San Francisco Bay Area

Coordinates: 37°49′N 122°22′W / 37.81°N 122.37°W / 37.81; -122.37
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San Francisco Bay Area
Oakland
Location of the Bay Area within California.
  The nine-county Bay Area.
  Additional counties in the larger thirteen-county combined statistical area.
CountryUnited States
StateCalifornia
Subregions
Counties
Core citiesOakland
San Francisco
San Jose
Other municipalities
Area
707, 925[7]
Websitebayareametro.gov

The San Francisco Bay Area, commonly known as the Bay Area, is a region of California.[8] The Association of Bay Area Governments defines the Bay Area as including the nine counties that border the estuaries of San Francisco, San Pablo, and Suisun: Alameda, Contra Costa, Marin, Napa, San Mateo, Santa Clara, Solano, Sonoma, and San Francisco. Other definitions may be either smaller or larger, and may include neighboring counties such as the Central Coast counties of Santa Cruz, San Benito, and Monterey, or the Central Valley counties of San Joaquin, Merced, and Stanislaus.[9] The Bay Area is known for its natural beauty, progressive politics, prominent universities, technology companies, and affluence. The Bay Area contains many cities, towns, airports, and associated regional, state, and national parks, connected by a complex multimodal transportation network.

The earliest

Asiatic-Pacific Theater, with the San Francisco Port of Embarkation, of which Fort Mason was one of 14 installations and location of the headquarters, acting as a primary embarkation point for American forces. Since then, the Bay Area has experienced numerous political, cultural, and artistic movements, developing unique local genres in music and art and establishing itself as a hotbed of progressive politics. Economically, the post-war Bay Area saw large growth in the financial and technology industries, creating an economy with a gross domestic product of over $700 billion. In 2018 it was home to the third-highest concentration of Fortune 500 companies in the United States.[13][14]

The Bay Area is home to approximately 7.52 million people.

Oakland, San Francisco, and San Jose, the latter of which in 2022 had population of 971,233, making it the 12th-most populous in the United States.[17][18]

Despite its urban character, the San Francisco Bay is one of California's most ecologically sensitive habitats, providing important

. Home to 101 municipalities and 9 counties, governance in the Bay Area involves numerous local and regional jurisdictions, often with broad and overlapping responsibilities.

History

indigenous Californian
people, have lived in the Bay Area for thousands of years.

The Coyote Hills Shell Mound, the earliest known archaeological evidence of human habitation of the Bay Area estuaries, dates to around 10,000 BCE, with evidence pointing to even earlier settlement in

Siberian tribes who arrived at around 1,000 BCE by sailing over the Arctic Ocean and following the salmon migration.[20] However the current academic consensus is compatible with the oral tradition of the Ohlone and Miwok peoples, which suggests they have been living in the Bay Area for several hundreds if not thousands of years.[10][11]

At the time of colonization, the Ohlone peoples in the Bay Area primarily lived on the San Francisco Peninsula, in the South Bay and in the East Bay, and the Miwok primarily lived in the North Bay, northern East Bay, and Central Valley.

.

In 1542,

Nova Albion or New Albion, the English made no immediate follow up to the claim.[22][23][24]

In 1595,

Manila Galleon San Agustin on July 5, 1595 and in early November they reached land between Point St. George and Trinidad Head, north of the Bay Area, in the Lost Coast. The expedition followed the coast southward and on November 7 the San Agustin anchored in Drakes Bay, and claimed the region as Puerto y Bahía de San Francisco.[25][26][27] In late November, a storm sank the San Agustin and killed between 7 and 12 people. On December 8, 80 remaining crew members set sail on the San Buenaventura, a launch which was partially constructed en route from the Philippines. Seeking the fastest route south, the expedition sailed past the Golden Gate, arriving at Puerto de Chacala, Mexico on January 17, 1596.[28]

In 1776, Francisco Palóu founded Mission San Francisco de Asís, the first Spanish settlement
in the Bay Area.
Californio troops in Sonoma, during the U.S. Conquest of California
in 1846

The Bay Area estuaries remained unknown to Europeans until members of the Portolá expedition, while trekking along the California coast, encountered it in 1769 when the Golden Gate blocked their continued journey north.[29] Several missions were founded in the Bay Area during this period. In 1806, a Spanish expedition led by Gabriel Moraga began at the Presidio, traveled south of the bay, and then east to explore the San Joaquin Valley.[30]

In 1821, Mexico

American flag for the first time over Portsmouth Square.[32]

California Gold Rush

In 1848,

California Gold Rush, and within half a year 4,000 men were panning for gold along the river and finding $50,000 per day.[33] The promise of fabulous riches quickly led to a stampede of wealth-seekers descending on Sutter's Mill. The Bay Area's population quickly emptied out as laborers, clerks, waiters, and servants joined the rush to find gold, and California's first newspaper, The Californian, was forced to announce a temporary freeze in new issues due to labor shortages.[33] By the end of 1849, news had spread across the world and newcomers flooded into the Bay Area at a rate of one thousand per week on their way to California's interior,[33] including the first large influx of Chinese immigrants to the U.S.[34] The rush was so great that vessels were abandoned by the hundreds in San Francisco's ports as crews rushed to the goldfields.[35] The unprecedented influx of new arrivals spread the nascent government authorities thin, and the military was unable to prevent desertions. As a result, numerous vigilante groups formed to provide order, but many tasked themselves with forcibly moving or killing local Native Americans, and by the end of the Gold Rush, two thirds of the indigenous population had been killed.[36]

in 1850.

