Samos (theme)
Theme of Samos θέμα Σάμου | |
---|---|
Theme of the Byzantine Empire | |
before 899 – 1204 | |
Map of Byzantine Greece c. 900, with the themes and major settlements. | |
Historical era | Middle Ages |
• Establishment as a theme | before 899 |
• Conversion to regular theme | late 11th century |
1204 | |
Today part of | Greece Turkey |
The Theme of Samos (Greek: θέμα Σάμου, thema Samou) was a Byzantine military-civilian province, located in the eastern Aegean Sea, established in the late 9th century. As one of the Byzantine Empire's three dedicated naval themes (Greek: θέματα ναυτικᾶ, themata nautika), it served chiefly to provide ships and troops for the Byzantine navy.
Origins
The dates of establishment and the territorial reach of the various Byzantine naval commands in the 7th–9th centuries are mostly unclear. After the unitary navy of the
In the late 8th century, the southern Aegean appears to have come under the jurisdiction of the "
History
The theme of Samos, with its governing strategos, is first documented in Philotheos's
In 911, the forces of the naval theme of Samos are recorded as being 3,980 oarsmen and 600 marines, with a fleet of 22 warships.[7][9] The mainland portion of the theme, however, is also explicitly mentioned as belonging to the Thracesian Theme, which had a special tourmarches in charge of defending the coast. This, along with a lack of mention of civil officials attached to the naval theme, most probably reflects a division of tasks: the strategos of Samos and his officials were responsible for furnishing the ships and crews of the thematic fleet as well as defending the islands, while the mainland coast, with its cities and population, came under the control of the Thracesian strategos and his officials, who were responsible for their taxation and defence.[10][11] Samos seems to have remained a purely military formation until the late 11th century, when its fleet was disbanded and it was converted into a regular theme with its own civil officials.[7]
Strategoi
- Theodore (8th/9th century)[12]
- Constantine Paspalas (c.888)[13]
- Nikephoros (9th/10th century)[14]
- Theodore (10th century)[15]
- Epiphanios (10th century)[16]
- Nicholas (10th century)[17]
- Theognostos (10th century)[18]
- Leo (10th century)[19]
- Theotimos (10th century)[20]
- Romanos Lekapenos (911-912)[21]
- George (10th/11th century)[22]
- Bakur (after 1001- before 1009)[23]
- Basil Argyros (1009-1010)[24]
- David (c.1024)[25]
- George Theodorokanos (before 1026- after 1028)[26]
- Christodoulos (Late 10th/ mid 11th century[27]
- Niketas Xylinites the Younger (1050s)[28]
- Theophylaktos Hagiozacharites (Mid 11th century)[29]
- Michael Tornikes (Early/ Middle 11th century)[30]
- Constantine Argyropolos (Mid/late 11th century)[31]
Notes
- ^ "Dodekanesos" in middle Byzantine times was a term used for the Cyclades, not to be confused with the modern Dodecanese.[4]
References
- ^ Nesbitt & Oikonomides 1994, p. 110.
- ^ a b Nesbitt & Oikonomides 1994, pp. 110, 134.
- ^ Treadgold 1995, pp. 27, 73.
- ^ Ahrweiler 1966, p. 80.
- ^ Ahrweiler 1966, pp. 79–81, 108.
- ^ Nesbitt & Oikonomides 1994, pp. 110–111, 130.
- ^ a b c Nesbitt & Oikonomides 1994, p. 131.
- ^ ODB, "Samos" (T. E. Gregory), p. 1836.
- ^ Treadgold 1995, pp. 67, 76.
- ^ Ahrweiler 1966, pp. 402.
- ^ Nesbitt & Oikonomides 1994, pp. 109, 131.
- ^ "Theodore imperial protospatharios and strategos of Samos (eighth or ninth century)". Dumbarton Oaks. Retrieved 2023-07-08.
- ^ "Konstantinos Paspalas". De Gruyter. Retrieved 2023-07-08.
- ^ "Nikephoros imperial protospatharios and strategos of Samos (ninth/tenth century)". Dumbarton Oaks. Retrieved 2023-07-08.
- ^ "Theodore imperial protospatharios and strategos of Samos (tenth century)". Dumbarton Oaks. Retrieved 2023-07-08.
- ^ "Epiphanios imperial protospatharios and strategos of Samos (tenth century)". Dumbarton Oaks. Retrieved 2023-07-08.
- ^ "Nicholas imperial spatharokandidatos and strategos of Samos (tenth century)". Dumbarton Oaks. Retrieved 2023-07-08.
- ^ "Theognostos imperial protospatharios and strategos of Samos (tenth century)". Dumbarton Oaks. Retrieved 2023-07-08.
- ^ "Leo anthypatos, patrikios and strategos of Samos (tenth century)". Dumbarton Oaks. Retrieved 2023-07-08.
- ^ "Theotimos imperial protospatharios and strategos of Samos (tenth century)". Dumbarton Oaks. Retrieved 2023-07-08.
- ^ "Romanos I. Lakapenos". De Gruyter. Retrieved 2023-07-08.
- ^ "Georgios". De Gruyter. Retrieved 2023-07-08.
- ^ "Bakur". De Gruyter. Retrieved 2023-07-08.
- ^ "Basileios Mesardonites Argyros". De Gruyter. Retrieved 2023-07-08.
- ^ "David (von Achrida)". De Gruyter. Retrieved 2023-07-08.
- ^ "Person Details | PBW". pbw2016.kdl.kcl.ac.uk. Retrieved 2023-07-08.
- ^ "Person Details | PBW". pbw2016.kdl.kcl.ac.uk. Retrieved 2023-07-08.
- ^ "Person Details | PBW". pbw2016.kdl.kcl.ac.uk. Retrieved 2023-07-08.
- ^ "Person Details | PBW". pbw2016.kdl.kcl.ac.uk. Retrieved 2023-07-08.
- ^ "Person Details | PBW". pbw2016.kdl.kcl.ac.uk. Retrieved 2023-07-08.
- ^ "Person Details | PBW". pbw2016.kdl.kcl.ac.uk. Retrieved 2023-07-08.
Sources
- Ahrweiler, Hélène (1966). Byzance et la mer. La marine de guerre, la politique et les institutions maritimes de Byzance aux VIIe-XVe siècles (in French). Paris: Presses universitaires de France.
- ISBN 0-19-504652-8.
- Nesbitt, John; ISBN 0-88402-226-9.
- Treadgold, Warren T. (1995). Byzantium and Its Army, 284–1081. Stanford, California: Stanford University Press. ISBN 0-8047-3163-2.