Bariloche
San Carlos de Bariloche
Bariloche | |
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UTC−3 (ART) | |
Climate | Csb |
Website | Official website |
San Carlos de Bariloche, usually known as Bariloche (Spanish pronunciation:
History
The name Bariloche comes from the
There is evidence of the existence of indigenous settlements on banks of Lake Nahuel Huapi, in the area now occupied by the city of Bariloche, prior to arrival of expeditionaries and white settlers. During the
At 19th century end, in the vicinity of Nahuel Huapi, only a few scattered indigenous families were there: People of Inacayal had been stripped of their lands, and transferred to Tecka (Chubut) when the cacique was taken prisoner.[citation needed] Curruhinca had made an act of submission to Argentine government with his own. Some Nguillatun was still being celebrated.[citation needed]
But the region was beginning a new stage in its history. Although incorporated into national sovereignty, the Nahuel Huapi area began to develop fundamentally linked to Chile. Before 19th century end, when the border was still in dispute, people from the south of the neighboring country were gradually arriving to settle in surroundings of the lake. Small farmers were most of them from the island of Chiloe, but German immigrants living in Chile also arrived.[4]
Spanish explorations and missions
Nahuel Huapi lake was known to Spaniards since the times of the Conquest of Chile. Following the trails of the Mapuche people across the Andes, in the summer of 1552–1553, the Spanish Governor of the Captaincy of Chile Pedro de Valdivia sent Francisco de Villagra to explore the area east of the Andes at the latitudes of the city of Valdivia. Francisco de Villagra crossed the Andes through Mamuil Malal Pass and headed south until reaching Limay River in the vicinity of Nahuel Huapi Lake.[5]
Another early Spaniard to visit the zone of
In 1670, Jesuit priest
The mission was destroyed in 1717 by Poyas following a disagreement with the missionaries; the superior of the mission had refused to give them a cow.[5] Soon thereafter authorities learned that four or five people travelling to Concepción had been killed by the Poya. The colonists assembled a punitive expedition in Calbuco and Chiloé.[5] Composed of both Spaniards and indios reyunos, the expedition did not find any Poya.[5]
In 1766 the head of the Mission of Ralún tried to reestablish the mission at Nahuel Huapi, but the following year, the Crown suppressed the Society of Jesus, ordering them out of the colonies in the Americas.[5]
19th century to 1895
The area had stronger connections to Chile than to the distant city of Buenos Aires during most of the 19th century, but the explorations of
German settlers begun to arrive in neighboring southern Chile from the 1840s. Some of these settlers and their descendants begun a lucrative leather industry obtaining leather from indigenous communities across the Andes.[8] In the 1880s, the Argentine Army displaced indigenous communities, disrupting this trade and forcing leather merchants in Chile to cross the Andes to obtain supplies. This way numerous entrepreneurs from Chile, many with a German background, established cattle and trade business in the area of Nahuel Huapi and Lácar lakes.[8]
Modern settlement
In the summer of 1894-1895
The Chilean entrepreneurs expanded beyond trade and established husbandry operations around Nahuel Huapi Lake. These enterprises exported meat to
In the 1930s, the centre of the city was redesigned to have the appearance of a traditional European central alpine town (it was called "Little Switzerland.") Many buildings were made of wood and stone. In 1909 there were 1,250 inhabitants; a telegraph, post office, and a road connected the city with Neuquén. Commerce continued to depend on Chile until the arrival of the railroad in 1934, which connected the city with Argentine markets.
Architectural development and tourism
Between 1935 and 1940, the Argentine Directorate of National Parks carried out a number of urban public works, giving the city a distinctive architectural style. Among them, perhaps the best-known is the Civic Centre.
Bariloche grew from being a centre of cattle trade that relied on commerce with Chile, to becoming a tourism centre for the Argentine elite. It took on a cosmopolitan architectural and urban profile. Growth in the city's tourist trade began in the 1930s, when local hotel occupancy grew from 1550 tourists in 1934 to 4000 in 1940.
