Samsat

Coordinates: 37°34′46″N 38°28′53″E / 37.57944°N 38.48139°E / 37.57944; 38.48139
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Samsat
Municipality
Samsat is located in Turkey
Samsat
Samsat
Location in Turkey
Coordinates: 37°34′46″N 38°28′53″E / 37.57944°N 38.48139°E / 37.57944; 38.48139
CountryTurkey
ProvinceAdıyaman
DistrictSamsat
Established12th c. BC
Government
 • MayorHalil Fırat (AKP)
Elevation
610 m (2,000 ft)
Population
 (2022)[1]
3,790
Time zoneUTC+3 (TRT)
Websitewww.samsat.bel.tr

Samsat (

Ancient Greek: Σαμόσατα) is a small town in the Adıyaman Province of Turkey, situated on the upper Euphrates river. It is the seat of Samsat District.[3] The town is populated by Kurds of the Bezikan tribe.[4][5]

Halil Fırat from the Justice and Development Party (AKP) was elected mayor in the local elections in March 2019.[6] The current Kaymakam is Halid Yıldız.[7]

Samsat was the ancient capital of

Kingdom of Commagene. The current site of Samsat is comparatively new, however, being rebuilt in 1989 when the old town of Samosata was flooded during the construction of the Atatürk Dam.[8] As of 2018, reconstruction process had not yet been fully completed.[9] An ancient tell
nearby dating back to the paleolithic era has survived to the current day.

Its population was 3,790 in 2022, up from 3,520 in 2017.[1]

History

Antiquity

The city of Samosata was founded sometime before 245 BC on the previous

Artaxiad) practice that recalled the Achaemenid royal discourse.[13] Samosata served as one of the most important royal residences of the Orontid kings of Sophene.[14]

Coin of Hadrian from Samosata

Like other early-Orontid royal residences, Samosata experienced a sudden shift in its architectural style under the Orontids of

Antiochus I Theos (r. 70–31 BC) founded sanctuaries that contained inscriptions about his cult as well as reliefs of his dexiosis with Apollo-Mithras.[17] In 73 AD, Samosata as well as the rest of Commagene was incorporated into the Roman Empire. It may have been during this event that the Syriac letter of Mara bar Serapion was composed. The letter makes mention of an Aramaic-speaking elite in Samosata that studied Greek literature and Stoic philosophy.[18] Under the Roman emperor Hadrian (r. 117–138), Samosata was given metropolis status along with Damascus and Tyre.[19]

Roman legions were later placed in Samosata to discourage the Sasanian Empire (224–651) from attacking it. In 260, it was the first city that was sacked by the Sasanian emperor Shapur I (r. 240–270) following his capture of the Roman emperor Valerian (r. 253–260). Shapur I is known to have had coins minted in the same fashion as the Roman antoninianus, which he may have taken from the material used in the mint of Samosata.[20]

It was at Samosata that

Chosroes
in the 7th century.

Samosata was the birthplace of several renowned people from antiquity such as Lucian (c. 120-192) and Paul of Samosata (fl. 260).

Medieval history

Depiction of the Byzantine attack on Samosata in 859, from the Madrid Skylitzes

The Arabs conquered Commagene from the Byzantines in 640.

Safwan bin Muattal, a sahabi and commander during the Muslim conquests
, was buried in Samosata.

In the tenth century, the town, which was the second biggest in the region after Melitene, was recaptured by the Byzantines.[21] In June 966, Samosata was the venue of an exchange of prisoners between the Byzantine Emperor Nikephoros II Phokas and his Muslim foe Sayf al-Dawla.[22]

After the collapse of Byzantine authority in the region, the town fell into the domain of the Armenian

Baldwin of Boulogne send by the ruler of Edessa, Thoros, he later had to sell the town to Baldwin for 10,000 gold coins upon which it belonged to the county of Edessa.[23]

Warfare in the

Hülagü Khan conquered Samosata in 1240 and the Beylik of Dulkadir
conquered the town as well.

