San Francisco
San Francisco | |
---|---|
City and County of San Francisco | |
St. Francis of Assisi | |
Government | |
• Type | Strong mayor–council |
• Body | Board of Supervisors |
• Mayor | London Breed (D)[6] |
• Supervisors[10] | List
|
• PDT) | |
ZIP Codes[21] | List
|
GDP (2022)[23] | City—$252.2 billion
MSA—$729.1 billion (4th) CSA—$1.318 trillion (3rd) |
Website | sf.gov |
|
San Francisco,
Prior to
San Francisco and the surrounding
.In 2022, San Francisco had more than 1.7 million international visitors – the fifth-most visited city from abroad in the United States after New York City,
Etymology
San Francisco, which is Spanish for "Saint Francis," takes its name from Mission San Francisco de Asís, which in turn was named after Saint Francis of Assisi. The mission received its name in 1776, when it was founded by the Spanish under the leadership of Padre Francisco Palóu. The city has officially been known as San Francisco since 1847, when Washington Allon Bartlett, then serving as the city's alcalde, renamed it from Yerba Buena (Spanish for "Good Herb"), which had been name used throughout the Spanish and Mexican eras since approximately 1776. The name Yerba Buena continues to be used in locations in the city, such as on Yerba Buena Island and in the Yerba Buena Center for the Arts and Yerba Buena Gardens.
While residents outside the San Francisco Bay Area use nicknames including Frisco, San Fran, and SF, local residents in the Bay Area sometimes refer to San Francisco as "the City";[1] for residents of San Francisco living in the more suburban parts of the city, "the City" generally refers to the more densely populated downtown areas around Market Street. Its use, or lack thereof, is a common way for locals to distinguish long-time residents from tourists and recent arrivals. "San Fran" and "Frisco" are sometimes considered controversial as nicknames among San Francisco residents.[52][53][54]
History
Indigenous history
The earliest
Spanish era
The
Soon after, on March 28, 1776, Anza established the Presidio of San Francisco. On October 9, Mission San Francisco de Asís, also known as Mission Dolores, was founded by Padre Francisco Palóu.[4] In 1794, the Presidio established the Castillo de San Joaquín, a fortification on the southern side of the Golden Gate, which later came to be known as Fort Point.
In 1804, the province of Alta California was created, which included Yerba Buena – the former name of San Francisco. At its peak in 1810–1820, the average population at the Mission Dolores settlement was about 1,100 people.[62]
Mexican era
In 1821, the
In 1833, Juana Briones de Miranda built her rancho near El Polín Spring, founding the first civilian household in San Francisco, which had previously only been comprised by the military settlement at the Presidio and the religious settlement at Mission Dolores.[63]
In 1834,
Yerba Buena began to attract American and European settlers; an 1842 census listed 21 residents (11%) born in the United States or Europe, as well as one Filipino merchant.[67] Following the
Post-Conquest era
Despite its attractive location as a port and naval base, post-Conquest San Francisco was still a small settlement with inhospitable geography.[68] Its 1847 population was said to be 459.[64]
The
California was quickly
Entrepreneurs sought to capitalize on the wealth generated by the gold rush. Silver discoveries, including the Comstock Lode in Nevada in 1859, further drove rapid population growth.[77] With hordes of fortune seekers streaming through the city, lawlessness was common, and the Barbary Coast section of town gained notoriety as a haven for criminals, prostitution, bootlegging, and gambling.[78] Early winners were the banking industry, with the founding of Wells Fargo in 1852 and the Bank of California in 1864.
Development of the Port of San Francisco and the establishment in 1869 of overland access to the eastern U.S. rail system via the newly completed Pacific Railroad (the construction of which the city only reluctantly helped support[79]) helped make the Bay Area a center for trade. Catering to the needs and tastes of the growing population, Levi Strauss opened a dry goods business and Domingo Ghirardelli began manufacturing chocolate. Chinese immigrants made the city a polyglot culture, drawn to "Old Gold Mountain," creating the city's Chinatown quarter. By 1880, Chinese made up 9.3% of the population.[80]
The first
1906 earthquake and interwar era
At 5:12 am on April 18, 1906, a major
Rebuilding was rapid and performed on a grand scale. Rejecting calls to completely remake the street grid, San Franciscans opted for speed.