U.S. President
Huemul Project
During the 1950s, on the small island of Huemul, not far into lake Nahuel Huapi, former president
Nazis in Bariloche
In 1995, Bariloche made headlines in the international press when it became known as a place for Nazi war criminals, such as the former SS Hauptsturmführer Erich Priebke and SS officer Reinhard Kopps, known in Argentina as Juan Maler. Priebke had been the director of the German School of Bariloche for many years.
The narrative that Adolf Hitler did not commit suicide, but instead escaped Berlin, was first presented to the general public by Marshal Georgy Zhukov at a press conference on 9 June 1945 on orders from Soviet leader Joseph Stalin.[11]: 22, 23 That month, 68% of Americans polled thought Hitler was still alive.[12] When asked at the Potsdam Conference in July 1945 how Hitler had died, Stalin said he was either living "in Spain or Argentina."[13]
In his 2004 book Bariloche nazi-guía turística, Argentine author Abel Basti claims that Adolf Hitler and Eva Braun lived in the surroundings of Bariloche for many years after World War II.[14][15] Basti said that the Argentine Nazis chose the estate of Inalco as Hitler's refuge.[14]
These accounts are disputed by most historians, who generally believe that Hitler and Braun committed suicide in the Führerbunker during last days of World War II.
Tourism
Tourism, both domestic and international, is the main economic activity of Bariloche throughout the year. The city is very popular with Brazilians, Europeans and Israelis. One of the most popular activities is skiing, and most tourists visit Bariloche in winter (June–September). Regular flights from Buenos Aires via
Science
Besides tourism and related services, Bariloche is home of advanced scientific and technological activities. The
The private, non-profit organization Bariloche Foundation continues the tradition of scientific research in the city. Started in 1963, it promotes postgraduate teaching and research. There are also several departments and laboratories at the National University of Comahue.
Geography
Bariloche lies in the transition between a cool Mediterranean climate (Köppen Csb) and an Oceanic climate (Köppen: Cfb), with marked alpine characteristics (low nighttime temperatures, wide temperature variations, high thermal amplitude). The combination of its altitude, latitude, and predominance of west-northwest winds cause the climate to be classified as a cool temperate climate with a dry season that presents a west–east precipitation gradient.[20] Mean annual precipitation ranges from 4,000 mm (157 in) in the Andean peaks and in Puerto Blest to only 600 mm (24 in) in the Limay River area.[20] In the urban areas, mean annual precipitation ranges from 800 to 1,000 mm (31 to 39 in).[20] Most of this is concentrated in autumn and winter, which are responsible for 70% of the annual precipitation.[20]
The mean annual temperature in Bariloche is 8.4 °C (47 °F) in the city centre (1901–1950).[20] At the airport in the eastern end, the mean annual temperature is 8.3 °C (47 °F) (for the period 1981–2010).[20][21] In January, daytime temperatures normally range from 20 to 28 °C (68 to 82 °F) and may occasionally go up to 30 °C (86 °F).[20] The average minimum in January is 8.2 °C (47 °F) at the city centre and 6.6 °C (44 °F) at the airport although during warm days, nighttime temperatures can reach to 15 °C (59 °F).[20][22][21] In winter, daytime temperatures range from 1 to 8 °C (34 to 46 °F) while nighttime temperatures approach freezing or less.[20] Temperatures vary by altitude; in general, the temperature decreases by 6 °C (11 °F) for every 1,000 metres (3,281 ft) increase in altitude.[20]
