Samos

Coordinates: 37°45′N 26°50′E / 37.750°N 26.833°E / 37.750; 26.833
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Samos
Σάμος
  • Regional unit of Samos
    Περιφερειακή ενότητα Σάμου (Greek)
Samos (town), capital of Samos
Samos (town), capital of Samos
EEST)
Postal codes
831 xx
Area codes2273
Car platesMO
Websitewww.samos.gr

Samos (/ˈsmɒs/,[1] also US: /ˈsæms, ˈsɑːmɔːs/;[2][3][4] Greek: Σάμος, romanizedSámos) is a Greek island in the eastern Aegean Sea, south of Chios, north of Patmos and the Dodecanese archipelago, and off the coast of western Turkey, from which it is separated by the 1.6-kilometre-wide (1.0 mi) Mycale Strait. It is also a separate regional unit of the North Aegean region.

In

Greek philosopher and mathematician Pythagoras, after whom the Pythagorean theorem is named, the philosophers Melissus of Samos and Epicurus, and the astronomer Aristarchus of Samos, the first known individual to propose that the Earth revolves around the Sun
. Samian wine was well known in antiquity and is still produced on the island.

The island was governed by the semi-autonomous Principality of Samos under Ottoman suzerainty from 1835 until it joined Greece in March 1913.[5]

Etymology

Strabo derived the name from the Phoenician word sama meaning "high".[6][7][8]

Geography

Detailed map of Samos

The area of the island is 477.395 km2 (184.3 sq mi),[9] and it is 43 km (27 mi) long and 13 km (8 mi) wide. It is separated from Anatolia by the approximately 1-mile-wide (1.6 km) Mycale Strait. While largely mountainous, Samos has several relatively large and fertile plains.

A great portion of the island is covered with

vineyards, from which Muscat wine is made. The most important plains other than the capital, Vathy, in the northeast, are those of Karlovasi, in the northwest, Pythagoreio, in the southeast, and Marathokampos
in the southwest. The island's population is 33,814, which makes it the 9th most populous of the Greek islands. The Samian climate is typically Mediterranean, with mild rainy winters, and warm rainless summers.

Samos's relief is dominated by two large mountains, Ampelos and Kerkis (anc. Kerketeus). The Ampelos massif (colloquially referred to as "Karvounis") is the larger of the two and occupies the centre of the island, rising to 1,095 metres (3,593 ft). Mt. Kerkis, though smaller in area, is the taller of the two, and its summit is the island's highest point, at 1,434 metres (4,705 ft). The mountains are a continuation of the Mycale range on the Anatolian mainland.[5]

View of Poseidonio.

Fauna

Samos is home to many species including the

flamingos and monk seal.[10]

Climate

Samos has a hot-summer Mediterranean climate (Köppen climate classification: Csa), with mild, rainy winters and hot, dry summers. The highest temperature ever recorded is 43.0 °C (109.4 °F) while the lowest is −3.4 °C (25.9 °F). July is the hottest and driest month followed by August while February is the coldest month and December records the highest amount of precipitation. Samos receives about 705 millimetres (27.8 in) of rainfall annually while the average annual temperature is 18.4 °C (65.1 °F). Humidity is lowest during the summer and highest at the end of autumn.