During this period, San Francisco built some of its most important infrastructure. Civil Engineer
In ensuing years, the city solidified its standing as a financial capital; in the wake of the
Contemporary era
During
Urban planning projects in the 1950s and 1960s involved widespread destruction and redevelopment of west-side neighborhoods and the construction of new
Over this period, San Francisco became a magnet for America's
Bank of America, now based in Charlotte, North Carolina, was founded in San Francisco; the bank completed 555 California Street in 1969. The Transamerica Pyramid was completed in 1972,[106] igniting a wave of "Manhattanization" that lasted until the late 1980s, a period of extensive high-rise development downtown.[107] The 1980s also saw a dramatic increase in the number of homeless people in the city, an issue that remains today, despite many attempts to address it.[108]
The 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake caused destruction and loss of life throughout the Bay Area. In San Francisco, the quake severely damaged structures in the Marina and South of Market districts and precipitated the demolition of the damaged Embarcadero Freeway and much of the damaged Central Freeway, allowing the city to reclaim The Embarcadero as its historic downtown waterfront and revitalizing the Hayes Valley neighborhood.[109]
The two recent decades have seen booms driven by the internet industry. During the dot-com boom of the late 1990s, startup companies invigorated the San Francisco economy. Large numbers of entrepreneurs and computer application developers moved into the city, followed by marketing, design, and sales professionals, changing the social landscape as once poorer neighborhoods became increasingly gentrified.[110] Demand for new housing and office space ignited a second wave of high-rise development, this time in the South of Market district.[111] By 2000, the city's population reached new highs, surpassing the previous record set in 1950. When the bubble burst in 2001 and again in 2023, many of these companies folded and their employees were laid off. Yet high technology and entrepreneurship remain mainstays of the San Francisco economy. By the mid-2000s (decade), the social media boom had begun, with San Francisco becoming a popular location for tech offices and a common place to live for people employed in Silicon Valley companies such as Apple and Google.[112]
The early 2020s featured an exodus of tech companies from Downtown San Francisco in the wake of the
The Ferry Station Post Office Building, Armour & Co. Building, Atherton House, and YMCA Hotel are historic buildings among dozens of historical landmarks in the city, according to the National Register of Historic Places listings in San Francisco.[117]
Geography
San Francisco is located on the
There are more than 50 hills within the city limits.[118] Some neighborhoods are named after the hill on which they are situated, including Nob Hill, Potrero Hill, and Russian Hill. Near the geographic center of the city, southwest of the downtown area, are a series of less densely populated hills. Twin Peaks, a pair of hills forming one of the city's highest points, forms an overlook spot. San Francisco's tallest hill, Mount Davidson, is 928 feet (283 m) high and is capped with a 103-foot (31 m) tall cross built in 1934.[119] Dominating this area is Sutro Tower, a large red and white radio and television transmission tower reaching 1,811 ft (552 m) above sea level.
The nearby
San Francisco's shoreline has grown beyond its natural limits. Entire neighborhoods such as the
Neighborhoods
The historic center of San Francisco is the northeast quadrant of the city anchored by
West of downtown, across
North of the Western Addition is Pacific Heights, an affluent neighborhood that features the homes built by wealthy San Franciscans in the wake of the 1906 earthquake. Directly north of Pacific Heights facing the waterfront is the Marina, a neighborhood popular with young professionals that was largely built on reclaimed land from the Bay.[133]
In the southeast quadrant of the city is the
The construction of the Twin Peaks Tunnel in 1918 connected southwest neighborhoods to downtown via streetcar, hastening the development of West Portal, and nearby affluent Forest Hill and St. Francis Wood. Further west, stretching all the way to the Pacific Ocean and north to Golden Gate Park lies the vast Sunset District, a large middle-class area with a predominantly Asian population.[136]
The northwestern quadrant of the city contains the
Many piers remained derelict for years until the demolition of the
Climate
San Francisco has a
Among major U.S. cities, San Francisco has the coolest daily mean, maximum, and minimum temperatures for June, July, and August.[139] During the summer, rising hot air in California's interior valleys creates a low-pressure area that draws winds from the North Pacific High through the Golden Gate, which creates the city's characteristic cool winds and fog.[140] The fog is less pronounced in eastern neighborhoods and during the late summer and early fall. As a result, the year's warmest month, on average, is September, and on average, October is warmer than July, especially in daytime.
