San Diego–Tijuana

Coordinates: 32°32′31.87″N 117°01′46.63″W / 32.5421861°N 117.0296194°W / 32.5421861; -117.0296194
Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.

32°32′31.87″N 117°01′46.63″W / 32.5421861°N 117.0296194°W / 32.5421861; -117.0296194

San Diego–Tijuana
Mission San Diego
Tijuana Cultural Center
Tijuana Cultural Center
Avenida Revolución and Tijuana Arch
Avenida Revolución and Tijuana Arch
Downtown Tijuana
Downtown Tijuana
Primary urban area of San Diego–Tijuana
Primary urban area of San Diego–Tijuana
Countries
  • United States
  • Mexico
State
Largest city
  • by population
    by area

San Diego–Tijuana is an international

Tecate (108,440) in Mexico. It is the third most populous region in the California–Baja California region, smaller only than the metropolitan areas of Greater Los Angeles and the San Francisco Bay Area
.

The metropolitan region is host to 13 consulates from Asian, European, North American, Oceanian, and South American nations.

biotech, and manufacturing
.

San Diego–Tijuana traces its European roots to 1542 when the land was explored by Portuguese explorers on behalf of imperial Spain. In 1601 it was mandated by the Spanish viceroy in Mexico City that safe ports be found, one of which would be San Diego Bay, for returning Spanish trade ships from Manila to Acapulco.[13] During this mission, explorer Sebastián Vizcaíno was also told to map the California coast in great detail, leading to the further exploration of the modern-day site of San Diego–Tijuana.[13] Since 2010, statewide droughts in California and in northern Mexico have further strained the San Diego–Tijuana binational region's water security.[14]

History

The

Payomkawichum, or the Luiseño, also had a presence in modern-day North County San Diego.

Western exploration of the Californias dates back to the 16th century when in 1535

San Miguel
. Initial expeditions by the west to the Californias were followed by pacification and conversion efforts by the Spanish Empire and the Catholic Church. The first Catholic religious order to visit the region was the Jesuits in 1683, followed by the Franciscans in 1768, and the Dominicans in the 1770s.[16] The California mission system is a reminder of the Pacific Coast's colonial era.

In 1769 Father

Agustin Olvera, an early Los Angeles
pioneer, agreed to develop the city.

San Ysidro Border Inspection Station in 1922

The metropolitan region was historically united as part of the province of

Californio gentry. These distributions of lands accelerated after the Missions were secularized in 1833, ending the dominance of the Missions in the economy. San Diego Bay became a port of call for whalers and hide traders
from the United States.

The region started depopulating, as settlements in the region began to be raided between 1836 and 1842 by the Kumeyaay resistance, with both Rancho Tía Juana (1839) and San Diego (~1840 & 1842) raided during that period.

In 1846, the

Agua Caliente Tourist Complex which in turn spurred the rise of hotels and overall growth in the city.[16]

Urban landscape

San Diego–Tijuana urbanity stretches along the coastline from the northernmost city of Oceanside to the southernmost city of Rosarito Beach. The urban area of San Diego–Tijuana is the

72nd largest in the world and 11th largest in North America
, with a population of 5,330,000.

The highest population densities are located in the San Diego neighborhoods of

Rancho Santa Fe, Carmel Valley and La Jolla which have consistently been among the ranks of some of the richest neighborhoods in the United States.[22]

Outside of the urban centers, older regions of San Diego County south of the San Diego River, as well as La Jolla and Pacific Beach, are built on a street grid. Suburban growth north of the San Diego river were built as master planned suburban communities on top of mesas with the "city of villages" concept in mind, built around car-dependency. Tijuana's suburban landscape is made up densely packed low-density mixed land uses, with patches of street grids east of the city and more organic growth influenced by topography. Cities like Tecate and Rosarito are built on street grid systems.

Coronado Bay Bridge
stands as the longest bridge in the region and Southern California.
Tijuana skyline from the Colonia La Cacho

Geography

Rosarito Beach, Tijuana, and Tecate
municipalities

The metropolitan region is situated along the

Centenario are heavy urbanized whereas the corresponding American area of Otay Mesa is composed of primarily dispersed industrial and distribution facilities. At the Pacific Ocean region of the border, the border is urbanized on the Mexican side while the adjacent American side is an the Tijuana River National Estuarine Research Reserve
, and thus not urbanized.

The Tijuana River National Estuarine Research Reserve

According to the U.S. Census Bureau, San Diego County has a total area of 4,526 square miles (11,720 km2), of that 4,200 square miles (11,000 km2) of it is land and 326 square miles (840 km2) of it (7.20%) is water. The area of Tijuana Municipality is 339.5 square miles (879 km2); the municipality includes part of the Coronado Islands, located off the coast of the municipality in the Pacific Ocean. This combined area, with the additional areas of Tecate, 1,188.8 square miles (3,079 km2), and Rosarito Beach, 198.2 square miles (513 km2), place the area of San Diego–Tijuana at 6,252.5 square miles (16,194 km2).

San Diego is by far the most populated county though population density is much higher in the immediate border area adjacent to the south in Baja California than it is in San Diego County. Urban growth is currently developing regions to the east of Tijuana Municipality and south of Rosarito Beach, where developers are building many new residential communities while in San Diego it is observed to the northeast along the Interstate 15 corridor to Temecula and Murrieta.