During this same time, a

laborers from China that by 1870, eight percent of San Francisco's population was of Asian origin.[38] The completion of the railroad connected the Bay Area with the rest of the United States, established a truly national marketplace for the trade of goods, and accelerated the urbanization of the region.[39]

A historical image of damaged and destroyed buildings after the 1906 earthquake in San Francisco
Damaged buildings in the aftermath of the 1906 San Francisco earthquake

In the early morning of April 18, 1906,

Los Angeles metropolitan area.[42]

.

During the

Fort McDowell in San Francisco Bay and the sub port of Los Angeles.[49]

After World War II, the United Nations was chartered in San Francisco, and in September 1951, the Treaty of San Francisco to re-establish peaceful relations between Japan and the Allied Powers was signed in San Francisco, entering into force a year later.[50] In the years immediately following the war, the Bay Area saw a huge wave of immigration as populations increased across the region. Between 1950 and 1960, San Francisco welcomed over 100,000 new residents, inland suburbs in the East Bay saw their populations double, Daly City's population quadrupled, and Santa Clara's population quintupled.[46]

Vietnam War draft evasion march in Oakland, led by David Harris in 1967.

By the early 1960s, the Bay Area and the rest of

William Hewlett, would later help usher in the region's high-tech revolution.[46] In 1955, Shockley Semiconductor Laboratory opened for business in Mountain View near Stanford, and although the business venture was a financial failure, it was the first semiconductor company in the Bay Area, and the talent that it attracted to the region eventually led to a high-tech cluster of companies later known as Silicon Valley.[54]

The assassinations of George Moscone and Harvey Milk in 1978 led to the White Night riots and the abolition of diminished responsibility as a criminal defense in California.

In 1989, in the middle of a

Amazon.com and Google managed to weather the crash however, and following the industry's return to normalcy, their market value increased significantly.[57]

Even as the growth of the technology sector transformed the region's economy,

Proposition 8, which sought to constitutionally restrict marriage to opposite-sex couples but ultimately passed statewide.[60]

Black Lives Matter/George Floyd protests in San Jose in 2020

The Bay Area was also the center of contentious protests concerning racial and

Bay Area Rapid Transit police officers, precipitating widespread protests across the region and even riots in Oakland.[61] His name was symbolically tied to the Occupy Oakland protests two years later that sought to fight against social and economic inequality.[62]

By August 2023, San Francisco was in such severe decline that Mayor Matt Mahan of San Jose joked that one day the region might be renamed the "San Jose Bay Area", after its largest and most prosperous city.[63]

Geography

Boundaries

A map of the Bay Area and its sub-regions, divided by counties:

The borders of the San Francisco Bay Area are not officially delineated, and the unique development patterns influenced by the region's topography, as well as unusual commute patterns caused by the presence of three central cities and employment centers located in various suburban locales, has led to considerable disagreement between local and federal definitions of the area.[64] Because of this, professor of geography at the University of California, Berkeley Richard Walker claimed that "no other U.S. city-region is as definitionally challenged [as the Bay Area]."[64]

When the region began to rapidly develop during and immediately after

San Francisco Regional Water Quality Control Board,[66] Bay Area Air Quality Management District,[67] the San Francisco Bay Restoration Authority,[68] the Metropolitan Transportation Commission,[69] and the Association of Bay Area Governments,[70] the latter two of which partner to deliver a Bay Area Census using the nine-county definition.[71]

Various

media market, but excludes eastern Solano county.[72] On the other hand, the United States Office of Management and Budget, which designates metropolitan statistical areas (MSAs) and combined statistical areas (CSA) for populated regions across the country, has five MSAs which include, wholly or partially, areas within the nine-county definition, and one CSA which includes eight Bay Area counties (excluding Sonoma), but including neighboring San Benito, Santa Cruz, San Joaquin, Merced, and Stanislaus counties.[9]

The Association of Bay Area Health Officers (ABAHO), an organization that has fought local outbreaks of HIV/AIDS in 1980s and with COVID-19 pandemic and Deltacron hybrid variant (2020–22), consists of the public health officers of 9 Bay Area counties, in addition to the Central Coast counties of Santa Cruz, San Benito, and Monterey and the city of Berkeley.

Counties in the San Jose-San Francisco-Oakland Combined Statistical Area[73]
County 2022 estimate 2020–22
change
2020 Population 2010 Population 2010–20
change
2020 Density (per sq mi)
MSA
Alameda
1,628,997 -3.2% 1,682,353 1,510,271 +11.4% 2,281.3 San Francisco–Oakland–Berkeley
Contra Costa 1,156,966 -0.8% 1,165,927 1,049,025 +11.1% 1,626.3
Marin 256,018 -2.4% 262,321 252,409 +3.9% 504.1
San Francisco 808,437 -7.5% 873,965 805,235 +8.5% 18,629.1
San Mateo 729,181 -4.6% 764,442 718,451 +6.4% 1,704.0
San Benito 67,579 +5.3% 64,209 55,269 +16.2% 46.2 San Jose–Sunnyvale–Santa Clara
Santa Clara 1,870,945 -3.4% 1,936,259 1,781,642 +8.7% 1,499.7
Napa 134,300 -2.7% 138,019 136,484 +1.1% 184.4 Napa
Solano 448,747 -1.0% 453,491 413,344 +9.7% 551.8 Vallejo–Fairfield
Sonoma 482,650 -1.3% 488,863 483,878 +1.0% 310.3 Santa Rosa–Petaluma
Merced 290,014 +3.1% 281,202 255,793 +9.9% 145.1 Merced
Santa Cruz 264,370 -2.4% 270,861 262,382 +3.2% 608.5 Santa Cruz–Watsonville
San Joaquin 793,229 +1.3% 779,233 685,306 +13.7% 559.6 Stockton–Lodi
Stanislaus 551,275 -0.3% 552,878 514,453 +7.5% 369.6 Modesto
  Bay Area counties colored red
†Sonoma County was separated from the CSA in 2023.[9]

Subregions

Among locals, the nine-county Bay Area is divided into five sub-regions: the

San Francisco, and South Bay
.