Temperatures reach or exceed 80 °F (27 °C) on an average of only 21 and 23 days a year at downtown and
The highest recorded temperature at the official National Weather Service downtown observation station[b] was 106 °F (41 °C) on September 1, 2017.[145] During that hot spell, the warmest ever night of 71 °F (22 °C) was also recorded.[146] The lowest recorded temperature was 27 °F (−3 °C) on December 11, 1932.[147]
During an average year between 1991 and 2020, San Francisco recorded a warmest night at 64 °F (18 °C) and a coldest day at 49 °F (9 °C).[141] The coldest daytime high since the station's opening in 1945 was recorded in December 1972 at 37 °F (3 °C).[141]
As a coastal city, San Francisco will be heavily affected by climate change. As of 2021[update], sea levels are projected to rise by as much as 5 feet (1.5 m), resulting in periodic flooding, rising groundwater levels, and lowland floods from more severe storms.[148]
San Francisco falls under the
Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Record high °F (°C) | 79 (26) |
81 (27) |
87 (31) |
94 (34) |
97 (36) |
103 (39) |
99 (37) |
98 (37) |
106 (41) |
102 (39) |
86 (30) |
76 (24) |
106 (41) |
Mean maximum °F (°C) | 67.1 (19.5) |
71.8 (22.1) |
76.4 (24.7) |
80.7 (27.1) |
81.4 (27.4) |
84.6 (29.2) |
80.5 (26.9) |
83.4 (28.6) |
90.8 (32.7) |
87.9 (31.1) |
75.8 (24.3) |
66.4 (19.1) |
94.0 (34.4) |
Mean daily maximum °F (°C) | 57.8 (14.3) |
60.4 (15.8) |
62.1 (16.7) |
63.0 (17.2) |
64.1 (17.8) |
66.5 (19.2) |
66.3 (19.1) |
67.9 (19.9) |
70.2 (21.2) |
69.8 (21.0) |
63.7 (17.6) |
57.9 (14.4) |
64.1 (17.8) |
Daily mean °F (°C) | 52.2 (11.2) |
54.2 (12.3) |
55.5 (13.1) |
56.4 (13.6) |
57.8 (14.3) |
59.7 (15.4) |
60.3 (15.7) |
61.7 (16.5) |
62.9 (17.2) |
62.1 (16.7) |
57.2 (14.0) |
52.5 (11.4) |
57.7 (14.3) |
Mean daily minimum °F (°C) | 46.6 (8.1) |
47.9 (8.8) |
48.9 (9.4) |
49.7 (9.8) |
51.4 (10.8) |
53.0 (11.7) |
54.4 (12.4) |
55.5 (13.1) |
55.6 (13.1) |
54.4 (12.4) |
50.7 (10.4) |
47.0 (8.3) |
51.3 (10.7) |
Mean minimum °F (°C) | 40.5 (4.7) |
42.0 (5.6) |
43.7 (6.5) |
45.0 (7.2) |
48.0 (8.9) |
50.1 (10.1) |
51.6 (10.9) |
52.9 (11.6) |
52.0 (11.1) |
49.9 (9.9) |
44.9 (7.2) |
40.7 (4.8) |
38.8 (3.8) |
Record low °F (°C) | 29 (−2) |
31 (−1) |
33 (1) |
40 (4) |
42 (6) |
46 (8) |
47 (8) |
46 (8) |
47 (8) |
43 (6) |
38 (3) |
27 (−3) |
27 (−3) |
Average precipitation inches (mm) | 4.40 (112) |
4.37 (111) |
3.15 (80) |
1.60 (41) |
0.70 (18) |
0.20 (5.1) |
0.01 (0.25) |
0.06 (1.5) |
0.10 (2.5) |
0.94 (24) |
2.60 (66) |
4.76 (121) |
22.89 (581) |
Average precipitation days (≥ 0.01 in) | 11.2 | 10.8 | 10.8 | 6.8 | 4.0 | 1.6 | 0.7 | 1.1 | 1.2 | 3.5 | 7.9 | 11.6 | 71.2 |
Average relative humidity (%)
|
80 | 77 | 75 | 72 | 72 | 71 | 75 | 75 | 73 | 71 | 75 | 78 | 75 |
Mean monthly sunshine hours | 185.9 | 207.7 | 269.1 | 309.3 | 325.1 | 311.4 | 313.3 | 287.4 | 271.4 | 247.1 | 173.4 | 160.6 | 3,061.7 |
Percent possible sunshine | 61 | 69 | 73 | 78 | 74 | 70 | 70 | 68 | 73 | 71 | 57 | 54 | 69 |
Average ultraviolet index | 2 | 3 | 5 | 7 | 9 | 10 | 10 | 9 | 7 | 5 | 3 | 2 | 6 |
Source 1: NOAA (sun 1961–1974)[141][151][152][153] | |||||||||||||
Source 2: Met Office (humidity)[154], Weather Atlas (UV)[155] |
Ecology
Historically,
Demographics
Year | Pop. | ±% |
---|---|---|
1848 | 1,000 | — |
1849 | 25,000 | +2400.0% |
1852 | 34,776 | +39.1% |
1860 | 56,802 | +63.3% |
1870 | 149,473 | +163.1% |
1880 | 233,959 | +56.5% |
1890 | 298,997 | +27.8% |
1900 | 342,782 | +14.6% |
1910 | 416,912 | +21.6% |
1920 | 506,676 | +21.5% |
1930 | 634,394 | +25.2% |
1940 | 634,536 | +0.0% |
1950 | 775,357 | +22.2% |
1960 | 740,316 | −4.5% |
1970 | 715,674 | −3.3% |
1980 | 678,974 | −5.1% |
1990 | 723,959 | +6.6% |
2000 | 776,733 | +7.3% |
2010 | 805,235 | +3.7% |
2020 | 873,965 | +8.5% |
2023 | 808,988 | −7.4% |
https://www.sfchronicle.com/sf/article/s-f-exodus-population-recovery-data-18564064.php |
The 2020 United States census showed San Francisco's population to be 873,965, an increase of 8.5% from the 2010 census.[16] With roughly one-quarter the population density of Manhattan, San Francisco is the second-most densely populated large American city, behind only New York City among cities greater than 200,000 population, and the fifth-most densely populated U.S. county, following only four of the five New York City boroughs.
San Francisco is part of the five-county
Race, ethnicity, religion, and languages
As of the 2020[update] census, the racial makeup and population of San Francisco included: 361,382
San Francisco is a
In 2010, residents of
The population of Chinese ancestry is most heavily concentrated in Chinatown and theThe principal Hispanic groups in the city were those of Mexican (7%) and Salvadoran (2%) ancestry. The Hispanic population is most heavily concentrated in the Mission District, Tenderloin District, and Excelsior District.[164] The city's percentage of Hispanic residents is less than half of that of the state.