Greater

Americanized subdivisions and resorts such as Punta Azul, Baja Mar, and La Salina have greatly increased the urbanity of the corridor between Rosarito Beach and Ensenada. Transportation infrastructure increasingly binds the region, as the under-construction Ensenada International Airport is expected to serve as the third major airport of the metropolitan region, offering flights to Europe, South America, and East Asia.[25]

Climate

June Gloom over the South Coast

San Diego–Tijuana straddles a Mediterranean climate and Semi-arid climate area.[26] The Mediterranean climate is characterized by generally warm, dry summers on the near coastal regions with a slight temperature increase westward, and relatively cool, mild, wet winters; this is the climate that dominates northern San Diego–Tijuana. In southern San Diego–Tijuana, the semi-arid climate is observed, though characteristics of the Dry-Summer Subtropical Mediterranean climate are present, with most of the annual precipitation falling in the winter.[27] The Peninsular Ranges assist in containing moisture to the coastal areas and create a rain shadow to the east as they are west-facing mountains.[28]

The climate of the area often varies significantly due to the abundance of

June gloom seasons, a dense cloak of coastal clouds, known as marine layer, covers the coastal areas, keeping the area cool and moist to up to 5–10 miles (8.0–16.1 km) inland. This coastal cloud cover is frequently observed reaching as far inland as Poway and in some cases, San Diego Country Estates. Yet once outside this cloud, the weather in sharp contrast can be warm and sunny.[29] In some cases, June gloom lasts into July, creating cloudy skies over the coastal regions for entire days.[30]

An example of the regional temperature fluctuations is shown in the varying averages of downtown San Diego, averaging January lows of 50 °F and August highs of 78 °F; El Cajon, just 10 miles (16 km) northeast of downtown San Diego, averaging January lows of 42 °F and August highs of 88 °F; Tijuana, averaging January lows of 45 °F and August highs of 78 °F.[30][31][32] The differences are even more observed in North County, where coastal Oceanside maintains an average January low of 45 °F and August highs of 73 °F, while inland Escondido maintains average January lows of 42 °F and August highs of 89 °F.[33]

San Diego–Tijuana is also subject to

urban rivers. This sudden influx of water has the potential to flood populated places and drown out wetland habitat; measures have been taken to reduce this potential negative affect while simultaneously restoring the rivers and their watersheds to a pristine and natural state.[34][35]

Ecology

This regional climate supports a

pyrophytes
.

Southern

terrestrial ecoregion, the coastal lowlands are within a semi, semi-arid Mediterranean climate, inhabited by low-growing aromatic, and drought-deciduous shrubs
.

In the water, the

north Pacific are able to provide kelp forests with millions of plankton – the base of the aquatic food chain
– due to an upwelling of water from the deep sea in the stormy, winter months.

Pinus torreyana torreyana
, the sole location worldwide of the subspecies.

Flora and fauna

A leopard shark and two blacksmith chromis observed in kelp forest habitat at Birch Aquarium

Trees of San Diego–Tijuana included

succulents
.

Terrestrial mammals included the

artiodactyls such as the Peninsular bighorn sheep, a distinct population segment of the desert bighorn sheep.[38]

Reptiles include

gopher snake. Amphibians included the barred tiger salamander and California tree frog. With a mostly arid climate, reptile species outnumber amphibians by a margin of seven to one.[39]

Bird species popular to the region are the California quail, California condor, California least tern, peregrine falcon and golden eagle. Introduced parrot species such as the red-crowned amazon parrot have also been found living and breeding in San Diego County and parts of Tijuana Metro.[40]

The waters off of the coast of San Diego–Tijuana are densely populate by the denizens of the

sculpins. Great white sharks have been observed in the waters off the coast, while there are numerous documentations of their occurrence in the waters off Guadalupe Island.[41] From the confines of the forests, ocean-going species such as the Ocean sunfish
are observed.

Environmental research in climate and biodiversity is conducted at Scripps Institution of Oceanography and by the Biodiversity Research Center of the Californias of the San Diego Natural History Museum.

Geology

Mountains and faults within and near San Diego–Tijuana
Cerro de Las Abejas.

The land on which San Diego–Tijuana sits is due west of a major

Cenozoic Era by the movements of the Pacific Plate and North American Plate. The region experiences earthquakes and felt the shocks of the 2009 Gulf of California earthquake and 2010 Baja California earthquake.[42][43]

The main mountain ranges of the

granitic terrane dating back to the Mesozoic era and thus explaining the abundance of such stone throughout the region. Once part of the North American Plate, the Salinian block broke off due to the formation of the San Andreas Fault and rift resulting in the Gulf of California and its extension of the Salton Trough
.

The faults nearest the urban area are the

Laguna Salada faults
, both secondary to the San Andreas fault.

Major coastal water bodies

The region is set with many natural coastal

bays
. These included the major water bodies known as:

Populace

Historical population
CensusPop.Note%±
19903,245,397—
20004,129,43327.2%
20105,105,76923.6%
historical data source:[46]

The populace of the San Diego–Tijuana is

Korean, and Japanese people; Italian, French, Spanish and Lebanese also reside in the region. With a population of approximately five million people, the San Diego–Tijuana metropolitan area accounts for 40% of the United States – Mexico border population.[48] The metropolitan area experiences the largest rates of growth in an urban area that stretches from Los Angeles to Tijuana.[48] An analysis of age groups in the region found a relatively older population lives on the San Diegan side of the border while a relatively younger population the Tijuana side.[48] The Tijuana region also maintains a population largely composed of people born outside of Baja California.[48]

Cities

Tijuana, the largest city in the region
San Diego from Balboa Park, the second largest city in the region
Chula Vista Bayfront of Chula Vista, 3rd largest city in the region
Oceanside Pier of Oceanside, 4th largest city in the region
San Diego & Tijuana

San Diego is located at 32°42′N 117°09′W / 32.700°N 117.150°W / 32.700; -117.150, just north of Tijuana. The city is divided into eight districts by the municipal government of the City of San Diego in accordance with policing and community service areas.

