Samuel Ajayi Crowther

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Samuel Ajayi Crowther
Oxford University

Samuel Crowther (c. 1809 – 31 December 1891), was a

Fulani slave raiders when he was about twelve years old.[2] This took place during the Yoruba civil wars, notably the Owu wars of 1821–1829, where his village Osogun was ransacked. Ajayi was later on resold to Portuguese slave dealers,[3] where he was put on board to be transported to the New World
through the Atlantic.

Crowther was freed from slavery at a coastal port by the

Oxford University. He prepared a Yoruba grammar and translation of the Anglican Book of Common Prayer into Yoruba, also working on a Yoruba version of the Bible, as well as other language projects.[5]

Biography

A grandson of King Abiodun,[6] through his mother, Afala, Ajayi was around 12 years old when he and his family were captured, along with his entire village, by Fulani slave raiders in March 1821 and sold to Portuguese slave traders. His mother Afala, who was later baptized with the name Hannah, toddler brother, and other family members were among the captives. His father, Ayemi, was most likely killed in the raid of his village or shortly afterwards.[7]

The

Spain and Portugal still allowed the Atlantic slave trade in their colonies in the Americas. Before the slave ship left port for the Americas, it was boarded by crew from a British Royal Navy ship under the command of Captain Henry Leeke. They freed the captives, and took Ajayi and his family to Freetown, Sierra Leone, where they were resettled by local authorities.[8]

While in Sierra Leone, Crowther was cared for by the Anglican

Church Missionary Society (CMS) and was taught English. Due to his remarkable intellectual qualities, Ajayi was sent to school, and within a short time, he was able to read the Bible with ease. He converted to Christianity. On 11 December 1825 he was baptized by John Raban,[9] naming himself after Samuel Crowther, vicar of Christ Church, Newgate, London, and one of the pioneers of the CMS.[1]

In Niger Territory, 1888

While in Freetown, Crowther became interested in languages. In 1826 he was taken to England to attend the school of St Mary's Church[10] in Islington, which had established a connection with free Africans in the 18th century. He returned to Freetown in 1827. He was the first student admitted to the newly opened Fourah Bay College,[11] an Anglican missionary school. Because of his interest in language, he studied Latin and Greek of the classical curriculum, but also Temne of West Africa. After completing his studies, Crowther began teaching at the school.[2]

Crowther's missionary journey to Yoruba country (present day Nigeria) began in 1841. He represented the missionary arm of the Niger Expedition,[12] alongside Rev. J. F. Schön. Crowther was ordained a priest and selected for the CMS[13] project in the Yoruba mission on his second visit to England in 1843, after his brilliant account of the expedition and the rare qualities he displayed. In 1846, Crowther and Rev. Townsend opened the CMS mission in Abeokuta. During the 1854 Niger Expedition, Crowther had a hand in the founding of the missions in Niger.

Marriage and family

Crowther married a schoolmistress, Asano (i.e. Hassana; she was formerly Muslim), baptised Susan. She had also been liberated from a Portuguese slave ship as mentioned in Crowther's 1837 letter.[14] He writes: "She was captured by His Majesty's ship Bann, Captain Charles Phillips, on the 31st October 1822." Asano was therefore among the captives resettled in Sierra Leone. She had also converted to Christianity. Their several children included Dandeson Coates Crowther,[15] who later entered the ministry and in 1891 became archdeacon of the Niger Delta.[16]

Their second daughter, Abigail, married Thomas Babington Macaulay, a junior associate.[17] Their son and Crowther's grandson, Herbert Macaulay, became one of the first Nigerian nationalists.

Mission

Stained glass window in St Mark's Church, Bromley, with Crowther on the left, next to John Patteson and Vedanayagam Samuel Azariah. Below Crowther is a depiction of his mission

Crowther was selected to accompany the missionary James Schön on the Niger expedition of 1841.[18] Together with Schön, he was expected to learn Hausa for use on the expedition. Its goal was to stimulate commerce, teach agricultural techniques, encourage Christianity, and help end the slave trade. Following the expedition, Crowther was recalled to England, where he was trained as a minister and ordained by the Bishop of London. Schön wrote to the Church Missionary Society noting Crowther's usefulness and ability on the expedition, recommending that he be prepared for ordination.[19]

Crowther returned to Africa in 1843 and, with Henry Townsend, opened a mission in Abeokuta, in today's Ogun State, Nigeria.[15]

Crowther began translating the Bible into Yoruba and compiling a Yoruba dictionary. In 1843, his grammar book, on which he had begun working during the Niger expedition, was published. A Yoruba version of the Anglican Book of Common Prayer followed later. Crowther also compiled A Vocabulary of the Yoruba Language,[20] including a large number of local proverbs, published in London in 1852.