The city has long been home to a significant Jewish community; in 2018
Source: U.S. Census and IPUMS USA[169] |
According to a 2018 study by the Jewish Community Federation of San Francisco, Jews make up 10% (80,000) of the city's population, making Judaism the second-largest religion in San Francisco after Christianity.
As of 2010[update], 55% (411,728) of San Francisco residents spoke only English at home, while 19% (140,302) spoke a
Ethnic clustering
San Francisco has several prominent Chinese, Mexican, and Filipino neighborhoods including Chinatown and the Mission District. Research collected on the immigrant clusters in the city show that more than half of the Asian population in San Francisco is either Chinese-born (40.3%) or Philippine-born (13.1%), and of the Mexican population 21% were Mexican-born, meaning these are people who recently immigrated to the United States.[176] Between the years of 1990 and 2000, the number of foreign-born residents increased from 33% to nearly 40%.[176] During this same time period, the San Francisco metropolitan area received 850,000 immigrants, ranking third in the United States after Los Angeles and New York.[176]
Education, households, and income
Of all major cities in the United States, San Francisco has the second-highest percentage of residents with a college degree, second only to Seattle. Over 44% of adults have a bachelor's or higher degree.[178] San Francisco had the highest rate at 7,031 per square mile, or over 344,000 total graduates in the city's 46.7 square miles (121 km2).[179]
San Francisco has the highest estimated percentage of gay and lesbian individuals of any of the 50 largest U.S. cities, at 15%.[180] San Francisco also has the highest percentage of same-sex households of any American county, with the Bay Area having a higher concentration than any other metropolitan area.[181]
San Francisco ranks third of American cities in median household income[182] with a 2007 value of $65,519.[183] Median family income is $81,136.[183] An emigration of middle-class families has left the city with a lower proportion of children than any other large American city,[184] with the dog population cited as exceeding the child population of 115,000, in 2018.[185] The city's
There are 345,811 households in the city, out of which: 133,366 households (39%) were individuals, 109,437 (32%) were
San Francisco declared itself a sanctuary city in 1989, and city officials strengthened the stance in 2013 with its 'Due Process for All' ordinance. The law declared local authorities could not hold immigrants for immigration offenses if they had no violent felonies on their records and did not currently face charges."[190] The city issues a Resident ID Card regardless of the applicant's immigration status.[191]
Homelessness
8,035 homeless people were counted in San Francisco's 2019 point-in-time street and shelter count. This was an increase of more than 17% over the 2017 count of 6,858 people. 5,180 of the people were living unsheltered on the streets and in parks.[193] 26% of respondents in the 2019 count identified job loss as the primary cause of their homelessness, 18% cited alcohol or drug use, and 13% cited being evicted from their residence.[193] The city of San Francisco has been dramatically increasing its spending to service the growing population homelessness crisis: spending jumped by $241 million in 2016–17 to total $275 million, compared to a budget of just $34 million the previous year. In 2017–18 the budget for combatting homelessness stood at $305 million.[194] In the 2019–2020 budget year, the city budgeted $368 million for homelessness services. In the proposed 2020–2021 budget the city budgeted $850 million for homelessness services.[195]
In January 2018 a United Nations special rapporteur on homelessness, Leilani Farha, stated that she was "completely shocked" by San Francisco's homelessness crisis during a visit to the city. She compared the "deplorable conditions" of the homeless camps she witnessed on San Francisco's streets to those she had seen in Mumbai.[194] In May 2020, San Francisco officially sanctioned homeless encampments.[196]
Crime
This article needs to be updated.(March 2024) |
San Francisco's violent crime rate is low compared to other major cities, though many residents are still concerned about it.[197] In 2011, 50 murders were reported, which is 6.1 per 100,000 people.[198] There were about 134 rapes, 3,142 robberies, and about 2,139 assaults. There were about 4,469 burglaries, 25,100 thefts, and 4,210 motor vehicle thefts.[199] The Tenderloin area has the highest crime rate in San Francisco: 70% of the city's violent crimes, and around one-fourth of the city's murders, occur in this neighborhood. The Tenderloin also sees high rates of drug abuse, gang violence, and prostitution.[200] Another area with high crime rates is the Bayview-Hunters Point area. In the first six months of 2015 there were 25 murders compared to 14 in the first six months of 2014. However, the murder rate is still much lower than in past decades.[201] That rate, though, did rise again by the close of 2016. According to the San Francisco Police Department, there were 59 murders in the city in 2016, an annual total that marked a 13.5% increase in the number of homicides (52) from 2015.[202] The city has also gained a reputation for car break-ins, with over 19,000 car break-ins occurring in 2021.[203]
During the first half of 2018, human feces on San Francisco sidewalks were the second-most-frequent complaint of city residents, with about 65 calls per day. The city has formed a "poop patrol" to attempt to combat the problem.[204]
In January 2022,
Several
African-American street gangs familiar in other cities, including the
Criminal gangs with shotcallers in China, including Triad groups such as the Wo Hop To, were active in San Francisco in the 20th century.[210]
Economy
The city has a diversified
The legacy of the California gold rush turned San Francisco into the principal banking and finance center of the
Beginning in the 1990s, San Francisco's economy diversified away from finance and tourism towards the growing fields of high tech,
According to academic Rob Wilson, San Francisco is a global city, a status that pre-dated the city's popularity during the California gold rush.[231] However, the COVID-19 pandemic has led to high office vacancy rates and the closure of many retail and tech businesses in the downtown core of San Francisco.[232][233] Attributed causes include a shift to remote work in the technology and professional services sectors, as well as high levels of homelessness, drug use, and crime in areas around downtown San Francisco, such as the Tenderloin and Mid-Market neighborhoods.[234][235]