The weather is characterized by being windy throughout the year; 85% of the days are windy and calm days are rare.[20] Most of the wind predominantly comes from the west-northwest with easterly winds being rare.[20] Normally, the winds are strong, particularly in spring where gusts can exceed 100 km/h (62 mph).[20]
At the city centre, mean annual precipitation is 1,092 mm (43 in) in which there are 122 days with precipitation.[20] In the eastern end where the airport is located, precipitation is lower, averaging 791 mm (31 in).[20] In winter when temperatures are lower, snowfall can occur, which is favoured by the low evapotranspiration.[20] In spring, melt from snow and lower temperatures lead to moist conditions that facilitate the development of dense forest and agricultural activities.[20]
The water temperatures in the lakes are always low, ranging from 12 to 15 °C (54 to 59 °F).[20] This is due to the lakes being large, making it difficult for the sun to influence their temperature, owing to their large heat capacity.[20] Smaller lakes can freeze in the winter, particularly those located in the higher elevations.[20]
Climate data for San Carlos de Bariloche Airport (1991–2020, extremes 1951–present)[a] | |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
Record high °C (°F) | 36.4 (97.5) |
35.4 (95.7) |
34.4 (93.9) |
26.3 (79.3) |
22.6 (72.7) |
19.4 (66.9) |
16.7 (62.1) |
19.6 (67.3) |
23.0 (73.4) |
29.1 (84.4) |
32.5 (90.5) |
33.9 (93.0) |
36.4 (97.5) |
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 23.2 (73.8) |
23.1 (73.6) |
20.1 (68.2) |
15.0 (59.0) |
10.6 (51.1) |
7.2 (45.0) |
6.7 (44.1) |
8.4 (47.1) |
11.6 (52.9) |
14.7 (58.5) |
17.9 (64.2) |
20.7 (69.3) |
14.9 (58.8) |
Daily mean °C (°F) | 15.4 (59.7) |
15.0 (59.0) |
12.1 (53.8) |
8.1 (46.6) |
5.2 (41.4) |
3.0 (37.4) |
2.1 (35.8) |
3.1 (37.6) |
5.2 (41.4) |
7.9 (46.2) |
10.9 (51.6) |
13.5 (56.3) |
8.5 (47.3) |
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 7.0 (44.6) |
6.6 (43.9) |
4.9 (40.8) |
2.4 (36.3) |
1.0 (33.8) |
−0.5 (31.1) |
−1.6 (29.1) |
−1.0 (30.2) |
−0.1 (31.8) |
1.7 (35.1) |
3.9 (39.0) |
5.9 (42.6) |
2.5 (36.5) |
Record low °C (°F) | −5.7 (21.7) |
−6.9 (19.6) |
−10.0 (14.0) |
−11.1 (12.0) |
−11.4 (11.5) |
−21.1 (−6.0) |
−25.4 (−13.7) |
−17.4 (0.7) |
−17.3 (0.9) |
−10.7 (12.7) |
−7.0 (19.4) |
−8.5 (16.7) |
−25.4 (−13.7) |
Average precipitation mm (inches) | 23.6 (0.93) |
17.5 (0.69) |
29.4 (1.16) |
57.1 (2.25) |
113.7 (4.48) |
168.3 (6.63) |
126.4 (4.98) |
117.3 (4.62) |
55.4 (2.18) |
48.7 (1.92) |
30.1 (1.19) |
25.0 (0.98) |
812.5 (31.99) |
Average snowfall cm (inches) | 0.0 (0.0) |
0.5 (0.2) |
0.0 (0.0) |
3.4 (1.3) |
7.0 (2.8) |
32.4 (12.8) |
41.7 (16.4) |
22.9 (9.0) |
6.2 (2.4) |
5.8 (2.3) |
0.2 (0.1) |
0.0 (0.0) |
120.1 (47.3) |
Average precipitation days (≥ 0.1 mm) | 3.5 | 3.3 | 6.0 | 7.9 | 13.0 | 15.9 | 14.4 | 13.5 | 9.0 | 8.2 | 5.5 | 4.8 | 105.0 |
Average snowy days | 0.0 | 0.1 | 0.0 | 0.5 | 1.3 | 5.1 | 5.9 | 4.4 | 2.0 | 1.6 | 0.3 | 0.1 | 21.3 |
Average relative humidity (%)