Samosata was temporarily absorbed into the

Bayazid I in 1392, and in 1401 it was destroyed by Timur. In 1516, the Ottoman Sultan Selim I recaptured it for the Ottomans who renamed it Samsat. It lost its old importance in the Ottoman administration and became the centre of a sanjak
.

Modern times

During Turkey's republican period, the population of the town decreased. In 1960, Samsat was made a district center and connected to the province of Adıyaman.

The city of Samsat was evacuated from the old settlement on 5 March 1988 due to the construction of the Atatürk Dam. A new location for the settlement was announced through Law No. 3433 on 21 April 1988. The historical Samsat was submerged in 1989 as the dam created the Atatürk Reservoir. The new town was built beside the new waterline by the Turkish government to house the displaced residents.

Samsat, which was moved to the new location, was destroyed by an earthquake on 2 March 2017. The city was largely rebuilt afterwards.[25][26]

In Christianity

In the Christian

Council of Ephesus.[29]

Chabot gives a list of twenty-eight

Syrian Miaphysite bishops.[30] The Syrian bishopric probably lapsed in the 12th century.[31] Samosata is included in the Catholic Church's list of titular sees, but no further titular bishops have been appointed for that eastern see since the Second Vatican Council
.

Archaeology

Samsat Höyük is a tell located just north of the Samsat district of Adıyaman. Archaeological research on the hill of Şehremuz in Samsat has uncovered relics from the 7000 BC Paleolithic era; the 5000 BC Neolithic, 3000 BC Chalcolithic and 3000 to 1200 BC Bronze Ages. The ancient city of Ḫaḫḫum (Hittite: Ḫaḫḫa) was located nearby; it is recorded as a source of gold for ancient Sumeria.

The first excavations were conducted in 1964 and 1967 under the direction of the American archeologist Theresa Goell.[32] In fact, the settlement was known and famous before these excavations. Then, in 1977, under the Lower Euphrates Project, plans were put together aimed at identifying and saving the archaeological settlements that were to be inundated by the reservoir of Karakaya and Atatürk Dams. Surface surveys were conducted under the direction of Mehmet Özdoğan. In these studies, it was concluded that the settlement was permanently inhabited from the Halaf Period to the Ottoman Period. The following year, the excavations started in 1978, except for 1980, until 1987, under Ankara University, Faculty of Language and History-Geography It was conducted by the team led by Nimet Özgüç. These excavations were carried out on a very wide area, including the lower city and surrounding walls.

Coins belonging to the 12th - 13th centuries AD were identified during the excavations in the layers dating to the late phases of the Middle Ages. Of these Seljuk sultans I. Gıyaseddin Keyhusrev (1192–1195), Ala al-Din Keykubbad, (1219-1236), II. Gıyaseddin Keyhusrev (1236-1246), IV. Rükn el-Din The coins of Kılıç Arslan (1257–1264), as well as the coins of Saladin (1170-1193) printed in Harran, were uncovered.[33]

The collection of glassware with cups, glasses and bowls is very rich. Other finds include oil lamps, ivory comb, fragrance bottle,[34] terracotta lamps, bone spoons, leaf-shaped marble sconces and coins.[35]

The walls of the Seljuk Period, built on a solid Byzantine fortress, were preserved intact. The inscription on the limestone of this fortification was studied by a master calligrapher. The landfill belonged to Diyarbekr Şah Karaaslan.[36]

The centre of the palace, which is thought to be the central courtyard, is 14,65 X 20,55 meters and it has a mosaic corner.[37]

The skeletons of five people thrown into a 1.8 meter diameter well of the Islamic Period were found. At the bottom with the skeletons, five gold coins and silver coins from the Abbasid Period were found. One of the gold coins belongs to Harun al-Rashid (766 - 709) and the others to Mutawakkil (822 - 861).[38]