The top employer in San Francisco is the city government itself, employing 5.6% (31,000+ people) of the city's workforce, followed by
Like many U.S. cities, San Francisco once had a significant manufacturing sector employing nearly 60,000 workers in 1969, but nearly all production left for cheaper locations by the 1980s.[244] As of 2014[update], San Francisco has seen a small resurgence in manufacturing, with more than 4,000 manufacturing jobs across 500 companies, doubling since 2011. The city's largest manufacturing employer is Anchor Brewing Company, and the largest by revenue is Timbuk2.[244]
As of the first quarter of 2022[update], the median value of homes in San Francisco County was $1,297,030. It ranked third in the U.S. for counties with highest median home value, behind
Technology
San Francisco became a hub for technological driven economic growth during the
In the second technological boom driven by social media in the mid-2000s, San Francisco became a location for companies such as
Tourism and conventions
Tourism is one of San Francisco's most important private-sector industries, accounting for more than one out of seven jobs in the city.[221][250] The city's frequent portrayal in music, film, and popular culture has made the city and its landmarks recognizable worldwide. In 2016, it attracted the fifth-highest number of foreign tourists of any city in the United States.[251] More than 25 million visitors arrived in San Francisco in 2016, adding US$9.96 billion to the economy.[252] With a large hotel infrastructure and a major convention facility in the Moscone Center, San Francisco is a popular destination for annual conventions and conferences.[253]
Some of the most popular tourist attractions in San Francisco, as noted by the
San Francisco also offers tourists varied nightlife in its neighborhoods.[255][256]
The new Terminal Project at Pier 27 opened September 25, 2014, as a replacement for the old Pier 35.[257] Itineraries from San Francisco usually include round-trip cruises to Alaska and Mexico.
A heightened interest in conventioneering in San Francisco, marked by the establishment of convention centers such as Yerba Buena, acted as a feeder into the local tourist economy and resulted in an increase in the hotel industry: "In 1959, the city had fewer than thirty-three hundred first-class hotel rooms; by 1970, the number was nine thousand; and by 1999, there were more than thirty thousand."
Arts and culture
Although the
Since the 1990s, the demand for skilled
The international character that San Francisco has enjoyed since its founding is continued today by large numbers of immigrants from Asia and Latin America. With 39% of its residents born overseas,[239] San Francisco has numerous neighborhoods filled with businesses and civic institutions catering to new arrivals. In particular, the arrival of many ethnic Chinese, which began to accelerate in the 1970s, has complemented the long-established community historically based in Chinatown throughout the city and has transformed the annual Chinese New Year Parade into the largest event of its kind on the West Coast.
With the arrival of the
Since 1993, the San Francisco Department of Public Health has distributed 400,000 free syringes every month aimed at reducing HIV and other health risks for drug users, as well as providing disposal sites and services.[276][277][278]
San Francisco also has had a very active environmental community. Starting with the founding of the Sierra Club in 1892 to the establishment of the non-profit Friends of the Urban Forest in 1981, San Francisco has been at the forefront of many global discussions regarding the environment.[279][280] The 1980 San Francisco Recycling Program was one of the earliest curbside recycling programs.[281] The city's GoSolarSF incentive promotes solar installations and the San Francisco Public Utilities Commission is rolling out the CleanPowerSF program to sell electricity from local renewable sources.[282][283] SF Greasecycle is a program to recycle used cooking oil for conversion to biodiesel.[284]
The Sunset Reservoir Solar Project, completed in 2010, installed 24,000 solar panels on the roof of the reservoir. The 5-megawatt plant more than tripled the city's 2-megawatt solar generation capacity when it opened in December 2010.[285][286]
LGBT
San Francisco has long had an
One of the most popular destinations for gay tourists internationally, the city hosts
The Folsom Street Fair (FSF) is an annual BDSM and leather subculture street fair that is held in September, endcapping San Francisco's "Leather Pride Week."[290] It started in 1984 and is California's third-largest single-day, outdoor spectator event and the world's largest leather event and showcase for BDSM products and culture.[291]
Performing arts
San Francisco's War Memorial and Performing Arts Center hosts some of the most enduring performing arts companies in the country. The War Memorial Opera House houses the San Francisco Opera, the second-largest opera company in North America[292] as well as the San Francisco Ballet, while the San Francisco Symphony plays in Davies Symphony Hall. Opened in 2013, the SFJAZZ Center hosts jazz performances year round.[293]
San Francisco has a large number of
Museums
The San Francisco Museum of Modern Art (SFMOMA) houses 20th century and contemporary works of art. It moved to its current building in the South of Market neighborhood in 1995 and attracted more than 600,000 visitors annually.[300] SFMOMA closed for renovation and expansion in 2013. The museum reopened on May 14, 2016, with an addition, designed by Snøhetta, that has doubled the museum's size.[301]
The
Sports
Major League Baseball's San Francisco Giants have played in San Francisco since moving from New York in 1958. The Giants play at Oracle Park, which opened in 2000.[304] The Giants won World Series titles in 2010, 2012, and in 2014. The Giants have boasted stars such as Willie Mays, Willie McCovey, and Barry Bonds (MLB's career home run leader). In 2012, San Francisco was ranked No. 1 in a study that examined which U.S. metro areas have produced the most Major Leaguers since 1920.[305]
The San Francisco 49ers of the National Football League (NFL) began playing in 1946 as an All-America Football Conference (AAFC) league charter member, moved to the NFL in 1950 and into Candlestick Park in 1971. The team left San Francisco in 2014, moving approximately 50 miles south to Santa Clara, and began playing its home games at Levi's Stadium,[306][307] The 49ers have won five Super Bowl titles between 1982 and 1995.