The "

East Bay" is the densest region of the Bay Area outside of San Francisco and includes cities and towns in Alameda and Contra Costa counties centered around Oakland. As one of the larger subregions, the East Bay includes a variety of enclaves, including the suburban Tri-Valley area and the highly urban western part of the subregion that runs alongside the bay, including Oakland.[74]

The "

wineries, and Solano County to the east, centered around Vallejo, is the fastest growing region in the Bay Area.[75]

The "Peninsula" subregion includes the cities and towns on the San Francisco Peninsula, excluding the titular city of San Francisco. Its eastern half, which runs alongside the Bay, is highly populated, while its less populated western coast traces the coastline of the Pacific Ocean and is known for its open space and hiking trails. Roughly coinciding with the borders of San Mateo County, it also includes the northwestern Santa Clara County cities of Palo Alto, Mountain View, and Los Altos.[76]

Although geographically located on the tip of the San Francisco Peninsula, the city of San Francisco is not considered part of the "Peninsula" subregion, but as a separate entity.[77][78]

The term "South Bay" has different meanings to different groups: Writing in 1959 for the Army Corps of Engineers, the United States Department of Commerce defined the South Bay as comprising five counties, corresponding to their two-way division of the bay into north and south regions.[79] In 1989, the federal Environmental Protection Agency defined the South Bay as the northern part of Santa Clara County and the southeastern part of San Mateo County.[80] This latter definition corresponds to common usage.[81]

Climate

The North Coast near Muir Beach

The Bay Area is located in the

warm-summer Mediterranean climate zone (Köppen Csb) that is a characteristic of California's coast, featuring mild to cool winters with occasional rainfall, and warm to hot, dry summers.[82] It is largely influenced by the cold California Current, which penetrates the natural mountainous barrier along the coast by traveling through various gaps.[83] In terms of precipitation, this means that the Bay Area has pronounced seasons. The winter season, which roughly runs between November and March, is the source of about 82% of annual precipitation in the area. In the South Bay and further inland, while the winter season is cool and mild, the summer season is characterized by warm sunny days,[83] while in San Francisco and areas closer to the Golden Gate strait, the summer season is periodically affected by fog.[84]

View of Mount Diablo beyond Lafayette Reservoir

Due to the Bay Area's diverse

Golden Gate Strait, oceanic wind and fog from the Pacific Ocean are able to penetrate the mountain barriers inland into the Bay Area.[85]

During the summer, rising hot air in California's interior valleys creates a low pressure area that draws winds from the

characteristic cool winds and fog.[84] The microclimate phenomenon is most pronounced during this time, when fog penetration is at its maximum in areas near the Golden Gate strait,[85] while the South Bay and areas further inland are sunny and dry.[83]

San Mateo County
.

Along the San Francisco peninsula, gaps in the

San Joaquin River Delta, causing a cooling effect in Stockton and Sacramento, so that these cities are also cooler than their Central Valley counterparts in the south.[85]

Average daily high and low temperatures in °F (°C) for selected locations in the Bay Area,
colored and sortable by average monthly temperature
City Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
Fairfield[86] 55 / 39
(13 / 4)
61 / 42
(16 / 6)
66 / 45
(19 / 7)
71 / 47
(22 / 8)
78 / 52
(26 / 11)
85 / 56
(29 / 13)
90 / 58
(32 / 14)
89 / 57
(32 / 14)
86 / 56
(30 / 13)
78 / 51
(26 / 11)
65 / 44
(18 / 7)
55 / 39
(13 / 4)
Oakland[87] 58 / 44
(14 / 7)
67 / 47
(19 / 8)
64 / 49
(18 / 9)
66 / 50
(19 / 10)
69 / 53
(21 / 12)
72 / 55
(22 / 13)
72 / 56
(22 / 13)
73 / 58
(23 / 14)
74 / 57
(23 / 14)
72 / 54
(22 / 12)
65 / 49
(18 / 9)
58 / 45
(14 / 7)
San Francisco[88] 57 / 46
(14 / 8)
60 / 48
(16 / 9)
62 / 49
(17 / 9)
63 / 49
(17 / 9)
64 / 51
(18 / 11)
66 / 53
(19 / 12)
66 / 54
(19 / 12)
68 / 55
(20 / 13)
70 / 55
(21 / 13)
69 / 54
(21 / 12)
63 / 50
(17 / 10)
57 / 46
(14 / 8)
San Jose[89] 58 / 42
(14 / 6)
62 / 45
(17 / 7)
66 / 47
(19 / 8)
69 / 49
(21 / 9)
74 / 52
(23 / 11)
79 / 56
(26 / 13)
82 / 58
(28 / 14)
82 / 58
(28 / 14)
80 / 57
(27 / 14)
74 / 53
(23 / 12)
64 / 46
(18 / 8)
58 / 42
(14 / 6)
Santa Rosa[90] 59 / 39
(15 / 4)
63 / 41
(17 / 5)
67 / 43
(19 / 6)
70 / 45
(21 / 7)
75 / 48
(24 / 9)
80 / 52
(27 / 11)
82 / 52
(28 / 11)
83 / 53
(28 / 12)
83 / 52
(28 / 11)
78 / 48
(26 / 9)
67 / 43
(19 / 6)
59 / 39
(15 / 4)