Climate data for Samos Airport, Greece (1978-2010)
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 20.4
(68.7)
21.6
(70.9)
25.0
(77.0)
30.0
(86.0)
36.4
(97.5)
39.6
(103.3)
43.0
(109.4)
41.4
(106.5)
37.2
(99.0)
36.0
(96.8)
27.2
(81.0)
23.0
(73.4)
43.0
(109.4)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 13.5
(56.3)
13.5
(56.3)
15.9
(60.6)
19.7
(67.5)
24.9
(76.8)
30.1
(86.2)
33.0
(91.4)
32.8
(91.0)
28.6
(83.5)
23.5
(74.3)
18.4
(65.1)
15.0
(59.0)
22.4
(72.3)
Daily mean °C (°F) 10.3
(50.5)
10.0
(50.0)
12.1
(53.8)
15.9
(60.6)
20.6
(69.1)
25.5
(77.9)
28.4
(83.1)
27.9
(82.2)
24.3
(75.7)
19.4
(66.9)
14.5
(58.1)
11.9
(53.4)
18.4
(65.1)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) 7.2
(45.0)
6.9
(44.4)
8.4
(47.1)
11.1
(52.0)
14.9
(58.8)
19.5
(67.1)
22.8
(73.0)
22.8
(73.0)
19.2
(66.6)
15.5
(59.9)
11.3
(52.3)
8.8
(47.8)
14.0
(57.2)
Record low °C (°F) −2.4
(27.7)
−3.4
(25.9)
−1.0
(30.2)
2.5
(36.5)
7.4
(45.3)
8.8
(47.8)
14.8
(58.6)
16.4
(61.5)
12.2
(54.0)
7.0
(44.6)
1.0
(33.8)
−1.4
(29.5)
−3.4
(25.9)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 135.0
(5.31)
105.5
(4.15)
76.4
(3.01)
40.2
(1.58)
19.8
(0.78)
1.6
(0.06)
0.5
(0.02)
0.5
(0.02)
16
(0.6)
35.8
(1.41)
116.4
(4.58)
156.8
(6.17)
704.5
(27.69)
Average precipitation days 12.4 10.4 8.6 7.4 4.0 1.1 0.2 0.1 1.4 4.6 9.3 13.7 73.2
Average
relative humidity
(%)
70.2 68.1 67.5 64.4 59.1 50.5 43.7 46.0 51.6 62.2 68.6 72.6 61.3
Source 1: Hellenic National Meteorological Service (temperature and precipitation days)[11]
Source 2: NOAA (precipitation, and extremes),[12] Info Climat extremes 1991-present [13]

History

Early and Classical antiquity

Colonies of ancient Samos
Kouros of Samos, the largest surviving Kouros in Greece, showing Egyptian influence (Archaeological Museum of Samos)

In classical antiquity, the island was a centre of

Samian ware by the Romans). Its most famous building was the Ionic order archaic Temple of goddess Hera—the Heraion.[5]

Concerning the earliest history of Samos, literary tradition is singularly defective. At the time of the great migrations, it received an Ionian population which traced its origin to Epidaurus in Argolis: Samos became one of the twelve members of the Ionian League. By the 7th century BC, it had become one of the leading commercial centres of Greece. This early prosperity of the Samians seems largely due to the island's position near trade routes, which facilitated the import of textiles from inner Asia Minor, but the Samians also developed an extensive oversea commerce. They helped to open up trade with the population that lived around the Black Sea as well as with Egypt, Cyrene (Libya), Corinth, and Chalcis. Among the colonies the Samians founded, most of them in the sixth century BCE, were Bisanthe, Perinthus, and Samothrace (northern Aegean Sea), Cydonia (Crete), Nagidos and Kelenderis (southern Anatolia), Dicaearchia (Italy), and Oasis Polis (Egypt).[14] The trade caused them to become bitter rivals with Miletus. Samos was able to become so prominent despite the growing power of the Persian empire because of the alliance they had with the Egyptians and their powerful fleet. The Samians are also credited with having been the first Greeks to reach the Straits of Gibraltar.[15]

The feud between Miletus and Samos broke out into open strife during the Lelantine War (7th century BC), with which a Samian innovation in Greek naval warfare may be connected, the use of the trireme. The result of this conflict was to confirm the supremacy of the Milesians in eastern waters for the time being; but in the 6th century, the insular position of Samos preserved it from those aggressions at the hands of Asiatic kings to which Miletus was henceforth exposed. About 535 BC, when the existing oligarchy was overturned by the tyrant Polycrates, Samos reached the height of its prosperity. Its navy not only protected it from invasion but also ruled supreme in Aegean waters. The city was beautified with public works, and its school of sculptors, metal-workers and engineers achieved high repute.[5]

Heraion of Samos

Eupalinian aqueduct

Eupalinian aqueduct

In the 6th century BC, Samos was ruled by the famous

aqueduct to supply the ancient capital of Samos with fresh water, as this was of the utmost defensive importance (since being underground, it was not easily detected by an enemy who could otherwise cut off the supply). Eupalinos's tunnel is particularly notable because it is the second earliest tunnel in history to be dug from both ends in a methodical manner.[16] With a length of over 1 km (0.6 mi), Eupalinos's subterranean aqueduct is today regarded as one of the masterpieces of ancient engineering. The aqueduct is now part of the UNESCO World Heritage Site, the Pythagoreion
.