NBA's Golden State Warriors have played in the San Francisco Bay Area since moving from Philadelphia in 1962. The Warriors played as the San Francisco Warriors, from 1962 to 1971, before being renamed the Golden State Warriors prior to the 1971–1972 season in an attempt to present the team as a representation of the whole state of California, which had already adopted "The Golden State" nickname.[308] The Warriors' arena, Chase Center, is located in San Francisco.[309] After winning two championships in Philadelphia, they have won five championships since moving to the San Francisco Bay Area,[310] and made five consecutive NBA Finals from 2015 to 2019, winning three of them. They won again in 2022, the franchise's first championship while residing in San Francisco proper.
At the collegiate level, the
There are a handful of lower-league soccer clubs in San Francisco playing mostly from April – June.
Club | Founded | Venue | League | Tier level |
---|---|---|---|---|
El Farolito
|
1985 | Boxer Stadium | NPSL | 4 |
San Francisco City FC | 2001 | Kezar Stadium | USL League Two | 4 |
San Francisco Glens SC
|
1961 | Skyline College | USL League Two | 4 |
SF Elite Metro | 2017 | Negoesco Stadium | NISA Nation | 5 |
The Bay to Breakers footrace, held annually since 1912, is best known for colorful costumes and a celebratory community spirit.[312] The San Francisco Marathon attracts more than 21,000 participants.[313] The Escape from Alcatraz triathlon has, since 1980, attracted 2,000 top professional and amateur triathletes for its annual race.[314] The Olympic Club, founded in 1860, is the oldest athletic club in the United States. Its private golf course has hosted the U.S. Open on five occasions. San Francisco hosted the 2013 America's Cup yacht racing competition.[315]
With an ideal climate for outdoor activities, San Francisco has ample resources and opportunities for amateur and participatory sports and recreation. There are more than 200 miles (320 km) of
San Francisco also has had Esports teams, such as the Overwatch League's San Francisco Shock. Established in 2017,[318] they won two back-to-back championship titles in 2019 and 2020.[319][320]
Parks and recreation
Several of San Francisco's parks and nearly all of its beaches form part of the regional Golden Gate National Recreation Area, one of the most visited units of the National Park system in the United States with over 13 million visitors a year. Among the GGNRA's attractions within the city are Ocean Beach, which runs along the Pacific Ocean shoreline and is frequented by a vibrant surfing community, and Baker Beach, which is located in a cove west of the Golden Gate.
The
There are more than 220 parks maintained by the San Francisco Recreation & Parks Department.[322] The largest and best-known city park is Golden Gate Park,[323] which stretches from the center of the city west to the Pacific Ocean. Once covered in native grasses and sand dunes, the park was conceived in the 1860s and was created by the extensive planting of thousands of non-native trees and plants. The large park is rich with cultural and natural attractions such as the Conservatory of Flowers, Japanese Tea Garden and San Francisco Botanical Garden.[citation needed]
Most of San Francisco's islands are protected as parkland or nature reserves. Alcatraz Island, operated by the National Park Service, is open to the public. The Farallon Islands are protected wildlife refuges. The Seal Rocks are protected as part of Golden Gate National Recreation Area. Red Rock Island is the only privately owned island in San Francisco Bay, but is uninhabited. Yerba Buena Island is largely utilized by the military.
San Francisco is the first city in the U.S. to have a park within a 10-Minute Walk of every resident.[326][327] It also ranks fifth in the U.S. for park access and quality in the 2018 ParkScore ranking of the top 100 park systems across the United States, according to the nonprofit Trust for Public Land.[328]
Government
The
Because of its unique city-county status, the local government is able to exercise jurisdiction over certain property outside city limits.
The members of the Board of Supervisors are elected as representatives of specific districts within the city.