Point Loma
peninsulas separate San Diego Bay from the ocean.

Tijuana is located at 32°31′N 117°01′W / 32.517°N 117.017°W / 32.517; -117.017, just south of San Diego. The city is divided into

public works and community development, served by a delegate. As Tijuana ranks higher in the Mexican urban hierarchy than San Diego does in the American urban hierarchy, Tijuana contains many foreign consulates including those of China, Korea, Finland, the United States, Germany, Spain, Honduras, France, Austria, Gambia, the United Kingdom, Italy, Norway, Sweden, Israel, Canada, and the Czech Republic. Tijuana does not receive competition from a larger urban center as San Diego does from Los Angeles. However, with Mexicali growing rapidly, a possible canal project planned and Silicon Border
development under way, Tijuana will soon face similar competition.

Population figures for California cities are from 2010 U.S. Census data.[50] Population figures for Baja California cities are from 2010 INEG census data.[51]

Major cities – 100,000+ inhabitants
Other cities – 40,000+ inhabitants
Cities with under 40,000 inhabitants

Mexico – United States border

Main article:
Mexico – United States border
Border fence between Tijuana (right) and San Diego's border patrol offices (left)
Otay Mesa Port of Entry pedestrian facility
US-Mexico border crossing from the American side.

The international border between the United States and Mexico runs from San Diego–Tijuana eastward towards the Gulf of Mexico. The Pacific Ocean terminus of the border was defined as a line passing from the confluence of the Colorado and Gila rivers (now the southeastern corner of the U.S. State of California) to the Pacific Ocean such that it would pass one Spanish league south of the southern end of San Diego Bay. This ensured that the United States received the natural harbor at San Diego.

There are three existing border crossings in San Diego–Tijuana, with two more planned. San Ysidro/El Chaparral is the busiest border crossing in the world;[52] In 2019 alone, more than 77.2 million people entered the U.S. through this port.[53] There are maximum 30 vehicle border crossing lanes at the San Ysidro Port of Entry into the United States and 6 or 8 lanes into Mexico from San Ysidro.[54] The San Diego/Tijuana border is also a major point of entry for trafficking, where 50 brothels of trafficked Mexican girls exist in San Diego County.[55]

The majority of cross-border trips into the United States are those made by

commuters into the Greater San Diego area and Southern California as a whole. There is a thriving reverse traffic for entertainment in Tijuana and affordable goods and services
.

The San Ysidro port of entry is the main border crossing for non-commercial traffic. Crossing times are notoriously slow at San Ysidro, particularly for those entering the U.S. in cars.

public transportation systems of which includes the San Diego Trolley
blue line that runs from downtown San Diego to the border crossing.

Economy

Leading industries in San Diego–Tijuana are trade, services, electronics, tourism, life sciences, high-tech and defense sectors.

Panasonic Corporation, Samsung, Hyundai, Mattel, Honeywell, Pioneer Corporation, Maxell, Douglas Furniture, and International Rectifier.[56]

On the 2020 Globalization and World Cities classification, San Diego was rated as Beta - level global city up from Gamma level, while Tijuana was rated as a high sufficiency city.

Maritime

The economy of the urban area is influenced by the Port of San Diego which gives the region a strong maritime sector; the conurbation is the location of the only major submarine and shipbuilding yards on the West Coast and of the largest naval fleet in the world. The cruise ship industry, which is the second largest in the California-Baja California region, generates an estimated $2 million annually from the purchase of food, fuel, supplies, and maintenance services.[58] In California alone, the port is the fastest-growing port in terms of cruise ship dockings and the second largest behind the Port of Los Angeles.[58]

Manufacturing

An industrial park in Tijuana's outskirts

Manufacturing accounts for a large part of the regional economy more-so observed in Tijuana.

Twin Cities as medical device manufacture capital of North America.[62] The amount of diverse and numerous manufacture companies in the area have made the metropolitan region one of the world's largest concentrated manufacturing areas.[59]

Tech

Qualcomm Corporate Headquarters

San Diego–Tijuana is ground zero for a transborder tech sector.[63] Engineers and entrepreneurs in the entirety of the border region are fueling the growth of this economic industry in which a symbiotic relationship exists between think-tanks in the north and manufacturing heads in the south that creates a healthy environment for startup companies.[63] San Diego alone was rated by Forbes in 2014 as one of the best places to start a tech company.[64]

Several areas of San Diego are home to offices and research facilities for numerous biotechnology companies and pharmaceutical companies. Among

Qualcomm Incorporated was founded and is headquartered in San Diego; Qualcomm is the largest private-sector technology employer (excluding hospitals) in San Diego County.[66] Due to San Diego's military influence, major national defense contractors, such as General Atomics and Science Applications International Corporation
(SAIC), are or have been headquartered in San Diego.

Major business districts

Business districts include the

Rancho Bernardo, Carmel Valley, Mission Valley, Sorrento Mesa, and University City neighborhoods of San Diego. Notability among business districts extends to Rancho Bernardo, the site of Sony US corporate headquarters.[67]

Business districts within San Diego–Tijuana
  • Centre City, San Diego's central business district
    Centre City, San Diego's central business district
  • Río Zone, Tijuana's central business district
    Río Zone
    , Tijuana's central business district
  • Village of La Jolla, the La Jolla business district
    Village of La Jolla, the La Jolla business district
  • University City, a North County business district
    University City, a North County business district

Tourism

Kasatka (Shamu) performing at SeaWorld San Diego
Pacific Beach, a popular destination for beachgoers
Tijuana's Cultural Center's OMNIMAX theater.
Avenida Revolución, one of Tijuana's prime entertainment districts.