|
51.9 | 53.3 | 60.2 | 68.2 | 76.0 | 79.1 | 78.0 | 74.9 | 66.9 | 61.5 | 56.6 | 53.6 | 65.0 |
Mean monthly sunshine hours | 334.7 | 283.3 | 241.6 | 183.7 | 130.4 | 96.0 | 124.7 | 146.9 | 189.9 | 239.3 | 290.7 | 296.3 | 2,594.6 |
Percent possible sunshine | 75 | 72 | 65 | 56 | 45 | 39 | 40 | 47 | 54 | 61 | 71 | 72 | 58 |
Source 1: Servicio Meteorológico Nacional (July record low, February record high)[21][23][24][25][26] | |||||||||||||
Source 2: Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (rain and snow data 1951–1990),[22] World Meteorological Organization (sunshine hours 1981–2010),[27] NOAA (percent sun 1961–1990),[28]
|
Climate data for San Carlos de Bariloche (city centre) 1901–1950[b] | |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
Record high °C (°F) | 35.3 (95.5) |
35.5 (95.9) |
30.0 (86.0) |
24.7 (76.5) |
22.7 (72.9) |
19.0 (66.2) |
18.0 (64.4) |
19.1 (66.4) |
22.5 (72.5) |
27.2 (81.0) |
32.0 (89.6) |
33.5 (92.3) |
35.5 (95.9) |
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 20.8 (69.4) |
20.6 (69.1) |
17.8 (64.0) |
13.9 (57.0) |
9.9 (49.8) |
6.9 (44.4) |
6.5 (43.7) |
7.8 (46.0) |
10.3 (50.5) |
13.8 (56.8) |
15.4 (59.7) |
18.1 (64.6) |
13.5 (56.3) |
Daily mean °C (°F) | 14.4 (57.9) |
14.2 (57.6) |
11.8 (53.2) |
8.7 (47.7) |
5.7 (42.3) |
3.7 (38.7) |
3.0 (37.4) |
3.6 (38.5) |
5.4 (41.7) |
8.2 (46.8) |
10.2 (50.4) |
12.2 (54.0) |
8.4 (47.1) |
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 8.2 (46.8) |
8.1 (46.6) |
6.3 (43.3) |
4.0 (39.2) |
2.1 (35.8) |
0.5 (32.9) |
−0.3 (31.5) |
0.0 (32.0) |
1.1 (34.0) |
3.0 (37.4) |
4.8 (40.6) |
6.6 (43.9) |
3.7 (38.7) |
Record low °C (°F) | −0.1 (31.8) |
−0.7 (30.7) |
−4.0 (24.8) |
−7.8 (18.0) |
−7.8 (18.0) |
−18.0 (−0.4) |
−11.8 (10.8) |
−10.9 (12.4) |
−7.8 (18.0) |
−5.6 (21.9) |
−4.7 (23.5) |
−0.6 (30.9) |
−18.0 (−0.4) |
Average precipitation mm (inches) | 31.2 (1.23) |
29.3 (1.15) |
61.7 (2.43) |
82.2 (3.24) |
173.4 (6.83) |
200.8 (7.91) |
167.8 (6.61) |
129.0 (5.08) |
83.1 (3.27) |
43.0 (1.69) |
51.9 (2.04) |
43.1 (1.70) |
1,096.5 (43.17) |
Average relative humidity (%)
|
62 | 64 | 67 | 73 | 80 | 82 | 81 | 78 | 72 | 68 | 67 | 65 | 72 |
Source 1: Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria[22]
| |||||||||||||
Source 2: Secretaria de Mineria (extremes 1901–1950)[29] |
The central parts of Bariloche are built on a landscape of
Flora
Bariloche is in the transition area between the
- Fitzroya cupressoides, Alerce
- Drimys winteri, Canelo
- Lomatia hirsuta, Radal
- Nothofagus nervosa, Raulí
- Nothofagus dombeyi, Coihue
- Nothofagus betuloides, Coihue de Magallanes
- Nothofagus antarctica, Ñire
- Nothofagus pumilio, Lenga
- Nothofagus obliqua, Roble Pellín
- Chusquea culeou, Caña Colihue
- Maytenus boaria, Maitén
- Austrocedrus chilensis, Ciprés
- Luma apiculata, Arrayán
- Embothrium coccineum, Notro
- Araucaria araucana, Araucaria
- Gevuina avellana, Avellano
- Alstroemeria aurea, Amancay
- Fuchsia magellanica, Chilco
Transportation
The city is served by
Bariloche can also be reached by buses and private cars. The main land routes from North are
San Carlos de Bariloche lies close to the Chilean border and is connected to Chile by the Cardenal Antonio Samoré Pass (125 km North-West from Bariloche, near Villa La Angostura) crossing the Andes Mountains.
A terminal railway station links Bariloche to Viedma.