Most local offices in San Francisco are elected using ranked choice voting.[333]
San Francisco serves as the regional hub for many arms of the federal bureaucracy, including the
The municipal budget for fiscal year 2015–16 was $8.99 billion,[335] and is one of the largest city budgets in the United States.[336] The City of San Francisco spends more per resident than any city other than Washington, D.C., over $10,000 in FY 2015–2016.[336] The city employs around 27,000 workers.[337]
In the
In the
Education
Colleges and universities
The
The University of California College of the Law, San Francisco, founded in Civic Center in 1878, is the oldest law school in California and claims more judges on the state bench than any other institution.[347] San Francisco's two University of California institutions have recently formed an official affiliation in the UCSF/UC Law SF Consortium on Law, Science & Health Policy.[348]
San Francisco State University is part of the California State University system and is located near Lake Merced.[349] The school has approximately 30,000 students and awards undergraduate, master's and doctoral degrees in more than 100 disciplines.[349] The City College of San Francisco, with its main facility in the Ingleside district, is one of the largest two-year community colleges in the country. It has an enrollment of about 100,000 students and offers an extensive continuing education program.[350]
Founded in 1855, the
With an enrollment of 13,000 students, the Academy of Art University is the largest institute of art and design in the nation.[352] Founded in 1871, the San Francisco Art Institute is the oldest art school west of the Mississippi.[353] The California College of the Arts, located north of Potrero Hill, has programs in architecture, fine arts, design, and writing.[354] The San Francisco Conservatory of Music, the only independent music school on the West Coast, grants degrees in orchestral instruments, chamber music, composition, and conducting.
The California Culinary Academy, associated with the Le Cordon Bleu program, offers programs in the culinary arts, baking and pastry arts, and hospitality and restaurant management. California Institute of Integral Studies, founded in 1968, offers a variety of graduate programs in its Schools of Professional Psychology & Health, and Consciousness and Transformation.
Primary and secondary schools
Just under 30% of the city's school-age population attends one of San Francisco's more than 100 private or parochial schools, compared to a 10% rate nationwide.[358] Nearly 40 of those schools are Catholic schools managed by the Archdiocese of San Francisco.[359]
San Francisco has nearly 300 preschool programs primarily operated by Head Start, San Francisco Unified School District, private for-profit, private non-profit and family child care providers.[360] All four-year-old children living in San Francisco are offered universal access to preschool through the Preschool for All program.[361]
Media
This section needs additional citations for verification. (January 2022) |
The major daily newspaper in San Francisco is the
The San Francisco Bay Area is the sixth-largest
All major U.S. television networks have
Infrastructure
Transportation
Public transportation
Transit is the most used form of transportation every day in San Francisco. Every weekday, more than 560,000 people travel on Muni's 69 bus routes and more than 140,000 customers ride the Muni Metro light rail system.
Another commuter rail system,
.Amtrak Thruway runs a shuttle bus from three locations in San Francisco to its station across the bay in Emeryville.[376] Additionally, BART offers connections to San Francisco from Amtrak's stations in Emeryville, Oakland and Richmond, and Caltrain offers connections in San Jose and Santa Clara. Thruway service also runs south to San Luis Obispo with connection to the Pacific Surfliner.
San Francisco was an early adopter of carsharing in America. The non-profit City CarShare opened in 2001[377] and Zipcar closely followed.[378]
runs supplemental bus service between the Ferry Building and Vallejo.To accommodate the large amount of San Francisco citizens who commute to the Silicon Valley daily, employers like Genentech, Google, and Apple have begun to provide private bus transportation for their employees, from San Francisco locations. These buses have quickly become a heated topic of debate within the city, as protesters claim they block bus lanes and delay public buses.[381]
Freeways and roads
In 2014, only 41.3% of residents commuted by driving alone or carpooling in private vehicles in San Francisco, a decline from 48.6% in 2000.[382] There are 1,088 miles of streets in San Francisco with 946 miles of these streets being surface streets, and 59 miles of freeways.[382] Due to its unique geography, and the freeway revolts of the late 1950s,[383]
As part of the retrofitting of the Golden Gate Bridge and installation of a suicide barrier, starting in 2019 the railings on the west side of the pedestrian walkway were replaced with thinner, more flexible
Vision Zero
In 2014, San Francisco committed to Vision Zero, with the goal of ending all traffic fatalities caused by motor vehicles within the city by 2024.[385] San Francisco's Vision Zero plan calls for investing in engineering, enforcement, and education, and focusing on dangerous intersections. In 2013, 25 people were killed by car and truck drivers while walking and biking in the city and 9 car drivers and passengers were killed in collisions. In 2019, 42 people were killed in traffic collisions in San Francisco.[386]
Airports
Though located 13 miles (21 km) south of downtown in unincorporated San Mateo County, San Francisco International Airport (SFO) is under the jurisdiction of the City and County of San Francisco. SFO is a hub for United Airlines[387] and Alaska Airlines.[388] SFO is a major international gateway to Asia and Europe, with the largest international terminal in North America.[389] In 2011, SFO was the eighth-busiest airport in the U.S. and the 22nd-busiest in the world, handling over 40.9 million passengers.[390]
Located in the South Bay, the San Jose International Airport (SJC) is the second-busiest airport in the Bay Area, followed by Oakland International Airport, which is a popular, low-cost alternative to SFO. Geographically, Oakland Airport is approximately the same distance from downtown San Francisco as SFO, but due to its location across San Francisco Bay, it is greater driving distance from San Francisco.[citation needed]
Cycling and walking
Cycling is a popular mode of transportation in San Francisco, with 75,000 residents commuting by bicycle each day.