Tourism is a major industry of the region, owing much to the area's mild

drinking age of 18 and legal and regulated prostitution make Tijuana a common weekend destination for many young Southern Californians and sex tourists.[69]

Popular attractions in the region include:

Interior of a bar in Tijuana

Many large

beach resort fashion, including Park Towers and AQUA condominiums.[70]

Cross-border Trade & NAFTA

The North American Free Trade Agreement has a great influence on transborder trade in the San Diego–Tijuana economy. Of all the goods exchanged to the north 20% transported are destined for San Diego, 60% are destined for other California counties, and the remaining 20% are destined to other American states.[71] The metropolitan economy has become increasingly integrated as the NAFTA process has reduced trade and investment barriers which facilitates the trade and extensive sales services via cross-border exchange.[72] San Diego–Tijuana is a critical commercial link to the United States.[11][60] In Tijuana, companies that have established assembly plants in industrial parks referred to as maquiladoras include Sony, Toyota, Samsung, Kodak, Matsushita/Panasonic, Nabisco, Philips, Pioneer, Plantronics, Pall Corporation, Tara Labs, and Sanyo, while San Diego supports the expansion of its own industrial parks in Otay Mesa.[60] Additionally some of these companies, such as Samsung, source the development of items locally.[73]

Even prior to the implementation of NAFTA, Tijuana was home to many businesses selling products and services at a lower rate than in the United States. Today businesses such as

Medtronic Inc., in the city.[74][75]
This influx of companies is drawing skilled people from the United States with technical trades and college degrees to Tijuana transforming the city economy into a knowledge-based one.

Transportation

Main article: Transportation in San Diego–Tijuana

Public transportation

Further information:
Public transportation in San Diego County
San Diego Trolley Blue Line heading towards Tijuana

San Diego's primary light rail network is the San Diego Trolley, operated by Metropolitan Transit System. The trolley system consist of four lines: the Blue Line which runs from the San Ysidro Transit Center just north of the border to UTC Transit Center, tzhe Orange Line, which runs from Courthouse station to Santee Town Center, the Green Line which runs 12th & Imperial Transit Center to Santee Town Center through Mission Valley, and the Silver Line which is a heritage streetcar line that runs in a loop in downtown San Diego.

San Diego is served by the Pacific Surfliner, an Amtrak inter-city rail which terminates at Santa Fe Depot in downtown San Diego. San Diego is also served by the COASTER, a commuter rail service that runs from downtown San Diego to Oceanside, operated by North County Transit District. From Oceanside Transit Center, riders can either take the SPRINTER hybrid rail to Escondido, Metrolink Orange County line to downtown Los Angeles, or the Metrolink San Bernardino line to San Bernardino.

Plenty of free parking is available at Stadium station on days when Snapdragon Stadium is not hosting events, as well as several other stations throughout the system that have park and rides. All trolley stations also provide connection points to MTS bus services, as MTS has designed the trolley to be the backbone of the local public transit system.

In Tijuana there is currently no public rail system, although, there is a system of buses that operate in the area. However, it was reported by the

South Bay in order to capitalize on the potential economic benefits.[76] Additionally, there have been plans to extend the Blue Line into Tijuana proper.[77]

Major highways

Cabrillo Freeway
(SR 163) leading into Downtown San Diego

San Diego–Tijuana is at the junction of major interstates, state routes and federal highways. The region is at the terminus of ten major

Los Angeles metropolitan area, Northern California, and Cascadia via Interstate 5. Interstate 5 and Federal Highway 1 are critical highways for commercial and international trade due to their junction at the San Ysidro Port of Entry, linking major industrial regions along the British Columbia Coast, West Coast of the United States, and the Gold Coast of Baja California at the busiest port of entry in the world.[79] The metropolitan area is linked by Federal Highway 2 and State Route 111 to Gulf of Mexico cities.[80]

Within the metropolitan region, there are many transportation routes via

Tecate to the Cinderella of the Pacific.[83]

A Federal Highway in Tijuana's North
Highway that connects Tijuana and Ensenada, locally known as "La Escénica"

In addition to the extensive highway system, the cities and regions within San Diego–Tijuana are interconnected by many

state routes as well. State Route 52 connects communities in northern San Diego, State Route 905 connects the Otay Mesa Port of Entry with South Bay cities, State Route 125 connects South Bay with East County, State Route 94 connects South Bay with the Mountain Empire, and State Route 78
connects North County Coastal with North County Inland, as well as to the mountain communities of the San Diego County Peninsular Ranges.

San Diego. The roadway system in Tijuana is very low end compared to the quality of streets in the United States. The majority of the roads are in desperate need of repair with many newly constructed off ramps being set up in an impractical method often requiring sharp and hard turns. When it comes to long-distance travel through Baja California
, many people use the toll roads that are well maintained and are at a standard comparable to that of U.S. roads.

Port

Dole
Honduras at the Tenth Avenue Marine Terminal container port.

San Diego–Tijuana's only

deepwater port is both a container port and cruise ship destination. The Port of San Diego has recreation terminals and docked ships at the Maritime Museum of San Diego, which is located at the Embarcadero. The port is serviced by nine cruise lines including Carnival Cruise Line and Royal Caribbean International
. A new cruise terminal was recently constructed at the Port to compensate for the increased levels of maritime tourism.

Cargo and

Tijuana-Ensenada Freeway.[85]

The Port of Punta Colonet is being planned as an alternative port to the West Coast ports of the United States and Canada;[86] though the port is not without its negative environmental impacts.[87] 150 miles (240 km) south of Tijuana, the port is intended to compete with the twin ports of Long Beach and Los Angeles,[88] Once completed the port would serve as the primary dock for Asian vessels unloading shipping containers.[88] and would have a 200-mile (320 km) rail line to San Diego–Tijuana.