Today the settlement is under the Euphrates, but before inundation it was 37–40 meters above the plain level and had an area of 500 x 350 meters. The steepest slope is the eastern slope and the lowest slope is the southwest-facing slope. The mound consists of a terrace and a ruined town covered with sediment.[39] Samsat Höyük as an archaeological site is considered to be no longer accessible while it is covered by the waters of the reservoir. The old town of Samosata below the tell was not excavated.[40]

References

  1. ^ a b "Population Of Municipalities, Villages And Quarters". TÜIK. Retrieved 2 August 2023.
  2. ^ Avcıkıran, Adem (2009). Kürtçe Anamnez Anamneza bi Kurmancî (in Turkish and Kurdish). p. 56.
  3. ^ İlçe Belediyesi, Turkey Civil Administration Departments Inventory. Retrieved 22 December 2022.
  4. ^ Aşiretler raporu (in Turkish) (3rd ed.). Kaynak Yayınları. 2014. p. 14.
  5. doi:10.3167/ame.2020.150102
    .
  6. ^ "Adıyaman Samsat Seçim Sonuçları - 31 Mart 2019 Yerel Seçimleri". www.sabah.com.tr. Retrieved 2019-12-18.
  7. ^ "T.C. Samsat Kaymakamlığı". www.samsat.gov.tr. Retrieved 2019-12-18.
  8. ^ Samsat, Gezilecek Yerler.
  9. ^ Samsat’ta kalıcı konutların temelleri atılıyor.
  10. ^ Canepa 2018, p. 109.
  11. ^ Michels 2021, pp. 478–479.
  12. ^ Canepa 2021, p. 84; see also Canepa 2018, p. 110
  13. ^ Canepa 2021, p. 82.
  14. ^ Canepa 2018, p. 110.
  15. ^ Canepa 2021, p. 84.
  16. ^ Andrade 2013, p. 74.
  17. ^ Andrade 2013, p. 77.
  18. ^ Andrade 2013, p. 87.
  19. ^ Andrade 2013, p. 177.
  20. ^ Gyselen 2010, p. 76.
  21. ^ Beihammer 2017, p. 54.
  22. ^ Fattori 2013, p. 117.
  23. ^ a b Beihammer 2017, p. 285.
  24. ^ Beihammer 2017, p. 256.
  25. ^ "Adıyaman'daki depremde 13 kişi yaralandı, yıkılan binalar var". BBC News Türkçe.
  26. ^ "Samsat ilçesi yeniden inşa ediliyor". 20 March 2022.
  27. ^ Mansi, Conciliorum collectio, XVII-XVIII, 445.
  28. Le Quien
    , Oriens christianus, II, 994.
  29. ^ Le Quien, Oriens christianus, II, 933-6.
  30. ^ Revue de l'Orient chrétien, VI, 203.
  31. ISBN 3-515-05718-8
  32. ^ Samosata Archaeological Excavations, Turkey, 1967, In: National Geographic Society Research Reports, 1967 Projects. 1974, pp. 83–109
  33. ^ Nimet Özgüç, 1985 Yılında Yapılmış Olan Samsat Kazılarının Sonuçları' – 8. Kazı Sonuçları Toplantısı (1986) Sh.: 297
  34. ^ Nimet Özgüç, 8. Kazı Sonuçları Toplantısı, p298
  35. ^ Nimet Özgüç, 7. Kazı Sonuçları Toplantısı, p 227
  36. ^ Nimet Özgüç, Samsat Kazıları 1982' – 5. Kazı Sonuçları Toplantısı (1983) p111.
  37. ^ Nimet Özgüç, Samsat 1984 Yılı Kazıları, 7. Kazı Sonuçları Toplantısı (1985) p224.
  38. ^ Nimet Özgüç, 7. Kazı Sonuçları Toplantısı (1985) Sh.: 226
  39. ^ TAY – Yerleşme Ayrıntıları.
  40. ^ Samsat.

Sources

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