Three Principles of the People
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Three Principles of the People | ||
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Hanyu Pinyin Sānmín Zhǔyì | | |
Bopomofo | ㄙㄢ ㄇㄧㄣˊ ㄓㄨˇ ㄧˋ | |
Wade–Giles | San1-min2 Chu3-i4 | |
Tongyong Pinyin | San-mín Jhǔ-yì | |
IPA | [sán.mǐn ʈʂù.î] | |
other Mandarin | ||
Xiao'erjing | صً مٍ ﺟُﻮْ ىِ | |
Wu | ||
Romanization | sae平 min平 tsy上 nyi去 | |
Hakka | ||
Romanization | sam24 min11 zu31 ngi55 | |
Yue: Cantonese | ||
Jyutping | saam1 man4 zyu2 ji6 | |
IPA | [saːm˥ mɐn˩ tsyː˧˥ jiː˨] | |
Southern Min | ||
Hokkien POJ | Sam-bîn Chú-gī |
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The Three Principles of the People (
Origins
In 1894 when the Revive China Society was formed, Sun only had two principles: nationalism and democracy. He picked up the third idea, welfare, during his three-year trip to Europe from 1896 to 1898.[2] He announced all three ideas in the spring of 1905, during another trip to Europe. Sun made the first speech of his life on the "Three Principles of the People" in Brussels.[3] He was able to organize the Revive China Society in many European cities. There were about 30 members in the Brussels branch at the time, 20 in Berlin, and 10 in Paris.[3] After the Tongmenghui was formed, Sun published an editorial in Min Bao (民報).[2] This was the first time the ideas were expressed in writing. Later on, in the anniversary issue of Min Bao, his long speech of the Three Principles was printed, and the editors of the newspaper discussed the issue of people's livelihood.[2]
The ideology is said to be heavily influenced by Sun's experiences in the
The Principles
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Mínzú or Nationalism
Because "Mínzú" or "People" describes a nation rather than a group of persons united by a purpose, the 'Principle of Mínzú' (Chinese: 民族主義; pinyin: Mínzú Zhǔyì) is commonly rendered as "nationalism".
National Independence
Sun saw the Chinese Nation as under threat of annihilation by the imperialist powers.[5] To reverse the trajectory of such decline, China needed to become nationally independent both externally and internally.
Internally, national independence meant independence from the Qing Manchus who ruled China for centuries.[6] Sun thought that the Han Chinese people were a people without their own nation and thus strove for national revolution against Qing authorities.[6][7]
Externally, national independence meant independence from imperialist foreign powers. Sun believed China to be threatened by imperialism in three ways: by economic oppression, by political aggression, and by slow population growth.[8] Economically, Sun held the mercantilist position that China was being economically exploited by unbalanced trade and tariffs.[8] Politically, he looked toward the unequal treaties signed by China as the reason of China's decline. Sun envisioned a future China that was strong and capable of fighting imperialists and standing on the same stage as western powers.[7]
Five Races Under One Union
Although Sun initially believed in a form of
Cultural conservatism
The Three Principles of the People were partly related to
Mínquán or Governance Rights
The framing of 'democracy' (Chinese: 民權主義; pinyin: Mínquán Zhǔyì; lit. 'Principle of people's right') in the Three Principles of the People differs from the typical Western view democracy, being based in Liang's interpretation of General will, which prioritizes the power of the group over individual freedoms.[9]: 54 Sun viewed traditional Chinese society as too individualistic and stated that individual liberty must be broken down so that the Chinese people could pressed together, using the metaphor of adding cement to sand.[9]: 54
Four Rights of the People
The power of politics (
Five Power Constitution
The power of governance (
(Note that the Legislative Yuan was first intended as a branch of governance, not strictly equivalent to a national parliament.)Mínshēng or Welfare Rights
The Principle of Mínshēng (
Equalization of Land Rights
Sun was influenced by the American thinker
Sun proposed a land reform system known as "equalization of land rights", which involves the implementation of four different acts: regulation of land price, in which each landowner reports the value of their property sans improvement; taxation of land, which involves a land value tax set on all land properties; purchase of land, which sets up a system where government can purchase land for public use by eminent domain; and profit belongs to the public, in which a 100% tax is levied on all profit gained from trading of land (sans improvement). According to Sun, the existence of land purchase and land taxation guarantees that landowner wouldn't over-report (which would lead to high taxation on land) nor under-report (which would lead to their land being cheaply acquired for eminent domain) their land values.[15]
However, the Kuomintang failed to achieve any successful land reform Sun envisioned in Mainland China and only succeeded in Taiwan.