Ecology

Coyote in the Arastradero Preserve

Marine wildlife

The Bay Area is home to a diverse array of wildlife and, along with the connected

black crowned night heron.[95]

An image of river otter sunning on rocks.
River otters sunning on rocks in the Inner Harbor of Richmond

There is also a significant diversity of

tributaries to the San Francisco Bay.[97] California Coast Chinook salmon were historically native to the Guadalupe River in San Francisco Bay, and Chinook salmon runs persist today in the Guadalupe River, Coyote Creek, Napa River, and Walnut Creek.[98] Industrial, mining, and other uses of mercury have resulted in a widespread distribution of that poisonous metal in the bay, with uptake in the bay's phytoplankton and contamination of its sportfish.[99]

Martinez beaver in Alhambra Creek

Aquatic mammals are also present in the bay. Before 1825, Spanish, French, English, Russians and Americans were drawn to the Bay Area to harvest prodigious quantities of

sea lions who began inhabiting San Francisco's Pier 39 after the 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake[105] and the locally famous Humphrey the Whale, a humpback whale who entered San Francisco Bay twice on errant migrations in the late 1980s and early 1990s.[106] Bottlenose dolphins and harbor porpoises have recently returned to the bay, having been absent for many decades. Historically, this was the northern extent of their warm-water species range.[107]

Birds

Black-necked stilts in flight at the Baylands Nature Preserve

In addition to the many species of marine birds that can be seen in the Bay Area, many other species of birds make the Bay Area their home, making the region a popular destination for birdwatching.[108] Many birds are listed as endangered species despite once being common in the region.

Solano counties as remnants of a once large breeding range.[110]

An image of a family of burrowing owls inside their holes.
A burrowing owl in Antioch

white tailed kite, and the osprey.[111]

In 1927,

Los Gatos Creek watershed, indicating that the nesting range now includes the entire length of San Francisco Bay.[115] Most nests were built on man-made structures close to areas of human disturbance, likely due to lack of mature trees near the Bay.[116] The wild turkey population was introduced in the 1960s by state game officials, and by 2015 have become a common sight in East Bay communities.[117]

Geology and landforms

A satellite image of the Bay Area, depicting features visible from space.
Satellite photo of the Bay Area taken in March 2019. The gray areas are signs of urbanization and represent the most populated areas.

The Bay Area is well known for the complexity of its landforms that are the result of the forces of

sedimentary rocks of sandstone, limestone, and shale in uplifted seabeds.[120] Volcanic deposits also exist in the Bay Area, left behind by the movement of the San Andreas fault, whose movement sliced a subduction plate and allowed magma to briefly flow to the surface.[121]

The region has considerable vertical relief in its landscapes that are not in the alluvial plains leading to the bay or in inland valleys. The topography, and geologic history, of the Bay Area can largely be attributed to the compressive forces between the Pacific Plate and the North American plate.[122]

M6.7
or higher earthquake occurring between 2003 and 2032

The three major ridge structures in the Bay Area, part of the

Hayward fault, and the Diablo Range, which includes Mount Diablo and Mount Hamilton and runs along the Calaveras fault.[123]

In total, the Bay Area is traversed by seven major

magnitude 6.7 earthquake occurring along either the Hayward, Rogers Creek, or San Andreas fault, with an earthquake more likely to occur in the East Bay's Hayward Fault.[126] Two of the largest earthquakes in recent history were the 1906 San Francisco earthquake and the 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake
.

Hydrography

tributaries

The Bay Area is home to a complex network of watersheds, marshes, rivers, creeks, reservoirs, and bays that predominantly drain into the

Alviso.[127] There are also several lakes present in the Bay Area, including man-made lakes like Lake Berryessa[128] and natural albeit heavily modified lakes like Lake Merritt.[129]

Prior to the introduction of European agricultural methods, the shores of San Francisco Bay consisted mostly of tidal marshes.[130] Today, the bay has been significantly altered heavily re-engineered to accommodate the needs of water delivery, shipping, agriculture, and urban development, with side effects including the loss of wetlands and the introduction of contaminants and invasive species.[131] Approximately 85% of those marshes have been lost or destroyed, but about 50 marshes and marsh fragments remain.[130] Huge tracts of the marshes were originally destroyed by farmers for agricultural purposes, then repurposed to serve as salt evaporation ponds to produce salt for food and other purposes.[132] Today, regulations limit the destruction of tidal marshes, and large portions are currently being rehabilitated to their natural state.[130]

Over time, droughts and wildfires have increased in frequency and become less seasonal and more year-round, further straining the region's water security.[133][134][135]

Demographics

Historical population
CensusPop.Note
1860114,074
1870265,808133.0%
1880422,12858.8%
1890547,61829.7%
1900658,11120.2%
1910925,70840.7%
19201,182,91127.8%
19301,578,00933.4%
19401,734,3089.9%
19502,681,32254.6%
19603,638,93935.7%
19704,628,19927.2%
19805,179,78411.9%
19906,023,57716.3%
20006,783,76012.6%
20107,150,7395.4%
20207,765,6408.6%
Note: Nine-County Population Totals[58]
Ethnic origins in the Bay Area

According to the

Pacific Islander, 5.4% from two or more races and 10.8% from other races.[137] Hispanic or Latino
residents of any race formed 23.5% of the population.

The Bay Area cities of Vallejo, Suisun City, Oakland, San Leandro, Fairfield, and Richmond are among the most ethnically diverse cities in the United States.[138]

East Bay centered around the Lamorinda and Tri-Valley areas.[58] San Francisco's North Beach district is considered the Little Italy of the city, and was once home to a significant Italian-American community. San Francisco, Marin County[139] and the Lamorinda area[140] all have substantial Jewish
communities.