Airports

See also:
McClellan-Palomar Airport
Plane flying into San Diego International Airport
Front of Tijuana International Airport

San Diego–Tijuana is served by of two major

McClellan-Palomar Airport
(Carlsbad).

San Diego International Airport is located 3 mi (4.8 km) northwest of Centre City and 20 mi (32 km) from Tijuana. Operated by the San Diego County Regional Airport Authority,

commercial airport in the world. SAN served 22,009,921 in 2021. As of June 2023, San Diego International Airport is served by 16 passenger airlines.[90]

In 2022 the Tijuana International Airport served 12,324,600 passengers. It is the fourth busiest airport in Mexico and serves as the focus city for Aeroméxico. Cross Border Xpress consists of a pedestrian toll bridge which directly links the terminal in Mexico with the CBX terminal on the U.S. side – the only airport in the world with terminals on the territory of two countries.

McClellan-Palomar Airport is located near the central business district of Carlsbad, serving North County. However, the airport does not currently have any passenger service.

The top ten flights in 2022 to 2023 from all three airports were to Mexico City with 1,191,875 passengers, Guadalajara with 1,068,321 passengers, Las Vegas with 837,000 passengers, Denver with 704,000 passengers, San Jose with approximately 661,000 passengers, Sacramento with 654,000 passengers, Phoenix with 641,000 passengers, San Francisco with 625,000, Seattle/Tacoma with 610,000 passengers, Dallas/Fort Worth with 532,000 passengers.[91][92]

Ports of Entry

San Ysidro Port of Entry
Traffic at the San Ysidro Port of Entry, the busiest international border crossing in the world

In 2002, according to the

San Ysidro Land Port of Entry Expansion Project involves adding ten lanes to the San Ysidro border crossing and the creation of the El Chaparral Port of Entry.[94] Another plan includes adding an extra border crossing to the east of Otay Mesa with completion estimated for the year 2015.[95] Projects such as these will attempt to reduce the loss of millions of dollars per day due to waiting at the border.[93]

There are currently three

ports of entry serving the metropolitan region. The San Ysidro Port of Entry/El Chaparral expansion projects, and the opening of the new Otay Mesa East Port of Entry, will add significant capacity. The most trafficked port of entry is the San Ysidro Port of Entry—the busiest international crossing in the world. It serves as the primary entry point for the commuting populace of the metropolitan region. The Cross Border Xpress pedestrian border crossing, which opened December 9, 2015, is for the exclusive use of ticketed passengers at Tijuana International Airport. Further east, the Otay Mesa Port of Entry deals with high volumes of commercial traffic as it is located in the manufacturing zone of the region. The Otay Mesa Port accounts for billions of dollars worth of product.[71] Further east, the Otay Mesa East Port of Entry is planned. And the farthest east, the Tecate Port of Entry is the smallest port of entry and is not designed for dealing with large volumes of traffic as it follows a long winding road through the Mountain Empire
.

Many businesses in South Bay offer Mexican car insurance on a short-term, prepaid basis. Most large car rental companies in San Diego do permit their vehicles to be taken across the border but generally require a hefty fee, sometimes costing more than the rental, for Mexican auto insurance. Visitors to the region should note that automobile insurance does not travel across the international border. Vehicles registered in Mexico may also require separate insurance for use in the United States. In California Automobile insurance is required by the State.

Higher education

The Geisel Library at the University of California, San Diego
Hepner Hall at San Diego State University
Entrance sign at the Autonomous University of Baja California
Post-graduate studies building at Centro de Enseñanza Técnica y Superior (CETYS)

The region is home to over twenty higher education schools including numerous universities, private, and state colleges and maintains an excellent educational infrastructure.[96] Tijuana is home to high ranked national colleges and universities and San Diego is ninth most educated city in the United States.[97]

Notable schools included the

The Washington Monthly.[98]

Communication

Telephone

Further information:
Telephone numbering in the Americas
Area codes of the metropolitan area

Telephonic communication between the two cities requires

local number
.

San Diego County Area Codes

  • +1-
    619
  • +1-
    858
  • +1-
    760
  • +1-
    442

Tijuana Metro Area Codes

  • +52-665
  • +52-664
  • +52-661

Broadcasting

Limited San Diego television channels are included in Mexican cable in Tijuana and Ensenada.

Broadcasting is shared between the two cities as necessary, as is the case along both land U.S. borders. Frequency coordination means that all broadcast stations must be approved by both countries before making any major changes. In this case, approval is required by the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) in the U.S. and Federal Telecommunications Institute in Mexico. Additionally, the FCC requires a permit to supply programming to a foreign broadcaster for transmission back into the U.S.

Television

Cooperative frequency coordination between both city regions is quite common; an example is

U.S. Congress called the DTV Border Fix Act was introduced, which would have allowed all stations in San Diego, and all television stations within 80 kilometers (50 mi) of the Mexican border, to keep their analog signals active for another five years, delaying the television transition that the rest of the United States would be going through; while the bill passed the Senate, it did not pass the House.[99]

Prior to the 2017 rules change by the FCC, San Diego was the largest media market in the United States that was legally unable to support a duopoly between two full-power television stations; under the 1999 order, duopolies were not allowed in any U.S. market with fewer than nine full-power stations and once a duopoly is formed, there must be eight unique station owners that remain in a single market. The California side of the market does not fall under either requirement as there are only seven full-power stations in that part of the San Diego–Tijuana metropolitan area. Though two sister stations existed (the E. W. Scripps Company group of KGTV and KZSD-LD, and the NBC Owned Television Stations group of KNSD and KUAN-LD), they are not considered duopolies under the FCC's legal definition as common ownership between full-power and low-power television stations in the same market is permitted regardless to the number of stations licensed to the area. On November 20, 2017, the FCC eliminated the "Eight-Voices Test" requirement, allowing media companies to form duopolies regardless of the number of full-powered stations licensed to each market.[100] The decision allowed Nexstar Media Group, owner of Fox affiliate KSWB-TV, to purchase independent station KUSI-TV from McKinnon Broadcasting on May 8, 2023;[101] the transaction was completed on August 31, creating the first legal duopoly in San Diego.[102]

The Mexico-licensed stations in the market are not subject to the duopoly rules as two or more full-power television stations are allowed to be owned by the same company under Mexican telecommunications law (American-based

XHTIT-TV
, respectively).