Impact
Sun died before he was able to fully explain his vision of this Principle and it has been the subject of much debate within both the Chinese Nationalist and Communist Parties, with the latter suggesting that Sun supported socialism. Chiang Kai-shek further elaborated the Mínshēng principle of both the importance of social well-being and recreational activities for a modernized China in 1953 in Taiwan.[16]
Canon
The most definite (canonical) exposition of these principles was a book compiled from notes of speeches that Sun gave near Guangzhou (taken by a colleague, Huang Changgu, in consultation with Sun), and therefore is open to interpretation by various parties and interest groups (see below) and may not have been as fully explicated as Sun might have wished. Indeed, Chiang Kai-shek supplied an annex to the Principle of Mínshēng, covering two additional areas of livelihood: education, land, and leisure, and explicitly arguing that Mínshēng was not to be seen as supporting either communism or socialism. The French historian of Chinese history, Marie-Claire Bergère's view is that the book is a work of propaganda. Its purpose is to appeal to action rather than to thought. As Sun Yat-sen declared, a principle is not simply an idea; it is "a faith, a power."[17]
Legacy
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The Three Principles of the People were claimed as the basis for the ideologies of the
Republic of China (Taiwan)
There were several
In addition to this institutional phenomenon, many streets and businesses in Taiwan are named "Sān-mín" or for one of the three principles. In contrast to other politically derived street names, there has been no major renaming of these streets or institutions in the 1990s.
Although the term "Sanmin Zhuyi" (三民主義) has been less explicitly invoked since the mid-1980s, no political party has explicitly attacked its principles with practices under the
As for
People's Republic of China
The Three Principles of the People has been reinterpreted by the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) to argue that communism is a necessary conclusion of the Three Principles of the People and thus provides legitimacy for the communist government. This reinterpretation of the Three Principles of the People is commonly referred to as the New Three Principles of the People (Chinese: 新三民主义, also translated as Neo-tridemism), a word coined by Mao's 1940 essay On New Democracy, in which he argued that the CCP is a better enforcer of the Three Principles of the People compared to the bourgeois Nationalist Party and that the new three principles are about allying with the communists and the Russians (Soviets), and supporting peasants and the workers.[18] Proponents of the New Three Principles of the People often claim that Sun's book Three Principles of the People acknowledges that the principles of welfare is inherently socialistic and communistic.[19]
In response to a question from a Reuters reporter in 1945, CCP chairman Mao Zedong said: "A free and democratic China will be a country in which all levels of government up to the central government are elected by universal, equal, secret suffrage and are accountable to the people who elected them. It would realize Dr. Sun Yat-sen's Three Principles of the People, Lincoln's principles of government of the people, by the people, and for the people, and Roosevelt's Four Freedoms. It will guarantee the country's independence, unity, unification and cooperation with the democratic powers."[20]
Vietnam
The
The motto of Independence - Freedom - Happiness of the
Tibet
The pro-Kuomintang and pro-ROC Khamba revolutionary leader Pandatsang Rapga, who established the Tibet Improvement Party, adopted Dr. Sun's ideology including the Three Principles, incorporating them into his party and using Sun's doctrine as a model for his vision of Tibet after achieving his goal of overthrowing the Tibetan government.
Pandatsang Rapga hailed the Three Principles of Dr. Sun for helping Asian peoples against foreign imperialism and called for the feudal system to be overthrown. Rapga stated that "The Sanmin Zhuyi was intended for all peoples under the domination of foreigners, for all those who had been deprived of the rights of man. But it was conceived especially for the Asians. It is for this reason that I translated it. At that time, a lot of new ideas were spreading in Tibet", during an interview in 1975 with Dr. Heather Stoddard.[25] Dr. Sun's ideology was put into a Tibetan translation by Rapga.[26]
He believed that change in Tibet would only be possible in a manner similar to when the
Singapore
The establishment of the People's Power Party in May 2015 by opposition politician Goh Meng Seng marks the first time in contemporary Singaporean politics that a political party was formed with the Three Principles of the People and its system of having five branches of government as espoused by Sun Yat-Sen as its official guiding ideology.[28]
The People's Power Party has adapted the ideas with a slight modification to the concepts of the Five Powers in order to stay relevant to modern contemporary political and social structures. The emphasis is put on the separation of the Five Powers which naturally means the separation of certain institutions from the Executive's control.