Persian Wars and Persian rule

After Polycrates's death, Samos suffered a severe blow when the Persian Achaemenid Empire conquered and partly depopulated the island. It had regained much of its power when in 499 BC it joined the general revolt of the Ionian city-states against Persia; but owing to its long-standing jealousy of Miletus, it rendered indifferent service, and at the decisive battle of Lade (494 BC), part of its contingent of sixty ships was guilty of outright treachery. In 479BC, the Samians led the revolt against Persia, during the Battle of Mycale,[5] which was part of the offensive by the Delian League (led by Cimon).

Samian War

In the Delian League, Samos held a position of special privilege and remained actively loyal to Athens until 440 BC, when a dispute with Miletus, which the Athenians had decided against them, induced them to secede. With a fleet of sixty ships, they held their own for some time against a large Athenian fleet led by Pericles himself, but after a protracted siege, they were forced to capitulate.[5] Samos was punished, but Thucydides tells readers not as harshly as other states which rebelled against Athens. Most in the past had been forced to pay tribute, but Samos was only told to repay the damages that the rebellion had cost the Athenians: 1,300 talents, to pay back in instalments of 50 talents per annum.

Peloponnesian War

During the

revolution of the Four Hundred at Athens (411 BC), and in the last stage of the war was rewarded with the Athenian franchise. This friendly attitude towards Athens was the result of a series of political revolutions, which ended in the establishment of a democracy. After the downfall of Athens, Samos was besieged by Lysander and again placed under an oligarchy.[5]

In 394 BC, the withdrawal of the Spartan navy induced the island to declare its independence and re-establish a democracy, but by the peace of Antalcidas (387 BC), it fell again under Persian dominion. It was recovered by the Athenians in 366 after a siege of eleven months, and received a strong body of military settlers, the

Social War (357-355 BC). After the Lamian War (322 BC), when Athens was deprived of Samos, the vicissitudes of the island can no longer be followed.[5]

Famous Samians of antiquity

Panorama of Pythagoreion, the place of birth of Pythagoras.

Perhaps the most famous persons ever connected with classical Samos were the philosopher and mathematician Pythagoras and the fabulist Aesop. In 1955, the town of Tigani was renamed Pythagoreio in honour of the philosopher.

Other notable personalities include the philosophers

heliocentric model of the Solar System. The historian Herodotus, known by his Histories
, resided in Samos for a while.

There was a school of sculptors and architects that included

Temple of Hera (Olympia), and the great sculptor and inventor Theodorus, who is said to have invented with Rhoecus the art of casting statues in bronze
.

The vases of Samos were among the most characteristic products of Ionian pottery in the 6th century.[citation needed]

Hellenistic and Roman eras

For some time (about 275–270 BC), Samos served as a base for the Egyptian fleet of the

Asia Minor.[5]

Enrolled from 133 in the Roman province of Asia Minor, Samos sided with

Mithridates (88) against its overlord, and consequently forfeited its autonomy, which it only temporarily recovered between the reigns of Augustus and Vespasian. Nevertheless, Samos remained comparatively flourishing and was able to contest with Smyrna and Ephesus the title "first city of lonia";[5] it was chiefly noted as a health resort and for the manufacture of pottery. Since Emperor Diocletian's Tetrarchy, it became part of the Provincia Insularum, in the diocese of Asiana in the eastern empire's pretorian prefecture of Oriens.[5]

Byzantine and Genoese eras

Vronta monastery
Church in Kokkari village
The harbour of Pythagoreion

As a portion of the Byzantine Empire, Samos became part of the namesake theme. After the 13th century, it passed through much the same changes of government as Chios, and, like the latter island, became the property of the Genoese family Giustiniani (1346–1566; 1475 interrupted by an Ottoman period). It was also ruled by Tzachas between 1081–1091.[5]

Ottoman rule

Samos map, 1574

Samos came under Ottoman rule in 1475[17] or c. 1479/80,[18] at which time the island was practically abandoned due to the effects of piracy and the plague. The island remained desolate for almost a full century before the Ottoman authorities, by now in secure control of the Aegean, undertook a serious effort to repopulate the island.[18]

In 1572/3, the island was granted as a personal domain (hass) to

Kilic Ali Pasha, the Kapudan Pasha (the Ottoman Navy's chief admiral). Settlers, including Greeks and Arvanites from the Peloponnese and the Ionian Islands, as well as the descendants of the original inhabitants who had fled to Chios, were attracted through the concession of certain privileges such as a seven-year tax exemption, a permanent exemption from the tithe in exchange for a lump annual payment of 45,000 piastres, and a considerable autonomy in local affairs.[18] The island recovered gradually, reaching a population of some 10,000 in the 17th century, which was still concentrated mostly in the interior. It was not until the mid-18th century that the coast began to be densely settled as well.[18]