Radio

On radio, relaying programming across the border is even more common, with stations like XHITZ-FM 90.3 and XHMORE-FM 98.9 being programmed by U.S. broadcast groups, while being owned by Mexican companies (as required under Mexican law) and operating under Mexican broadcast law. Other American stations relayed via Mexico through local marketing agreements (LMAs) are XEPE AM 1700, XEPRS AM 1090 and simulcast XHPRS-FM 105.7, XESPN AM 800, XESURF AM 540, XETRA FM 91.1, XHRM FM 92.5, XEWW-AM 690, XHA-FM 94.5, XHFG-FM 107.3, XHGLX-FM 91.7, XHLNC-FM 104.9, and XHTY-FM 99.7. All of these stations are authorized to simulcast digitally in HD Radio, as are other stations within 320 kilometers (200 mi) of the U.S. border.[103]

Because many stations in the

KCR from San Diego State University, and KSDT from University of California, San Diego
.

Under Mexican law, radio stations located in Mexico must broadcast the Mexican National Anthem twice daily and broadcast public affairs program La Hora Nacional on Sunday evenings.

Other infrastructure

Sempra Corporate Headquarters in San Diego

The metropolitan region has developed many utilities which have primary focus on energy and environmental health. A focal point of cross-border environmental relations is the care of the Tijuana River Estuary. The International Boundary Wastewater Treatment Plant (IWTP) was developed by the International Boundary and Water Commission (IBWC) as a joint project between the US and Mexico in the mid-1990s following substantial environmental studies regarding the polluting effects of the river system from run-off and untreated water on the Tijuana side of the border region.[104] The facility now treats sewage flows exceeding the capacity of the present Tijuana sewage treatment system.[105] The plant directly assists in the restoration of the Tijuana River Valley.[105] Another collaborative effort between the two cities was the environmentally friendly development of paved roads – created by placing concrete blocks on dirt roads – in the San Bernardo neighborhood of northwestern Tijuana.[106] Whilst being a good example for overall development of Tijuana, it served to retain water in the earth and prevented possible negative impacts from floodwater.

Water

San Diego–Tijuana relies heavily on water from the

Carlsbad desalination plant is the largest desalination plant in the United States. It was opened in December 2015, and produces 50-million gallons a day; enough water to supply 10% of San Diego region residents with drinking water.[107]

Energy

The policies shared between San Diego and Tijuana are addressed in a binational way as the effects of actions on one side of the border, with regard to infrastructure, are felt on the neighboring side.

unleaded gasoline has also replaced leaded fuel as means for transportation, helping regional air quality.[109] The new strategies also included plans that worked with the nearby capital of Mexicali, where the pipeline shared between the two states was constructed to supply natural gas to its metropolitan area with energy supplied by Sempra and Proxima.[109] Sempra Energy has been applauded for its initial development of this cross-border infrastructure.[111]

On April 19, 2011, it was reported by the San Diego Union-Tribune that

Anza Borrego Desert State Park.[112] Energia Sierra Juarez is slated for construction in 2012, though the deal has yet to be approved by the California Public Utilities Commission.[112]

Culture

See also:
Culture of Tijuana
San Diego Museum of Man
Tijuana's House of Culture

The sister cities of the metropolitan region have a complex and rich cultural exchange. The binational art communities are the most progressive yet least funded when compared to other international communities.[113]

The cultural activities present on both sides of the border provide artists a benefited cultural activity sector. Art organizations on both sides of the border have binational programs.

Mainly Mozart (Festival Binacional de Mozart) performs, for both cities of California and Baja California, with internationally known musicians and orchestras.[113] In San Diego, the Opera's Ensemble tours the metropolitan region every year performing over 150 performances in the regions educational institutions, cultural centers, and concert venues.[113] Additionally, the Museum of Contemporary Art San Diego actively promotes the binational arts culture in the area and has displayed exhibitions highlighting the border experience.[113]

The metropolitan region has become a magnet for artists from abroad.

Orchestra of Baja California.[113]

The cultural region is the home of many museums and landmarks. The regions cultural institutions and landmarks are in part comprised by the many institutions of Balboa Park, Tijuana Cultural Center, the Maritime Museum of San Diego – a collection of large historic American vessels, Cabrillo National Monument, Christ of the Sacred Heart, Mission San Diego de Alcalá, Mission San Luis Rey de Francia, Old Town San Diego State Historic Park, and museum at San Pasqual Battlefield State Historic Park. Local beach culture is in part represented by the California Surf Museum.

Border influence

The Caesar salad finds roots in the cross border culture of 1920s American Prohibition, when San Diegans would take trips to Tijuana to legally consume alcohol. Caesar salad was invented by an Italian immigrant living in San Diego who owned a popular restaurant for drinking in Tijuana. Today, young San Diegans under 21 still cross into Tijuana for the 18 years old drinking age.