The power of impeachment (originally under the Control Yuan) has been expanded to include various contemporary functional government institutions. Examples include the Corrupt Practices Investigation Bureau, advocacy of the Ombudsman Commission, Equal Opportunity Commission, freedom of the press and freedom of speech.
The power of examination has been adapted and modified to fit the modern concept of selection for both political leaders as well as civil servants. This involves institutions like the Elections Department and Public Service Commission.
The People's Power Party advocates that the institutions included in these two powers, namely the power of impeachment and the power of selection, be put under the supervision of Singapore's elected president.[29]
See also
- Constitution of the Republic of China
- Democracy in China
- History of the Republic of China
- National Anthem of Taiwan
- Republic of China (1912–1949)
- Politics of the Republic of China
- Three Principles of the Equality (Korean)
- Five Principles of Peaceful Coexistence
- Chiangism
- Dai Jitao Thought
References
- ISBN 0765607921
- ^ ISBN 978-0-8047-0602-5. pp. 203–206.
- ^ a b c Sharman, Lyon (1968). Sun Yat-sen: His life and its meaning, a critical biography. Stanford: Stanford University Press. pp. 94, 271.
- ^ "+{中華百科全書‧典藏版}+". ap6.pccu.edu.tw. Retrieved 24 December 2015.
- ^ Wikisource. . (in Chinese) – via
- ^ a b c "三民主义与五权分立——在东京《民报》创刊周年庆祝大会的演说 - 主要著述 - 孙中山故居纪念馆_伟人孙中山". www.sunyat-sen.org. Archived from the original on 2 May 2022. Retrieved 9 April 2022.
- ^ from the original on 9 April 2022. Retrieved 9 April 2022.
- ^ from the original on 9 April 2022. Retrieved 9 April 2022.
- ^ ISBN 978-1-350-23394-2.
- ^ Wikisource. . (in Chinese) – via
- ^ "Five-Power Constitution | Chinese government | Britannica". www.britannica.com. Archived from the original on 26 June 2022. Retrieved 9 April 2022.
- ISBN 9789629962425.
The teachings of your single-taxer, Henry George, will be the basis of our program of reform.
- S2CID 164082381.
- ^ Post, Louis Freeland (12 April 1912). "Sun Yat Sen's Economic Program for China". The Public. 15: 349. Retrieved 8 November 2016.
- ^ Wikisource. . (in Chinese) – via
- ^ "〔民生主義育樂兩篇補述〕". terms.naer.edu.tw. Archived from the original on 24 December 2015. Retrieved 24 December 2015.
- ISBN 0-8047-3170-5.
- ^ Mao, Zedong. "On New Democracy". www.marxists.org. Archived from the original on 9 November 2018. Retrieved 7 May 2022.
- ^ Wikisource. . (in Chinese) – via
- ^ "What Chairman Mao wrote about a 'free and democratic China'". South China Morning Post. 12 February 2019. Retrieved 14 February 2024.
- ISBN 0-231-06909-X. Retrieved 30 November 2010.
Chang Fa-Kuei vnqdd.
- ISBN 9780894532870. Archivedfrom the original on 2 April 2023. Retrieved 30 November 2010.
- ISBN 0-313-31170-6. Retrieved 30 November 2010.
- ISBN 0-8014-0951-9. Archivedfrom the original on 2 April 2023. Retrieved 30 November 2010.
- ISBN 978-0-231-13447-7. Archivedfrom the original on 17 January 2023. Retrieved 27 December 2011.
- ISBN 0-520-07590-0. Retrieved 27 December 2011.
- ISBN 978-0-415-58264-3. Archivedfrom the original on 11 April 2023. Retrieved 27 December 2011.
- ^ "Goh submits application to set up People's Power Party". Archived from the original on 20 May 2015.
- ^ "People's Power Party - PPP". facebook.com. Archived from the original on 27 October 2018. Retrieved 24 December 2015.
Bibliography
- Sun Yat-sen, translated by Pasquale d'Elia.The Triple Demism of Sun Yat-Sen. New York: AMS Press, Inc., 1974.