Under Ottoman rule, Samos (

Russo-Turkish War of 1768–1774, when the island came under Russian control in 1771–1774.[18]

The

French Republic), introduced to Samos the progressive ideas of the Age of Enlightenment and of the French Revolution, and led to the formation of two rival political parties, the progressive-radical Karmanioloi ("Carmagnoles", named after the French Revolutionary song Carmagnole) and the reactionary Kallikantzaroi ("goblins") who represented mostly the traditional land-holding elites. Under the leadership of Lykourgos Logothetis, in 1807 the Karmanioloi gained power in the island, introducing liberal and democratic principles and empowering the local popular assembly at the expense of the land-holding notables. Their rule lasted until 1812, when they were overthrown by the Ottoman authorities and their leaders expelled from the island.[18]

Greek Revolution

Flag of the Administration of Samos during the Greek War of Independence (1821–1830)
Lykourgos Logothetis, leader of the Revolution in Samos

In March 1821, the

own constitution was set up to administer the island, mostly inspired by Logothetis.[19]

The Samians successfully repulsed three Ottoman attempts to recapture the island: in summer 1821, in July 1824; when Greek naval victories off

London Protocol of 1830 excluded Samos from the borders of the independent Greek state.[19]

The Samians refused to accept their re-subordination to the Sultan, and Logothetis declared Samos to be an independent state, governed as before under the provisions of the 1821 constitution. Finally, due to the pressure of the

Autonomous principality

Flag of the Principality of Samos. It is the contemporary Greek flag with the two upper quadrants in red to symbolize Ottoman suzerainty.

In 1834, the island of Samos became the territory of the Principality of Samos, a semi-independent state tributary to Ottoman Turkey, paying the annual sum of £2,700. It was governed by a Christian of Greek descent though nominated by the Porte, who bore the title of "Prince." The prince was assisted in his function as chief executive by a 4-member senate. These were chosen by him out of eight candidates nominated by the four districts of the island: Vathy, Chora, Marathokampos, and Karlovasi. The legislative power belonged to a chamber of 36 deputies, presided over by the Greek Orthodox Metropolitan. The seat of the government was the port of Vathý.[5]

The modern capital of the island was, until the early 20th century, at Chora, about 2 miles (3.2 km) from the sea and from the site of the ancient city.[5]

After reconsidering political conditions, the capital was moved to Vathy, at the head of a deep bay on the North coast. This became the residence of the prince and the seat of government.[5]

Since then a new town has grown, with a harbour.[citation needed]

Modern era

The union with the Kingdom of Greece in March 1913
Statue of a lion in Samos town; erected in 1930 to celebrate the centenary of Greek independence.

The island was united with the

Greek Navy, Samos was initially left to its existing status quo out of a desire not to upset the Italians in the nearby Dodecanese. The Greek fleet landed troops on the island in March 1913.[20] The clashes with the Ottoman garrison were short-lived as the Ottomans withdrew to the Anatolian mainland, so that the island was securely in Greek hands by 16th March.[21][22]

King George II visited Samos in 1937 during the 4th of August Regime.[23]

During

Italian surrender in September 1943, the Cuneo Division joined forces with ELAS in arresting local collaborationists and freeing jailed resistance fighters. Samos was briefly taken over by the Sacred Band and British forces, but following the Allied defeat in the Battle of Leros and a fierce aerial bombardment of Vathy and Tigani, the island was abandoned by most of the ELAS members, the anti-fascist Italians and the Allied troops and taken over by Germans without a fight. The Germans then destroyed the harbours of Karlovasos and Ormos Marathokampos with explosives. On 15 September 1944, an Allied aerial bombardment destroyed the German ship "Aslan" along with three support ships in the Vathy harbour. Upon the departure of the Germans, ELAS and a 120-man unit of the Sacred Band forced the remaining 1,000 Blackshirts to surrender; ending the island's occupation on 5 October 1944.[24]