The

The

Indian American community.[148] There are more than 100,000 people of Vietnamese ancestry residing within San Jose city limits, the largest Vietnamese population of any city in the world outside of Vietnam.[149] In addition, there is a sizable community of Korean Americans in Santa Clara county, where San Jose is located.[150] East Bay cities such as Richmond and Oakland, and the North Bay city of Santa Rosa, have plentiful populations of Laotian and Cambodians in certain neighborhoods.[151]

Pacific Islanders such as Samoans and Tongans have the largest presence in East Palo Alto, where they constitute over 7% of the population.[152]

The

Since the economy of the Bay Area heavily relies on innovation and high-tech skills, a relatively educated population exists in the region. Roughly 87.4% of Bay Area residents have attained a high school degree or higher,[159] while 46% of adults in the Bay Area have earned a post-secondary degree or higher.[160]

Affluence

The Bay Area is the wealthiest region per capita in the United States, due, primarily, to the economic power engines of San Jose, San Francisco, and Oakland. The Bay Area city of Pleasanton has the second-highest household income in the country after New Canaan, Connecticut. However, discretionary income is very comparable with the rest of the country, primarily because the higher cost of living offsets the increased income.[161]

There are 285,000 millionaires living in the region, the third-highest amongst the world's metropolitan areas after New York City and Tokyo as of 2022.[162] The amount of wealth held by Bay Area residents is about $2.6 trillion, the second-highest in the world after New York City, and just ahead of Tokyo as of 2021.[163]

By 2014, the Bay Area's

urban area in the country.[165] Among the wealthy, forty-seven Bay Area residents made Forbes
magazine's 400 richest Americans list, published in 2007.

Crime

Statistics regarding crime rates in the Bay Area generally fall into two categories: violent crime and property crime. Historically, violent crime has been concentrated in a few cities in the East Bay, namely Oakland, Richmond, and Antioch, but also East Palo Alto in the Peninsula, Vallejo in the North Bay, and San Francisco.[166] Nationally, Oakland's murder rate ranked 18th among cities with over 100,000 residents, and third for violent crimes per capita.[167] According to a 2015 Federal Bureau of Investigation report, Oakland was also the source of the most violent crime in the Bay Area, with 16.9 reported incidents per thousand people. Vallejo came in second, at 8.7 incidents per thousand people, while San Pablo, Antioch, and San Francisco rounded out the top five. East Palo Alto, which used to have the Bay Area's highest murder rate, saw violent crime incidents drop 65% between 2013 and 2014, while Oakland saw violent crime incidents drop 15%.[166] Meanwhile, San Jose, which was one of the safest large cities in the United States in the early 2000s, has seen its violent crime rates trend upwards.[168] Cities with the lowest rate of violent crime include the Peninsula cities of Los Altos and Foster City, East Bay cities of San Ramon and Danville, and southern foothill cities of Saratoga and Cupertino. In 2015, 45 Bay Area cities counted zero homicides, the largest of which was Daly City.[166]

In 2015, Oakland also saw the highest rates of property crime in the Bay Area, at 59.4 incidents per thousand residents, with San Francisco following close behind at 53 incidents per thousand residents. The East Bay cities Pleasant Hill, Berkeley, and San Leandro rounded out the top five. Saratoga and Windsor saw the least rates of property crime.[166] Additionally, San Francisco saw the most reports of arson.[167]

Several street gangs operate in the Bay Area, including the

Joe Boys gang were arrested and convicted of the crime.[172] Oakland, which also sees organized gang violence, implemented Operation Ceasefire in 2012 in an effort to reduce the violence.[173]

Economy

, and many more.

The three principal cities of the Bay Area represent separate employment clusters and are dominated by different but commingled industries. San Francisco is home to the region's

technology industry resides. Furthermore, the North Bay is a major player in the country's agriculture and wine industry.[64] In all, the Bay Area is home to the second highest concentration of Fortune 500 companies, second only to the New York metropolitan area, with thirty such companies based throughout the region.[174]

San Francisco's Financial District, despite its declining importance,[175] is still considered the Wall Street of the West.

In 2019, the greater fourteen-county statistical area had a GDP of $1.086 trillion, the third-highest among

narcotics and other drugs, and homelessness, to the West Coast's and particularly the Bay Area's challenge to remain relevant as a major commercial and financial center given its physical barriers and relative geographic isolation from other North American commercial centers in a era of increasingly ubiquitous e-commerce.[180][181] Additionally noted is the Bay Area's steadily decreasing lead in the geographically dispersing high technology field.[182][183]

The Port of Oakland is one of the busiest ports in the United States.

Despite this, Bay Area is still the home to

Ames Research Center and the federal research facility Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory are based in Mountain View and Livermore respectively. In the North Bay, Napa and Sonoma counties are well known for their wineries, including Fantesca Estate & Winery, Domaine Chandon California, and D'Agostini Winery.[187]

Sonoma, is a world renowned wine
-growing region.

In spite of the San Francisco Bay Area's industries contributing to the aforementioned economic growth, there is a significant level of poverty in the region. Rising housing prices and gentrification in the San Francisco Bay Area are often framed as symptomatic of high-income tech workers moving in to previously low-income, underserved neighborhoods.[188] Two notable policy strategies to prevent eviction due to rising rents include rent control and subsidies such as Section 8 and Shelter Plus Care.[189] Moreover, in 2002, then San Francisco Supervisor Gavin Newsom introduced the "Care Not Cash" initiative, diverting funds away from cash handouts (which he argued encouraged drug use) to housing. This proved controversial, with some suggesting his rhetoric criminalized poverty, while others supporting the prioritizing of housing as a solution.[190]

Sausalito, in the North Bay, is a popular tourist destination.

