion of dietary starch and glycogen. An expansion of this gene in dogs would enable early dogs to exploit a starch-rich diet as they fed on refuse from agriculture. Data indicated that the wolves and dingo had just two copies of the gene and the Siberian husky that is associated with hunter-gatherers had just 3–4 copies, "whereas the saluki, which was historically bred in the Fertile Crescent where agriculture originated, has 29 copies".[1]
Breeding in the West
The examples and perspective in this section may not represent a worldwide view of the subject. (December 2023) |
It was not until 1840 that Salukis were first brought to England. Referred to as a "slughi shami", they and the modern Sloughi were treated as the same breed;[37] however, recent genetic tests have shown that the two breeds are genetically separate.[43] The first successful modern breeding line of Salukis began in 1895, with Florence Amherst (daughter of the 1st Baron Amherst of Hackney). Having seen salukis on a Nile tour in that year, she imported a breeding pair from the Al Salihah area of Lower Egypt. A champion of breed purity, she struggled alone for nearly three decades, and real popularity of the Saluki in Europe did not take hold until the early 1920s, when officers returning from the Middle Eastern theatre of World War I and from the Arab Revolt brought their pet Salukis home with them.[44]
One of these was Brigadier General Frederick Lance of the
Together, the Lances with Florence Amherst mounted a campaign for recognition of the Middle Eastern breed, that coincided with the phenomenon of "Tutmania" caused by
Imports to England during the
English Salukis (chiefly descendants of Sarona Kelb) were exported to many countries,[49] but by the mid-1930s, interest slackened, and with the outbreak of World War II, breeding and show activities almost entirely stopped. The number of litters was minimal – just enough to keep the breed alive. Food rationing reserved all edible meat for humans, and to prevent the Salukis from dying from starvation or being killed by bombs, some owners euthanised entire kennels.[50] A small number of Saluki kennels in the West survived the war, and along with fresh imports belonging to a second wave of soldiers returning from the Middle East, the slow process of re-establishing the breed began.[50]
Popularity of Salukis dramatically increased, and the Saluki Club of America was founded in 1927. Salukis were recognised by the Kennel Club (UK) in 1923, and by the American Kennel Club in 1929.[13][51] The breed is also the mascot of Southern Illinois University Carbondale.
The popularity of the Saluki in the United States, according to the American Kennel Club, has remained relatively stable in the 2000s, with the breed ranked 107th in 1999, had decreased to 118th in 2008, but by 2008 had increased once again to 112th.
Rescue
Salukis (or landrace dogs similar to them) are common throughout the Middle East, and are sometimes abandoned.[56] Rescue organisations work with shelters in Qatar, Bahrain, and elsewhere, and directly with a network of rescuers in Kuwait, and Oman, to find the dogs adoptive homes in Europe and North America.[57][58][59]
References
Citations
- ^ PMID 24453982.
- ^ ISBN 978-0-8138-1254-0.
- S2CID 43772173.
- ^ Smith, G. Rex. "The Arabian hound, the salūqī–further consideration of the word and other observations on the breed." Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies 43.3 (1980): 459-465.
- ^ Al Aswad, Harun (23 August 2021). "Meet Syria's 'loyal, affectionate and very intelligent' Saluki dogs". Middle East Eye. Archived from the original on 29 August 2021. Retrieved 29 August 2021.
- ^ "International World History Project". Archived from the original on 18 June 2016. Retrieved 30 September 2015.
{{cite web}}
: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link) - ^ ISBN 978-0-8122-3926-3. Archivedfrom the original on 7 November 2021. Retrieved 20 October 2020.
- ^ a b [1] Archived 19 June 2013 at the Wayback Machine Saluqi.net
- ^ )
- ^ a b c Palika (2007): p. 342
- ISBN 978-0-7407-7342-6.
- ^ ISBN 978-0-7153-2589-6. Archivedfrom the original on 7 November 2021. Retrieved 20 October 2020.
- ^ a b c "AKC Meet the Breeds: Saluki". American Kennel Club. Archived from the original on 30 December 2010. Retrieved 7 January 2011.
- ^ "Aavikkosalukit Israelissa". Qashani Saluqis. Archived from the original on 14 April 2021. Retrieved 8 December 2018.
- ^ "Aavikkosaluki: Mikä ja miksi". Qashani Saluqis. Archived from the original on 9 December 2018. Retrieved 8 December 2018.
- ^ "Suomen ensimmäiset aavikkosalukit". Qashani Saluqis. Archived from the original on 14 August 2020. Retrieved 8 December 2018.
- ISBN 9788122408935. Archivedfrom the original on 7 November 2021. Retrieved 20 October 2020.
- ISBN 978-1-900724-02-9. Archivedfrom the original on 7 November 2021. Retrieved 20 October 2020.
- ^ ISBN 978-1-84286-117-2. Archivedfrom the original on 7 November 2021. Retrieved 20 October 2020.
- ^ "Saluki". The Kennel Club. Archived from the original on 29 November 2010. Retrieved 6 January 2011.
- ^ a b "Summary Results of the Purebred Dog Health Survey for the Saluki Breed" (PDF). The Kennel Club. Archived from the original (PDF) on 10 August 2011. Retrieved 7 January 2011.