Many of the Samiot ELAS members that abandoned the island following its occupation by the Germans, enlisted in the Greek Armed Forces in the Middle East, participated in the communist-led 1944 Greek naval mutiny and were subsequently imprisoned in British prison camps. Approximately 4,500 of them returned to the island after the end of the war. The anti-communist persecutions that came in the aftermath of the Treaty of Varkiza led many former ELAS members to create self-defence militias which gradually evolved into the Samos branch of the Democratic Army of Greece (DSE). The Samiot DSE drew manpower from nearby Icaria which was a notable place of internal exile for Greek communists, it was also able to capture large quantities of weapons and ammunition abandoned by the Italians during World War II. During the course of the Greek Civil War, Samos became one of the biggest centres of DSE resistance outside of the Greek mainland. The last DSE unit surrendered in Kerkis on 26 August 1949, the defeat of the communist resistance was followed by a celebratory visit of the Greek royal family on 15 October 1949. A total of 197 Samiot DSE fighters were killed during the course of the civil war.[25]

On August 3, 1989, a Short 330 aircraft of the Olympic Airways (now Olympic Airlines) crashed near Samos Airport; 31 passengers and the crew died.[26]

A substantial migrant camp has been developed on the island at the site of a Greek military camp at Vathy to cope with the influx of migrants crossing the strait between the island and the Turkish mainland. It is estimated that in April 2020 the Vathy camp held 6,800 migrants, ten times the number it was originally designed for.[27] The presence of large numbers of migrants on the Greek islands has caused tensions and some civil unrest on the part of island residents and migrants being kept in camps.[28] In 2020, the Greek government announced a new closed reception centre will be built near the village of Zervou to replace the current temporary open camps by 2021.[29]

On 30 October 2020, a magnitude 7.0 earthquake struck offshore near the island, triggering a tsunami. The earthquake and tsunami resulted in two deaths and several injured in Samos, and 117 deaths and 1632 injured in Turkey. The earthquake also caused damage to a number of buildings in Vathy, Karlovasi, and their vicinities; these included residential buildings, public buildings (schools, halls, etc.), religious buildings (churches), the tower of Lykourgos Logothetis, as well as pottery collections and sculptures at some museums.[30]

Government

Samos is a separate

municipalities: East Samos and West Samos.[31] Between the 2011 Kallikratis government reform and 2019, there was one single municipality on the island: Samos, created out of the 4 former municipalities on the island. At the same reform, the regional unit Samos was created out of part of the former Samos Prefecture.[32]

The municipality of East Samos consists of the following municipal units (former municipalities):

The municipality of West Samos consists of the following municipal units:

Samos has a sister town called Samo, which is located in Calabria, Italy.

Province

The province of Samos (Greek: Επαρχία Σάμου) was one of the provinces of the Samos Prefecture. It had the same territory as the present regional unit.[33] It was abolished in 2006.

Economy

Muscat of Samos
Samian wine

The Samian economy depends mainly on agriculture[

Muscat grape
is the main crop used for wine production. Samian wine is also exported under several other appellations.

Cuisine

Local specialities:

UNESCO

View of Marathokampos village
Agios Nikolaos Church, Karlovasi
Picture of the town of Karlovasi

The island is the location of the joint UNESCO World Heritage Sites of the Heraion of Samos and the Pythagoreion which were inscribed in UNESCO's World Heritage list in 1992.[35]

Notable people

Ancient

Modern

Gallery

  • The town hall and the archaeological museum in Vathy
    The town hall and the archaeological museum in Vathy
  • St Spyridon, Samos town
    St Spyridon, Samos town
  • Old tobacco factory, Samos town
    Old tobacco factory, Samos town
  • Kokkari beach
    Kokkari beach
  • Samos International Airport