Following the British Niger Expeditions of 1854 and 1857, Crowther, published an Igbo primer coded by a young Igbo missionary named Simon Jonas, who travelled with him to Aboh in 1857. He published one for the Nupe language in 1860, and a full grammar and vocabulary of Nupe in 1864.[21]

Crowther had become a close associate and friend of Captain James Pinson Labulo Davies, an influential politician, mariner, philanthropist and industrialist in colonial Lagos.[22] The two men collaborated on social initiatives in Lagos, such as the founding of The Academy (a social and cultural center for public enlightenment) on 24 October 1866. Crowther was the first patron and Captain J. P. L. Davies was the first president.[23]

Merits

In 1864, Crowther was ordained as the first African bishop of the

St Peter's day in 1864, by Charles Longley, Archbishop of Canterbury, at Canterbury Cathedral.[24] The licence from Queen Victoria for Crowther's consecration as a bishop authorised and empowered him "Bishop of the United Church of England and Ireland in the said countries in Western Africa beyond the limits of our dominions."[25] He had continued his studies and later received the degree of Doctor of Divinity from the University of Oxford.[26] He later met Queen Victoria and read the Lord's prayer to her in Yoruba, which she described as soft and melodious.[27]

In March 1881, he and his son

Dandeson Crowther attended a conference on the island of Madeira, in the Atlantic Ocean west of Morocco. Crowther had begun to work in languages other than Yoruba, but he continued to supervise the translation of the Yoruba Bible (Bibeli Mimọ), which was completed in the mid-1880s, a few years before his death.[28]

Crowther is celebrated with a feast on the

on 31 December.

Death, burial, exhumation, and reburial

Crowther died of a stroke in Lagos, on 31 December 1891, aged 82.[15][30] He was buried at Ajele Cemetery in Lagos.

In 1971 the

Lagos State Government under Mobolaji Johnson wanted to redevelop the site of the cemetery for new government offices and issued notices to families of the deceased. Seth Kale, Anglican Bishop of Lagos, representing the Anglican community[31] and Crowther's family, delayed exhumation and reburial until 1976. An elaborate ceremony was held at a new burial site and a cenotaph was installed at Cathedral Church of Christ, Lagos.[32]

Notes

  1. ^ a b DACB.
  2. ^ a b Igbadiwei, Ebimoboere (8 December 2020). "Samuel Ajayi Crowther: First African Anglican Bishop in Nigeria". Nigerianhistoryonline.com. Retrieved 2 June 2021.
  3. S2CID 191868030
    . Retrieved 31 December 2021.
  4. ^ "Ajayi Crowther: Legacies of a legend". The Sun Nigeria. 29 April 2021. Retrieved 2 June 2021.
  5. ^ "Samuel Ajayi Crowther, 1890 · Slavery Images". slaveryimages.org. Retrieved 2 June 2021.
  6. ^ Posted by Otedo News Update on 23 February, 2011 at 9:58pm in Useful info; Discussions, View. "Yoruba Enslavement of African Ancestors, Major Blocks on W.African Transatlantic Slave Trade". ihuanedo.ning.com. Retrieved 22 January 2020.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  7. ^ "Crowther, Samuel Adjai [or Ajayi] (c. 1807–1891) | History of Missiology". www.bu.edu. Retrieved 2 June 2021.
  8. ^ Falola & Usman 2009, p. 67.
  9. ^ Walls, Andrew (January 1992). "The legacy of Samuel Ajayi Crowther" (PDF). International Bulletin of Missionary Research: 16.
  10. ^ "Our heroes past: Samuel Ajayi Crowther". The Guardian Nigeria News - Nigeria and World News. 7 April 2019. Retrieved 8 March 2022.
  11. ^ Herskovits 1965, p. 35.
  12. , retrieved 31 December 2021
  13. . Retrieved 31 December 2021.
  14. ^ Adegbamigbe, Ademola (25 August 2019). "Ajayi Crowther's 182-year old letter: How I was captured, sold into slavery". The News Nigeria.
  15. ^ a b c Buckland 1901.
  16. ^ "Ecclesiastical Intelligence". The Times. No. 33232. London. 27 January 1891. p. 12.
  17. ^ "Macaulay, Thomas Babington (1826 to 1878)". Dictionary for African Christian Biography. Archived from the original on 19 August 2014. Retrieved 23 January 2015.
  18. ^ Church Missionary Society 1896, pp. 23–64.
  19. ^ Page 1888, p. 64.
  20. ^ Crowther & Vidal 1852.
  21. ^ Oluniyi 2017, p. 132.
  22. ^ Elebute 2013, p. 169.
  23. ^ Adedeji 1971, pp. 25–45.
  24. ISSN 0009-658X
    – via UK Press Online archives.
  25. ^ "Samuel Crowther: The Slave Boy Who Became Bishop of the Niger, by Jesse Page (c. 1892)". Project Canterbury.
  26. ^ "Bishop Crowther". Watford Observer. 30 July 1864. p. 4 col F. Retrieved 9 February 2016 – via British Newspaper Archive.
  27. ^ "The Story of Africa". BBC World Service.
  28. ^ Crowther 1900.
  29. ^ James, DrRaphael. "THE MOST REVEREND SAMUEL AJAYI CROWTHER CRIES OUT FROM HIS GRAVE". Retrieved 29 April 2020.
  30. ^ "Death Of Bishop Crowther". Nottinghamshire Guardian. 2 January 1892. p. 4 col G. Retrieved 9 February 2016 – via British Newspaper Archive.
  31. ^ "Crowther awaits reburial". The Nigeria Nostalgia Project 1960–1980 on Facebook. Daily Times of Nigeria. 1971. Retrieved 23 January 2015.
  32. ^ Ukeh & Anokwuru. "83 year old Orewande Januario". NBF News. Retrieved 23 January 2015.

References

Further reading

External links