- ^ "Breed Average Hip Scores". British Veterinary Association. Vetrica. Archived from the original on 28 December 2011. Retrieved 7 January 2011.
- ^ [2] Archived 21 April 2017 at the Wayback Machine, Susa: Bushnell, Ibex, and hounds at Louvre.
- ^ [3] Archived 24 June 2010 at the Wayback Machine, Susa Beaker: Bushnell, Ibex, and hounds at Louvre
- )
- ^ Clutton-Brock, J., 1989. A dog and a donkey excavated at Tell Brak. Iraq, 51, pp.217-224.
- ISBN 9781784912697
- ^ Goldwasser (2002): p. 106
- ^ Goldwasser (2002): p. 93
- ^ Goldwasser (2002): p. 109
- ISBN 9780435948085. Archivedfrom the original on 7 November 2021. Retrieved 20 October 2020.
- ^ "Khamsa (Quintet) of Nizami". Archived from the original on 2 October 2015. Retrieved 1 October 2015.
- ^ "Imperial Salukis". Harvard Magazine. May 2007. Archived from the original on 28 July 2011. Retrieved 6 January 2011.
- ^ Clark, Terence. "Hunting Hounds along the Silk Road – Which Way Did They Go?" (PDF). The Silk Road. 4 (2): 60–65. Retrieved 10 October 2023.
- .
- PMID 28445722.
- ^ a b c Leighton (1907), p. 478
- ^ Pilgrimage: From the Ganges to Graceland – An Encyclopedia, Vol. 1. Linda Kay Davidson and David Martin Gitlitz, 2002, p. 479.
- ISBN 978-0-7645-4445-3. Archivedfrom the original on 7 November 2021. Retrieved 20 October 2020.
- ^ "The Adoration of the Kings". The National Gallery. Archived from the original on 20 January 2011. Retrieved 6 January 2011.
- ^ ISBN 978-0-9505211-7-6. Archivedfrom the original on 7 November 2021. Retrieved 20 October 2020.
- ^ Mason, W. E. (1915). Dogs of All Nations. Panama-Pacific International Exposition. p. 36.
- ^ Crapon de Caprona, Dominique; Fritzsch, Bernd. "Sloughi, Saluki, Saluqi... Genetic Data Help Separate Semantics From Evidence". Dogs in Review. Sloughi Fanciers Association. Archived from the original on 21 August 2004. Retrieved 7 January 2011.
- ^ Duggan (2009): p. 36
- ^ Duggan (2009): p. 127–128
- ^ [4] Archived 15 January 2013 at the Wayback Machine, Der DWZRV ist der älteste Windhundzuchtverein in Deutschland.
- ^ [5] Archived 11 July 2012 at the Wayback Machine, First litter in Germany, 1922
- ^ Duggan (2009): p. 154
- ^ Duggan (2009): p. 181
- ^ a b Duggan (2009): p. 242
- ^ Duggan (2009): p. 150
- ^ "AKC Dog Registration Statistics". American Kennel Club. Archived from the original on 11 May 2012. Retrieved 7 January 2011.
- ^ a b "Comparative Tables of Registrations for the Years 2000 – 2009 Inclusive (Hound Group)" (PDF). The Kennel Club. Archived from the original (PDF) on 10 August 2011. Retrieved 7 January 2011.
- ^ "Comparative Tables of Registrations for the Years 2000 – 2009 Inclusive (Gundog Group)" (PDF). The Kennel Club. Archived from the original (PDF) on 10 August 2011. Retrieved 7 January 2011.
- ^ "The Kennel Club Art Gallery presents the Saluki in Art". The Kennel Club. 15 August 2007. Archived from the original on 10 August 2011. Retrieved 7 January 2011.
- ^ "rescue-salukis-me | About The Saluki". Rescue Salukis Middle East. Archived from the original on 6 December 2017. Retrieved 6 January 2019.
- ^ "The Sighthound Underground". The Sighthound Underground. Archived from the original on 21 November 2017. Retrieved 6 January 2019.
- ^ "Wings of Love, Kuwait | Dog Rescue Organization". Wings of Love, Kuwait | Dog Rescue Organization. Archived from the original on 1 November 2018. Retrieved 6 January 2019.
- ^ "Mysite". Archived from the original on 27 August 2018. Retrieved 7 November 2021.
Bibliography
- Leighton, Robert (1907). The New Book of the Dog. Cassell and Company.
- Goldwasser, Orly (2002). Prophets, Lovers and Giraffes. Harrassowitz Verlag. ISBN 978-3-447-04590-2. Archivedfrom the original on 7 November 2021. Retrieved 20 October 2020.
- Palika, Liz (2007). The Howell Book of Dogs: The Definitive Reference to 300 Breeds and Varieties. John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 978-0-470-00921-5. Archivedfrom the original on 7 November 2021. Retrieved 20 October 2020.
- Duggan, Brian Patrick (2009). Saluki: The Desert Hound and the English Travelers Who Brought It to the West. McFarland & Co. ISBN 978-0-7864-3407-7. Archivedfrom the original on 7 November 2021. Retrieved 20 October 2020.