Contrary to historical patterns of low incomes within the inner city, poverty rates in the Bay Area are shifting such that they are increasing more rapidly in suburban areas than in urban areas.[191] It is not yet clear whether the suburbanization of poverty is due to the relocation of poor populations or shifting income levels in the respective regions. However, the mid-2000s housing boom encouraged city dwellers to move into the newly cheap houses in suburbs outside of the city, and these suburban housing developments were then most affected by the 2008 housing bubble burst. As such, people in poverty experience decreased access to transportation due to underdeveloped public transport infrastructure in suburban areas. Suburban poverty is most prevalent among Hispanics and Blacks, and affects native-born people more significantly than foreign-born.[191][192]

As greater proportions of their incomes are spent on rent, many impoverished populations in the San Francisco Bay Area also face

food insecurity and health setbacks.[193][194]

Housing

High density urbanism in northeastern San Francisco

The Bay Area is the most expensive location to live in the United States outside of Manhattan.[195] Strong economic growth has created hundreds of thousands of new jobs, but coupled with severe zoning restrictions on building new housing units,[196] has resulted in an extreme housing shortage. For example, from 2012 to 2017, the San Francisco metropolitan area added 400,000 new jobs, but only 60,000 new housing units.[197] As of 2016, the entire Bay Area had 3.6 M jobs, and 2.6 M housing units, for a ratio of 1.4 jobs per housing unit,[198] significantly above the ratio for the US as a whole, which stands at 1.1 jobs per housing unit. (152M jobs, 136M housing units[199][200])

As of 2017, the average income needed in order to purchase a house in the region was $179,390, while the median price for a house was $895,000 and the average cost of a home in the Bay Area being $440,000 - more than twice the national average, while the average monthly rent is $1,240 - 50 percent more than the national average.[201][202] In 2018, a Bay Area household income of $117,000 was classified as "low income" by the Department of Housing and Urban Development.[203]

Homeless encampment in Oakland

With high costs of living, many Bay Area residents allocate large amounts of their income towards housing. 20 percent of Bay Area homeowners spend more than half their income on housing, while roughly 25 percent of renters in the Bay Area spend more than half of their incomes on rent.[204] Expending an average of more than $28,000 per year on housing in addition to roughly $13,400 on transportation, Bay Area residents spend around $41,420 per year to live in the region. This combined total of housing and transportation signifies 59 percent of the Bay Area's median household income, conveying the extreme costs of living.[204]

Carolands mansion in Hillsborough

The high rate of homelessness in the Bay Area can be attributed to the high cost of living.[205] No approximate number of homeless people living in the Bay Area can be determined due to the difficulty of tracking homeless residents.[205] However, according to San Francisco's Department of Public Health, the number of homeless people in San Francisco alone is 9,975.[206] Additionally, San Francisco was revealed to have the most unsheltered homeless people in the country.[206]

Because of the high cost of housing, many workers in the Bay Area live far from their place of employment, contributing to one of the highest percentages of extreme commuters in the United States, or commutes that take over ninety minutes in one direction. For example, about 50,000 people commute from neighboring San Joaquin County into the nine-county Bay Area daily,[207] and more extremely, some workers commute semimonthly by flying.[208]

Education

Colleges and universities

San José State University is the oldest public university on the West Coast and the founding campus of the California State University
.

The Bay Area is home to a large number of colleges and universities. The first institution of higher education in the Bay Area, Santa Clara University, was founded by Jesuits in 1851,[209] who also founded the University of San Francisco in 1855.[210] San Jose State University was founded in 1857 and is the oldest public college on the West Coast of the United States.[211] According to the Brookings Institution, 45% of residents of the two-county San Jose metro area have a college degree and 43% of residents in the five-county San Francisco metro area have a college degree, the second and fourth-highest ranked metro areas in the country for higher educational attainment.[212]

Rankings compiled by U.S. News & World Report feature several Bay Area universities in prominent spots. Stanford University is one of the world’s preeminent research universities, ranked #1 in the world for its business school and law school.[213] The University of California, Berkeley has been the highest-ranked public university in the country for the past nineteen years. Additionally, San Jose State University and Sonoma State University were respectively ranked sixth and tenth among public colleges in the West Coast.[214]

Stanford University (top) and University of California, Berkeley (top) are widely considered two of the most prestigious universities in the world.

The city of San Francisco is host to two additional

UCSF Medical Center, which is the highest-ranked hospital in California.[216] The University of California, College of the Law, founded in Civic Center in 1878, is the oldest law school in California and claims more judges on the state bench than any other institution.[217] The city is also host to a California State University school, San Francisco State University.[218] Additional campuses of the California State University system in the Bay Area are Cal State East Bay in Hayward and Cal Maritime in Vallejo
.

CNNMoney, the Bay Area community college with the highest "success" rate is De Anza College in Cupertino, which is also the tenth-highest ranked in the nation. Other relatively well-ranked Bay Area community colleges include Foothill College, City College of San Francisco, West Valley College, Diablo Valley College, and Las Positas College.[219]

Many scholars have pointed out the overlap of education and the economy within the Bay Area. According to multiple reports, research universities such as Stanford University, University of California - Santa Cruz and University of California - Berkeley, are essential to the culture and economy in the area.[160] These universities also provide public programs for people to learn and enhance skills relevant to the local economies. These opportunities not only provide educational services to the community, but also generate significant amounts of revenue.[160]

Primary and secondary schools

The Galileo Academy of Science & Technology, an SFUSD public school

Public primary and secondary education in the Bay Area is provided through school districts organized through three structures (elementary school districts, high school districts, or unified school districts) and are governed by an elected board. In addition, many Bay Area counties and the city of San Francisco operate "special service schools" that are geared towards providing education to students with handicaps or special needs.[220]

An alternative public educational setting is offered by

charter schools, which may be established with a renewable charter of up to five years by third parties. The mechanism for charter schools in the Bay Area is governed by the California Charter Schools Act of 1992.[221]

Bellarmine College Preparatory is one of the oldest schools in California.