Internal transportation
Within the city, Mibus is the single mass transit bus company that works, this bus line operates with the SUBE card. The Company Las Grutas that connects Bariloche with Dina Huapi also runs through part of the city, although this line operates with its own card.
Military
Bariloche is home of the army's "12° Regimiento de Infantería de Montaña" (12th Mountain Infantry Regiment), where military personnel are instructed in mountainous conditions, including combat, survival, and skiing. It is usual for the Regiment to receive infantry personnel from other parts of the country and train them. Furthermore, the Escuela Militar de Montaña, the mountain warfare school of the Argentine Army is located in Bariloche.[32]
Neighbourhoods
The main Neighbourhoods are Belgrano, Jardín Botánico, Melipal, Centro, Las Victorias, Las Marias, Dos Valles, and Playa Bonita.
Municipal landfill - Health policies
The city of Bariloche has one of the fifty most dangerous landfills for natural environment of the world. This was indicated by a report that was carried out by the environmental organization International Solid Waste Association (ISWA), based in Austria.
The request for the transfer of the Bariloche dump, located on National Route 40 (Argentina) south, was being surrounded by neighborhoods with a high population density, it is already historic. Added to the situation of environmental collapse is the desperate situation of a large number of people who go to the dump daily in search of food or shelter. In addition, the fires in various sectors of the landfill also became recurrent, affecting not only those who work in the dump but also the closest neighborhoods, without forgetting to mention the forests that surround it, the fauna that inhabits them, and the water, that is deposited in layers that end up in the lake from which the local inhabitants extract the water to drink.
Sports
The Andean Club Bariloche (Spanish: Club Andino Bariloche-CAB) was co-organiser of the 1st and the 3rd South American Ski Mountaineering Championships.
The Club Deportivo Cruz del Sur takes part in Torneo Federal B, the fourth tier of the Argentine football league system. The sides Estudiantes Unidos and Estrella del Sur also participated in lower Argentine leagues.
Twin towns – sister cities
Bariloche is twinned with:[33]
- Aspen, United States
- L'Aquila, Italy
- Osorno, Chile
- Puerto Montt, Chile
- Puerto Varas, Chile
- Purranque, Chile[34]
- St. Moritz, Switzerland
- Queenstown, New Zealand
See also
- Club Andino Bariloche
- Ferrocarril General Roca
- Nahuel Huapi National Park
- Servicios Ferroviarios Patagónico
Notes
- ^ The record highs and lows are based on the INTA link for the period 1951–1990 while records beyond 1990 come from the Oficina de Riesgo Agropecuario link since it only covers from 1970–present. As a result, the most extreme values from either source are used.
- ^ In the Secretaria de Mineria and INTA link, the data from 1901-1950 corresponds to the data recorded in the downtown station (Bariloche Ciudad) while the data from 1951-1990 corresponds to the data recorded from the airport
References
- ^ "Datos provisorios del censo: Bariloche tiene 108.205 habitantes | ANB :: Agencia de Noticias Bariloche - Diario online con noticias e información de Bariloche".
- ^ "San Carlos de Bariloche · Población".
- ^ "La Nacion Mapuche". www.bariloche.com.ar. Archived from the original on 4 January 2010. Retrieved 11 January 2022.
- ^ "El Destino Del Desierto". bariloche.com.ar. Archived from the original on 9 January 2010. Retrieved 11 January 2022.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i Urbina, Ximena (2008). "The frustrated strategic mission of Nahuelhuapi, a point in Patagonia's immensity". Magallania. 36 (1): 5–30. Archived from the original on 18 February 2017. Retrieved 26 April 2013.
- ^ Hanisch, Walter. 1974. Historia de la Compañía de Jesús en Chile, p. 33
- ^ Urbina, Rodolfo (1990). "La rebelión indígena de 1712: los tributarios de Chiloé contra la encomienda" (PDF). Tiempo y Espacio (in Spanish) (1). Chillán: El Departamento: 73–86.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n Muñoz Sougarret, Jorge (2014). "Relaciones de dependencia entre trabajadores y empresas chilenas situadas en el extranjero. San Carlos de Bariloche, Argentina (1895-1920)" [Dependence Relationships between Workers and Chilean Companies located abroad. San Car-los de Bariloche, Argentina (1895-1920)]. Trashumante: Revista Americana de Historia Social (in Spanish). 3: 74–95. Archived from the original on 25 July 2014. Retrieved 3 January 2019.