In a region where Mexican traditional culture and American contemporary culture clash, native artists benefit from the manifested diverse cultural influences.[113]

Tijuana's adjacent location to San Diego fuels its intrigue for artists and art curators.[113] A growing number of artists and musicians have begun challenging the sometimes negative stereotype of Tijuana through exhibitions displaying the city as a place of contingency and creativity.[113] San Diego–Tijuana has been considered "one of the hottest interfaces between first and third worlds."[114] Artists attraction to San Diego–Tijuana's arts and culture scene was accredited by the Tucson Weekly to the environment created by one of the richest and most developed cities – San Diego – border proximity to a once third world type city – Tijuana.[115]

Cuisine

Food in the region has been greatly attributed from its position on the US-Mexican border. The region has also been influenced by immigrants who migrated to the area.

Notable foods rooted in the region are:

Beverage

The region is also home to many wineries and craft breweries scattered throughout the region, with

Cerveza Tecate owned by Cuauhtémoc Moctezuma Brewery. Tijuana and Tecate's growth could be attributed to the influx of American alcohol tourism in the 1920s to evade the US prohibition of alcohol
.

International recognition

The culture of San Diego–Tijuana is international and

Guardian Newspaper, "Tijuana is in the middle of an artistic flowering in which artists are re-examining the city's hybrid binational culture."[118] Tijuana has been gaining recognition as a culinary center for the Baja Med fusion cuisine.[119]

In the five years prior to 2004 Tijuana's visual arts were sought out by European exhibitions, and received notable focus from Germany. An international exhibition in Hamburg titled Unlikely Encounters in Urban Space portrayed the developed environment in Eastern Tijuana as well as in

Mar de Plata, Milan, Berlin, Munich, and Hamburg.[120]

Cultural Enclaves

Additionally, the metropolitan area is home to many cultural enclaves from around the world not including American and Mexican enclaves they have of each other.

Enclave Name Neighborhood Community Represented Official Recognition or Dedicated District
European Ethnic Enclaves
Little Italy Little Italy, San Diego Italian Americans Yes, 1996
Zona Centro, Tijuana
Italo-Mexicano
 No
Valle de Guadalupe, Ensenada No
Little Portugal CBD Avenida de Portugal, Roseville-Fleetridge, San Diego Portuguese Americans No
Olivenhain Olivenhain, Encinitas German Americans Yes, 1890s
Asian Ethnic Enclaves
Barrio Chino
La Mesa, Tijuana
Chinese Mexicans
 No
Little Saigon City Heights, San Diego Vietnamese Americans Yes, June 4, 2013
Cambodian Americans No
Convoy District (Convoy Pan Asian Cultural & Business Innovation District)
 		Kearny Mesa, San Diego Asian Americans
  • Taiwanese (Northwest)
  • Chinese and Korean (Central)
  • Japanese (East)
  • Southeast Asian (South)
 Yes, October 20, 2020
National City, California & Paradise Hills, San Diego Filipino Americans No
Manila Mesa Mira Mesa, San Diego No
Little India (Center) Black Mountain Road, Miramar, San Diego Indian Americans No
Linda Vista, San Diego
Southeast Asian American
 No
Golden Hill, San Diego No
East
Clairemont Mesa
 Thai Americans No
Chollas View, San Diego Laotian Americans No
Pacific Islander Ethnic Enclaves
Little Samoa Oceanside, California Samoan Americans No
Oceanside & Vista Pacific Islander Americans No
Mission Beach, San Diego No
Spring Valley, San Diego County, California No
Middle Eastern Ethnic Enclaves
Little Baghdad El Cajon, La Mesa, & Spring Valley, CA
Chaldean Americans
 No
La Jolla Eruv La Jolla
Jewish Americans
 Documented
University City Eruv South University City, San Diego Documented
College Area Eruv College Area, San Diego Documented
San Carlos Eruv San Carlos, San Diego Pending
African, African American, and Afro-Caribbean Ethnic Enclaves
Little Moghadishu / Little Somalia City Heights, San Diego Somali Americans No
Sudanese Americans & South Sudanese Americans No
Pequeña Haití Cañon del Alacrán, Divina Providencia, Tijuana Haitian Mexicans No
Southeast San Diego African Americans No
Indigenous Ethnic Enclaves/Reservations
Sycuan Band of the Kumeyaay Nation Kumeyaay Yes, 1875
San Pasqual Band of Diegueno Mission Indians Yes, 1910
Jamul Indian Village Yes, 1912
Barona Group of Capitan Grande Band of Mission Indians Yes, 1932
Juntas de Neji Southern Tecate Municipality
San José de la Zorra San José de la Zorra, Baja California
Rincon Band of Luiseño Indians
Payómkawichum (Luiseño)
 Yes, 1875
Pauma Band of Luiseno Mission Indians of the Pauma & Yuima Reservation, California
 Yes, 1893
Pala Band of Luiseno Mission Indians of the Pala Reservation
Payómkawichum (Luiseño)

Cupeño
)

Yes, 1901
Hatam's Village (Hata'am) Balboa Park (San Diego) Native Californians & Native Baja Californians Dismantled 1900s
Other Latin American Ethnic Enclaves
El Barretal Matamoros Norte-Centro-Sur, Tijuana Hondurans & Guatemalans; Central American migrant caravans No
City Heights, San Diego Salvadoran Americans No
Escondido, California Mexican Americans & Central Americans No
El Cajon, California Puerto Ricans No
LGBTQ Enclaves
Hillcrest Gayborhood Hillcrest, San Diego
LGBT Americans
 No
Zona Centro, Tijuana LGBT Mexicans No
Alpine, California
Lesbian Americans
 No