According to rankings compiled by

Transportation

A transit map with lines depicting routes operated by various public rail agencies in the Bay Area.
The Bay Area is served by a variety of rail transit systems, including ACE, Amtrak, BART, Caltrain, Muni Metro, SMART, and VTA.

Transportation in the San Francisco Bay Area is reliant on a complex multimodal infrastructure consisting of roads, bridges, highways, rail, tunnels, airports, ferries, and bike and pedestrian paths. The development, maintenance, and operation of these different modes of transportation are overseen by various agencies, including the California Department of Transportation (Caltrans),

interstate highways and state routes, two subway networks, three commuter rail agencies, eight trans-bay bridges, transbay ferry service, local bus service,[224] three international airports (San Francisco, San Jose, and Oakland),[225] and an extensive network of roads, tunnels, and paths such as the San Francisco Bay Trail.[226]

The Bay Area hosts an extensive freeway and highway system that is particularly prone to

Loma Prieta earthquake resulted in freeway segments being removed instead of being reinforced or rebuilt, leading to the revitalization of neighborhoods such as San Francisco's Embarcadero and Hayes Valley.[229] The greater Bay Area contains the three principal north–south highways in California: Interstate 5, U.S. Route 101, and California State Route 1. U.S. 101 and State Route 1 directly serve the traditional nine-county region, while Interstate 5 bypasses to the east in San Joaquin County to provide a more direct Los AngelesSacramento route. Additional local highways connect the various subregions of the Bay Area together.[230]

Bay Area Rapid Transit (BART) serves 50 stations across the region, excluding the North Bay counties.

There are over two dozen

Tri-Valley Area and San Joaquin County (ACE), and Sonoma with Marin County (SMART).[224]

In addition,

Clipper Card, a reloadable contactless smart card, as a universal electronic payment system.[224]

Government and politics

The Government of San Francisco is based at San Francisco City Hall.

Government in the San Francisco Bay Area consists of multiple actors, including 101 city and nine county governments, a dozen regional agencies, and a large number of single-purpose

municipal utility districts and transit districts.[232] Incorporated cities are responsible for providing police service, zoning, issuing building permits, and maintaining public streets among other duties.[233] County governments are responsible for elections and voter registration, vital records, property assessment and records, tax collection, public health, agricultural regulations, and building inspections, among other duties.[234][235] Public education is provided by independent school districts, which may be organized as elementary districts, high school districts, unified school districts combining elementary and high school grades, or community college districts, and are managed by an elected school board.[220] A variety of special districts also exist and provide a single purpose, such as delivering public transit in the case of the Bay Area Rapid Transit District,[236] or monitoring air quality levels in the case of the Bay Area Air Quality Management District.[67]

.

Politics in the Bay Area is widely regarded as one of the most

center-left Democratic Party's candidates than any other region of the state, even as California trended towards the Democratic Party over time.[239] According to research by the Public Policy Institute of California, the Bay Area and the North Coast counties of Humboldt and Mendocino were the most consistently and strongly liberal areas in California.[239]

According to the

center-right Republican Party holds a voter registration advantage in only one State Assembly sub-district (the portion of the 4th in Solano County).[240] According to the Cook Partisan Voting Index (CPVI), the Bay Area's districts tend to favor Democratic candidates by roughly 40 to 50 percentage points, considerably above the mean for California and the nation overall.[241]

Oakland City Hall

In

U.S. Senators are Democrats, and all twelve U.S. congressional districts located wholly or partially in the Bay Area are represented by a Democratic representative. Additionally, every Bay Area member of the California State Senate and the California State Assembly
is a registered Democrat.

The Bay Area's association with progressive politics has led to the term "

conservative commentators in a pejorative sense to describe the secular progressive culture in the area.[245]

Regional governance

The Association of Bay Area Governments (ABAG) is the principal metropolitan planning organization for the Bay Area. The Metropolitan Transportation Commission (MTC) is the region's transportation planning agency, which has functionally merged with ABAG through staff consolidation. ABAG and MTC developed Plan Bay Area, which is the area's regional transportation plan, in 2013 and with its goal date for 2040.

Other regional governance agencies include the Bay Area Air Quality Management District, Bay Area Toll Authority, Bay Restoration Authority, and the Bay Conservation & Development Commission.