San Francisco has significantly higher rates of pedestrian and bicyclist traffic deaths than the United States on average. In 2013, 21 pedestrians were killed in vehicle collisions, the highest since 2001,[398] which is 2.5 deaths per 100,000 population – 70% higher than the national average of 1.5.[399]
Cycling is becoming increasingly popular in the city. The 2010 Municipal Transportation Agency (MTA) annual bicycle count showed the number of cyclists at 33 locations had increased 58% from the 2006 baseline counts.[400] In 2008, the MTA estimated that about 128,000 trips were made by bicycle each day in the city, or 6% of total trips.[401] As of 2019[update], 2.6% of the city's streets have protected bike lanes, with 28 miles of protected bike lanes in the city.[371] Since 2006, San Francisco has received a Bicycle Friendly Community status of "Gold" from the League of American Bicyclists.[402] In 2022 a measure on the ballot passed to protect JFK drive in Golden Gate Park as a pedestrian and biking space with 59% of voters in favor.[403]
Public safety
The San Francisco Police Department was founded in 1849.[404] The portions of the Golden Gate National Recreation Area located within the city, including the Presidio and Ocean Beach, are patrolled by the United States Park Police.
The San Francisco Fire Department provides both fire suppression and emergency medical services to the city.[405]
Sister cities
San Francisco participates in the Sister Cities program.[406] A total of 41 consulates general and 23 honorary consulates have offices in the San Francisco Bay Area.[407]
In January 1980, Mayor Dianne Feinstein signed a sister cities agreement with Shanghai during a visit to China.[408]
Notable residents
See also
- San Francisco Bay Area
- List of cities and towns in California
- List of counties in California
- List of people from San Francisco
- Northern California megaregion
- Ships lost in San Francisco
- USS San Francisco, 3 ships
Notes
- ^ The land grant was near a boat anchorage around what is today Portsmouth Square.
- ^ Station currently at the United States Mint building[144][self-published source?]
- ^ The coordinates of the station are 37°46′14″N 122°25′37″W / 37.7706°N 122.4269°W. Precipitation, high temperature, low temperature, snow, and snow depth records date from October 1, 1849; June 1, 1874; January 1, 1875; January 1, 1876; and January 1, 1922; respectively.
- ^ Mean monthly maxima and minima (i.e. the expected highest and lowest temperature readings at any point during the year or given month) calculated based on data at said location from 1991 to 2020.
- ^ Those not born in the 50 states or D.C., excluding California, Nevada, Utah, Arizona, New Mexico, and Texas before 1850.
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Bibliography
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Further reading
- Asbury, Hubert (1989). The Barbary Coast: An Informal History of the San Francisco Underworld. Dorset Press. OCLC 22719465.
- Bronson, William (2006). The Earth Shook, the Sky Burned. Chronicle Books. OCLC 65223734.
- Cassady, Stephen (1987). Spanning the Gate. Square Books. OCLC 15229396.
- Dillon, Richard H. (1998). High Steel: Building the Bridges Across San Francisco Bay. Celestial Arts (Reissue edition). OCLC 22719465.
- Eldredge, Zoeth Skinner (1912). The Beginnings of San Francisco: from the Expedition of Anza, 1774, to the City Charter of April 15, 1850 (PDF). New York: John C. Rankin Company.
- Ferlinghetti, Lawrence (1980). Literary San Francisco: A pictorial history from its beginnings to the present day. Harper & Row. OCLC 6683688.
- Hartman, Chester (2002). City for Sale: The Transformation of San Francisco. University of California Press. OCLC 48579085.
- Heller, Nathan. Bay Watched – How San Francisco's New Entrepreneurial Culture is Changing the Country (article) (October 2013). The New Yorker
- Holliday, J. S. (1999). Rush for Riches: Gold Fever and the Making of California. University of California Press. OCLC 37545551.
- Lotchin, Roger W. (1997). San Francisco, 1846–1856: From Hamlet to City. University of Illinois Press. OCLC 35650934.
- Margolin, Malcolm (1981). The Ohlone Way: Indian Life in the San Francisco-Monterey Bay Area. Heydey Books. OCLC 4628382.
- Maupin, Armistead (1978). Tales of the City. Harper Collins. OCLC 29847673.
- Solnit, Rebecca. Infinite City: A San Francisco Atlas (University of California Press, 2010). 144 pp.
- Thomas, Gordon & Witts, Max Morgan (1971). The San Francisco Earthquake. Stein and Day. OCLC 154735.
- Watkins, James F. (January 1870). "San Francisco". The Overland Monthly. Vol. 4, no. 1. San Francisco: A. Roman & Co. pp. 9–23.
- Winfield, P.H., The Charter of San Francisco (The fortnightly review Vol. 157–58:2 (1945), p. 69–75)