Sports

See also:
Sports in Tijuana
Petco Park
Estadio Caliente

San Diego–Tijuana is an avid sports community. Popular sports include association football, American football, baseball, and, to a lesser extent, bloodless bullfighting. The region has professional teams involved in Major League Baseball and the Liga MX. In a sign of binational friendship, San Diegans – Team USA – and Tijuanenses – Team Mexico – engaged in a friendly game of border volleyball at Border Field State Park in which volleyballs were passed over the international border fence splitting the beach.[121] This was the first game of international border volleyball and garnered attention from tourists and the media.[121]

Cardiff-by-the-Sea, and Baja Malibu.[123][124][125]

In the mid-2000s, the Binational Organizing Committee (BiNOC) of San Diego–Tijuana made it known that the sister-cities were interested in making a bid for the

U.S. Olympic Committee (USOC) decided against the binational bid and made it clear San Diego would not receive the opportunity to host the Summer Games in 2016.[128] Furthermore, USOC member Bob Ctvrtlik stated the International Olympic Committee has never been inclined to consider a dual-city Games.[128]

Professional teams

The following teams compete at their sport's highest level of domestic competition.

San Diego

Club League Sport Since[a] Home venue Attendance[b] Titles
San Diego Padres MLB Baseball 1936[c]; 1969 Petco Park 40,915 (2023)[129]
San Diego FC MLS Soccer (men's) 2025[130] Snapdragon Stadium
San Diego Wave FC NWSL Soccer (women's) 2022 Snapdragon Stadium 20,718 (2023)[131]
San Diego Seals NLL Box lacrosse 2018 Pechanga Arena 5,115 (2023)
California Redwoods PLL Field lacrosse 2024[d] Torero Stadium
San Diego Legion MLR Rugby 2018 Snapdragon Stadium 3,043 (2019)
San Diego Sockers
 MASL Indoor soccer 1978;[e] 2009 Frontwave Arena 2,746 (2019–20) 16[f]
San Diego Strike Force IFL
Indoor football
 2019[g] Pechanga Arena 1,930 (2023)[132]
San Diego Mojo PVF Volleyball (women's) 2024 Viejas Arena
San Diego Wild NVA Volleyball (men's) 2023 varies
San Diego Growlers UFA Ultimate (men's) 2015 Mission Bay High School
San Diego Super Bloom WUL Ultimate (women's) 2022 Kearny High School
San Diego Lions USAFL Australian football 1997 varies 2[h]
San Diego Yacht Club America's Cup[i] Sailing 1886 San Diego Bay 3[j]

Tijuana

Club League Sport Since[k] Home venue Attendance[l] Titles
Club Tijuana Liga MX Soccer 2007 Estadio Caliente 1[133]
Toros de Tijuana Mexican League Baseball 2004 Estadio Chevron 2[134]
Tijuana Zonkeys
CIBACOPA
 Basketball 2010 Auditorio Fausto Gutierrez Moreno 3[135]
Galgos de Tijuana LFA American football 2021 Estadio Caliente
Atletico Baja MASL Indoor soccer 2015 Unidad Deportiva Tijuana

Further reading

  • Sparrow, Glen (2001). "San Diego-Tijuana: Not quite a binational city or region". GeoJournal. 54 (1): 73–83.
    S2CID 153015715
    .
  • Richardson, Harry W.; Bae, Chang-Hee C. (July 6, 2005). "Tijuana-San Diego: Globalization and the transborder metropolis". Globalization and Urban Development. Springer Science & Business Media. pp. 181–195.
    ISBN 978-3-540-22362-7
    .

See also

Notes

  1. ^ First season in San Diego
  2. ^ Average home game attendance
  3. ^ Original founding as a Minor League Baseball (MiLB) team: San Diego Padres (PCL)
  4. ^ Team began play in 2019 as Redwoods Lacrosse Club, a charter member of the PLL, which was a touring-only league of nomadic teams for its first five seasons. The league assigned teams to home markets beginning in 2024, with San Diego's Torero Stadium becoming the home of the Redwoods
  5. ^ Original founding. Current team is the 3rd San Diego Sockers iteration of highest-level professional indoor soccer, revived in 2009. Previous teams: San Diego Sockers (1978–1996) and San Diego Sockers (2001–2004)
  6. 1984
    )
  7. ^ Team was temporarily dormant for 2021 season due to effects of COVID-19 pandemic
  8. ^ 2001, 2006
  9. ^ Non-annual competition, no fixed schedule- matches held years apart on dates agreed upon between the defender and the challenger
  10. ^ 1987, 1988, 1992
  11. ^ First season in San Diego
  12. ^ Average home game attendance

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  113. ^ "Haus der Kulturen der Welt". September 2002. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  114. ^ Fjellestad, Hans (September 19, 2002). "New documentary exposes different layers of the border metropolis". Tucson Weekly.
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  117. ^ "Park Fiction, Forget Paris and London, Newcastle is a creative city to match Kabul and Tijuana". Guardian Newspaper. Manchester, UK. September 2, 2002.
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  120. ^ a b Bearman, Joshuah (July 26, 2006). "¡Viva Border Volleyball!: No changing sides allowed". LA Weekly, LP. Retrieved June 21, 2011.
  121. ^ "2010 San Diego – Ensenada International Yacht Race". Meet Up. Archived from the original on October 18, 2012. Retrieved June 20, 2011.
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  127. ^ a b GB Staff (June 24, 2006). "The Answer is "No" To Joint San Diego-Tijuana 2016 Olympic Bid". Games Bids Inc. Archived from the original on September 16, 2012. Retrieved June 20, 2011.
  128. ^ Lin, Dennis. "The disappointing Padres drew record attendance in 2023. Will next year be the same?". The Athletic.
  129. ^ Maurer, Pablo. "MLS in San Diego: The history, context and next steps". The Athletic.
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  132. ^ 2012
  133. ^ 2017, 2021
  134. ^ 2014, 2015, 2018

External links

Organizations
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