See also

Notes

  1. ^ "Samos". Lexico UK English Dictionary. Oxford University Press. Archived from the original on 2020-08-06.
  2. ^ "Samos". The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language (5th ed.). HarperCollins. Retrieved 6 July 2019.
  3. ^ "Samos". Collins English Dictionary. HarperCollins. Retrieved 6 July 2019.
  4. ^ "Samos". Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary. Retrieved 6 July 2019.
  5. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p Bunbury, Caspari & Gardner 1911, p. 116.
  6. .
  7. .
  8. .
  9. ^ "Population & housing census 2001 (incl. area and average elevation)" (PDF) (in Greek). National Statistical Service of Greece. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2015-09-21.
  10. ^ "Conservation Action Plan for the golden jackal (Canis aureus) in Greece" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-07-10. Retrieved 2012-11-07.
  11. ^ "Samos Climate". Hellenic National Meteorological Service. Archived from the original on 19 December 2011. Retrieved 15 October 2012.
  12. ^ "Climate Data for Samos". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved 15 October 2012.
  13. ^ "Normales et records climatologiques 1981-2010 à Samos Airport - Infoclimat".
  14. .
  15. ^ "Samos (island, Greece) - Britannica Online Encyclopedia". Britannica.com. Retrieved 2012-11-07.
  16. ^ The Siloam Tunnel was first Archived 2011-03-22 at the Wayback Machine
  17. ^ .
  18. ^ a b c d e f g h Landros Christos; Kamara Afroditi; Dawson Maria-Dimitra; Spiropoulou Vaso (10 July 2005). "Samos: 2.3. Ottoman rule". Cultural Portal of the Aegean Archipelago. Foundation of the Hellenic World. Archived from the original on 22 May 2013. Retrieved 2 April 2013.
  19. ^ a b c Landros Christos, Kamara Afroditi; Dawson Maria-Dimitra; Spiropoulou Vaso (10 July 2005). "Samos: 2.4. The Greek War of Independence, 1821". Cultural Portal of the Aegean Archipelago. Foundation of the Hellenic World. Archived from the original on 22 May 2013. Retrieved 2 April 2013.
  20. ^ "The Island of Samos".
  21. .
  22. ..
  23. ^ Μιχάλης Φύλλας, «H επίσκεψη του Βασιλέως Γεωργίου β΄ στη Σάμο το 1937 μέσα από τον σαμιακό τύπο της εποχής: η περίπτωση των εφημερίδων « Σ ά μ ο ς » και « Α ι γ α ί ο ν » Δελτίον Σαμιακών Σπουδών, τομ. 5 (2019-2020), σελ.113-126 [1]
  24. ^ Vasileiou et al. 1987, pp. 9–12.
  25. ^ Margaritis 2006, pp. 424–439.
  26. ^ "ASN Aircraft Accident Shorts 330-200 SX-BGE". Archived from the original on 2012-11-10. Retrieved 2020-06-24.
  27. ^ "Greece to close Samos island migrant camp by year end". InfoMigrants. 28 April 2020. Retrieved 31 August 2020.
  28. ^ Bell, Bethany (22 January 2020). "Greek islanders strike over crowded migrant camps". BBC News. Retrieved 31 August 2020.
  29. ^ "Μετανάστες : «Πιλότος» η Σάμος για τις νέες δομές στα νησιά". in.gr (in Greek). 2020-11-17. Retrieved 2020-12-16.
  30. ISSN 1793-4311
    .
  31. ^ "Τροποποίηση του άρθρου 1 του ν. 3852/2010" [Amendment of Article 1 of l. 3852/2010] (in Greek). Government Gazette. p. 1164.
  32. ^ "ΦΕΚ A 87/2010, Kallikratis Programme law text".
  33. ^ "Detailed census results 1991" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-03-03. (39 MB) (in Greek and French)
  34. ^ Ioannis Spilanis, H. Vayanni et K. Glyptou (2012). Evaluating the tourism activity in a destination: the case of Samos Island, Revue Etudes Caribéennes, http://etudescaribeennes.revues.org/6257
  35. ^ "Pythagoreion and Heraion of Samos - UNESCO World Heritage Centre". Whc.unesco.org. 2009-09-18. Archived from the original on 29 November 2005. Retrieved 2012-11-07.
  36. ^ Yiannakis, John N., "Anna Perivolaris (1888–1963)", Australian Dictionary of Biography, Canberra: National Centre of Biography, Australian National University, retrieved 2024-02-17

References

Attribution

 This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domainBunbury, Edward Herbert; Caspari, Maximilian Otto Bismarck; Gardner, Ernest Arthur (1911). "Samos". In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 24 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 116–117.