- ^ a b Méndez, Laura M.; Muñoz Sougarret, Jorge. "Carlos Weiderhold y la "fundación" de Bariloche". Trabajo Independiente?.
- ^ a b Tourism Policy in 20th-century Argentina
- ISBN 978-1-86019-902-8.
- ^ Le Faucher, Christelle (21 May 2018). "Is Hitler Dead or Alive?". The National WWII Museum. Archived from the original on 30 March 2019. Retrieved 20 March 2022.
- ^ Beschloss, Michael (December 2002). "Dividing the Spoils". Smithsonian Magazine. Retrieved 14 September 2018.
- ^ a b "Un libro asegura que Hitler se refugió en la Patagonia". Archived from the original on 9 February 2021. Retrieved 5 November 2011.
- ^ "Argentina - Bariloche Was Hitler and Eva Braun's Final Refuge".
- ^ "FBI – Adolf Hitler Part 01 of 04 – File No 105-410". vault.fbi.gov. Retrieved 3 September 2014.
- ISBN 9781402781391
- ISBN 9781742207865
- ^ "Bariloche Travel Guide: Most Important Information". Say Hueque. Retrieved 21 December 2021.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t "Clima de Bariloche y Río Manso Inferior" (in Spanish). Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria. Archived from the original on 11 October 2018. Retrieved 10 October 2018.
- ^ a b c "Estadísticas Climatológicas Normales - período 1991-2020" (in Spanish). Servicio Meteorológico Nacional. Retrieved 1 May 2023.
- ^ a b c Bustos, José; Rocchi, Victor. "Caracterizacíon Termopluviométrica de Algunas Estaciones Meteorológicas de Rio Negro Y Neuquén" (PDF) (in Spanish). Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria. pp. 5–7. Archived from the original (PDF) on 27 April 2015. Retrieved 26 June 2014.
- ^ "Estadísticas Climatológicas Normales – período 1991–2020" (PDF) (in Spanish). Servicio Meteorológico Nacional. 2023. Archived from the original on 8 July 2023. Retrieved 8 July 2023.
- ^ "Clima en la Argentina: Guia Climática por Variloche Aero". Caracterización: Estadísticas de largo plazo (in Spanish). Servicio Meteorológico Nacional. Retrieved 1 May 2023.
- ^ "INFORME ESPECIAL POR FRÍO EXTREMO Y NEVADAS: Período del 14 al 20 de julio de 2017" (PDF) (in Spanish). Servicio Meteorólogico Nacional. Retrieved 20 July 2017.
- ^ "Fin de febrero: lo destacado del mes" (in Spanish). Servicio Meteorológico Nacional. Archived from the original on 4 March 2019. Retrieved 3 March 2019.
- ^ "World Meteorological Organization Climate Normals for 1981–2010". World Meteorological Organization. Archived from the original on 16 July 2021. Retrieved 5 October 2021.
- ^ "Bariloche Aero Climate Normals 1961–1990". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved 26 June 2014.
- ^ "Provincia de Rio Negro − Clima Y Meteorologia: Datos Meteorologicos Y Pluviometicos" (in Spanish). Secretaria de Mineria de la Nacion (Argentina). Archived from the original on 19 January 2015. Retrieved 7 April 2013.
- ^ ISBN 9061910390.
- ^ "Parque Nacional Nahuel Huapi - Perfil de Parque - Referencias". Archived from the original on 15 February 2021. Retrieved 26 May 2020.
- ^ http://www.ejercito.mil.ar/sitio/_noticias/noticia_full.asp?Id=814 (in Spanish), Argentine Army.
- ^ "Sister Cities Bariloche". ciudadeshermanasbariloche.com. Comité de Ciudades Hermanas Bariloche. Retrieved 9 April 2022.
- ^ "Purranque y Bariloche se unieron en acuerdo de hermanamiento para fomentar el turismo". soychile.cl (in Spanish). Soy Chile. 20 June 2018. Retrieved 21 December 2021.
External links
- (in Spanish and English) Bariloche Official Website