Further reading

Ancient sources
  • Herodotus, especially book iii.
  • Strabo xiv. pp. 636–639
  • Thucydides, especially books i. and viii.
  • Xenophon, Hellenica, books i. ii.
Modern texts
  • A. Agelarakis, "Anthropologic Results: The Geometric Period Necropolis at Pythagoreion". Archival Report. Samos Island Antiquities Authority, Greece, (2003).
  • J. P. Barron, The Silver Coins of Samos (London, 1966).
  • J. Boehlau, Aus ionischen and italischen Nekropolen (Leipzig, 1898). (E. H. B.; M. 0. B. C.; E. Ga.).
  • C. Curtius, Urkunden zur Geschichte von Samos (Wesel, 1873).
  • P. Gardner, Samos and Samian Coins (London, 1882).
  • V. Guérin, Description de l'île de Patmos et de l'île de Samos (Paris, 1856).
  • K. Hallof and A. P. Matthaiou (eds), Inscriptiones Chii et Sami cum Corassiis Icariaque (Inscriptiones Graecae, xii. 6. 1–2). 2 vols. (Berolini–Novi Eboraci: de Gruyter, 2000; 2004).
  • B. V. Head, Historia Numorum (Oxford, 1887), pp. 515–518.
  • L. E. Hicks and G. F. Hill, Greek Historical Inscriptions (Oxford, 1901), No. 81.
  • H. Kyrieleis, Führer durch das Heraion von Samos (Athen, 1981).
  • T. Panofka, Res Samiorum (Berlin, 1822).
  • Pauly-Wissowa (in German, on Antiquity)
  • T. J. Quinn, Athens and Samos, Chios and Lesbos (Manchester, 1981).
  • G. Shipley, A History of Samos 800–188 BC (Oxford, 1987).
  • R. Tölle-Kastenbein, Herodot und Samos (Bochum, 1976).
  • H. F. Tozer, Islands of the Aegean (London, 1890).
  • K. Tsakos, Samos: A Guide to the History and Archaeology (Athens, 2003).
  • H. Walter, Das Heraion von Samos (München, 1976).
  • Westermann, Großer Atlas zur Weltgeschichte (in German)
Volumes of the Samos series of archaeological reports published by the Deutsches Archäologisches Institut.
  • 1. V. Milojčić, Die prähistorische Siedlung unter dem Heraion (Bonn, 1961).
  • 2. R. C. S. Felsch, Das Kastro Tigani (Bonn, 1988).
  • 3. A. E. Furtwängler, Der Nordbau im Heraion von Samos (Bonn, 1989).
  • 4. H. P. Isler, Das archaische Nordtor und seine Umgebung im Heraion von Samos (Bonn, 1978).
  • 5. H. Walter, Frühe samische Gefäße (Bonn, 1968).
  • 6.1. E. Walter-Karydi, Samische Gefäße des 6. Jahrhunderts v. Chr. (Bonn, 1973).
  • 7. G. Schmidt, Kyprische Bildwerke aus dem Heraion von Samos (Bonn, 1968).
  • 8. U. Jantzen, Ägyptische und orientalische Bronzen aus dem Heraion von Samos (Bonn, 1972).
  • 9. U. Gehrikg, with G. Schneider, Die Greifenprotomen aus dem Heraion von Samos (Bonn, 2004).
  • 10. H. Kyrieleis, Der große Kuros von Samos (Bonn, 1996).
  • 11. B. Freyer-Schauenburg, Bildwerke der archaischen Zeit und des strengen Stils (Bonn, 1974).
  • 12. R. Horn, Hellenistische Bildwerke auf Samos (Bonn, 1972).
  • 14. R. Tölle-Kastenbein, Das Kastro Tigani (Bonn, 1974).
  • 15. H. J. Kienast, Die Stadtmauer von Samos (Bonn, 1978).
  • 16. W. Martini, Das Gymnasium von Samos (Bonn, 1984).
  • 17. W. Martini and C. Streckner, Das Gymnasium von Samos: das frühbyzantinische Klostergut (Bonn, 1993).
  • 18. V. Jarosch, Samische Tonfiguren aus dem Heraion von Samos (Bonn, 1994).
  • 19. H. J. Kienast, Die Wasserleitung des Eupalinos auf Samos (Bonn, 1995).
  • 20. U. Jantzen with W. Hautumm, W.-R. Megow, M. Weber, and H. J. Kienast, Die Wasserleitung des Eupalinos: die Funde (Bonn, 2004).
  • 22. B. Kreuzer, Die attisch schwarzfigurige Keramik aus dem Heraion von Samos (Bonn, 1998).
  • 24.1. T. Schulz with H. J. Kienast, Die römischen Tempel im Heraion von Samos: die Prostyloi (Bonn, 2002).
  • 25. C. Hendrich, Die Säulenordnung des ersten Dipteros von Samos (Bonn, 2007).

External links