Culture

Arts

Cantor Arts Center in Stanford

The Bay Area was a hub of the

California School of Fine Arts (now the San Francisco Art Institute) in 1946, leaving a lasting influence on the artistic styles of Bay Area painters up to the present day.[246] A few years later, Abstract Expressionist painter David Park painted Kids on Bikes in 1950, which retained many aspects of abstract expressionism but with original distinguishing features that would later lead to the Bay Area Figurative Movement.[247]

The California Palace of the Legion of Honor of Fine Arts Museums SF

While both the Figurative Movement and the Abstract Expressionism movement arose from art schools, Funk art would later rise out of the region's underground and was characterized by informal sharing of technique among groups of friends and art showcases in "cooperative" galleries instead of formal museums. Later, the Bay Area art movement would be heavily influenced by the counterculture movement in the 1960s, and art produced during this time reflected the political environment.[248]

Oakland Museum of California

The San Francisco Renaissance was an era of poetic activity centered on San Francisco and poets such as Gary Snyder, Allen Ginsberg, Lawrence Ferlinghetti, which brought it to prominence as a hub of the American poetry avant-garde in the 1950s. The movement, which often included visual and performing arts, was heavily influenced by cross-cultural interests, particularly Buddhism, Taoism, and a general interest in East Asian cultures.[249]

The Bay Area is presently home to a thriving computer animation industry

Presidio in San Francisco, was created in 1975 to help create visual effects for the Star Wars series has since been involved with creating visual effects for over three hundred Hollywood films.[252]

Music

Baile folklórico at the 240th anniversary of the founding of San Jose at the Gonzales-Peralta Adobe

Throughout its recent history, the Bay Area has been home to several musical movements that left lasting influences on the genres they affected. San Francisco, in particular, was the center of the

Santana band and would later be inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame.[256] Two former members of Santana, Neal Schon and Gregg Rolie would later lead the formation of the band Journey.[257]

The San Francisco Symphony at the Davies Symphony Hall

During the 1980s and early 1990s, the Bay Area became home to heavy metal and hard rock bands, including Ludicra,[258] and also to one of the largest and most influential thrash metal scenes in the world, with contributions from Exodus, Testament, Death Angel, Forbidden, Vio-lence, Lȧȧz Rockit, Possessed and Blind Illusion, in addition to three of the "Big Four" (Metallica, Slayer and Megadeth); although Metallica, Slayer and Megadeth were all technically from Los Angeles, those bands are often credited for popularizing and contributing to the Bay Area thrash metal scene during the 1980s by frequently playing shows there, especially early in their careers and/or before they were signed to a record label.[259][260]

Mountain Winery is a concert venue and vineyard in Saratoga.

The

pop punk rock bands like Green Day.[254]

The 1990s also saw the emergence of the influential

conscious rap", which concerns itself with social issues and awareness.[263]

The Bay Area is also home to hundreds of classical music ensembles, from community choirs to professional orchestras, such as the San Francisco Symphony, California Symphony, Fremont Symphony Orchestra, Oakland Symphony and the San Francisco Chamber Orchestra.[264]

Theater

Fox Theatre in Redwood City

According to the regional theater service organization

Theatreworks, have since gone on to win one Regional Theatre Tony Award each.[267][268]

War Memorial Opera House is the home of the San Francisco Opera and the San Francisco Ballet.

Several famous actors have arisen from the Bay Area's theatre community, including Daveed Diggs from Hamilton and Darren Criss from Hedwig, A Very Potter Musical, and Glee.[269] Locally, well-regarded actors include James Carpenter, a stage actor who has performed at the ACT, Berkeley Repertory, and San Jose Repertory Theatre among others, Rod Gnapp of the Magic Theatre Company, Sean San Jose, one of the founders of the Campo Santo theater, and Campo Santo member Margo Hall.[270]

The Bay Area also has an active youth theater scene. ACT and the Berkeley Repertory both run classes and camps for young actors, as do the Peninsula Youth Theater and Willow Glen Children's Theatre in the Peninsula and South Bay, Bay Area Children's Theater and Danville Children's Musical Theater in the East Bay, and

Marin Shakespeare in the North Bay, among many others.[271][272]

Media

Sutro Tower is a broadcast tower and local landmark.

The San Francisco Bay Area is the tenth-largest

KPIX, which began broadcasting in 1948, was the first television station to air in the Bay Area and Northern California.[277]

All major U.S. television networks have

Bloomberg West, a show that focuses on topics pertaining to technology and business, was launched in 2011 from a studio in and continues to broadcast from San Francisco.[278]

National Public Radio affiliate in the country.[279] Another local broadcaster, KPOO, is an independent, African-American owned and operated noncommercial radio station established in 1971.[280]

Pixar headquarters in Emeryville

The largest newspapers in the Bay Area are the

Spanish-language weekly distributed by the Mercury News.[286]

Sports and recreation

An image of Oracle Park, a baseball field
Oracle Park, home of the SF Giants of Major League Baseball

The Bay Area is home to six professional major league sports franchises: The San Francisco 49ers of the National Football League (NFL) in American football, the San Francisco Giants and Oakland Athletics of Major League Baseball (MLB), the Golden State Warriors of the National Basketball Association (NBA), the San Jose Sharks of the National Hockey League (NHL), and the San Jose Earthquakes of Major League Soccer (MLS).

In football, the 49ers play in Levi's Stadium[287] and have won five Super Bowls (XVI,[288] XIX,[289] XXIII,[290] XXIV,[291] XXIX[292]) and lost two (XLVII[293] and LIV[294]).

In baseball, the Giants, who play at Oracle Park,[295] have won eight World Series titles, three since relocating to San Francisco (2010, 2012, and 2014) from New York in 1958.[296] The Athletics, who play at the Oakland Coliseum,[297] have won nine World Series titles, four since relocating to Oakland (1972, 1973, 1974, and 1989) from Kansas City in 1968.[296]

PayPal Park, home of the San Jose Earthquakes of Major League Soccer

In basketball, the Warriors play at the Chase Center and have won seven NBA Finals, five since relocating to the Bay Area (1975, 2015, 2017, 2018 and 2022) from Philadelphia in 1962.[298]

In hockey, the Sharks play at the SAP Center. They made their first Stanley Cup Finals appearance in 2016 but have not won the Stanley Cup.

In soccer, the Earthquakes play at PayPal Park[299] and have won the MLS Cup twice in 2001 and 2003. The Bay Area hosted matches during the 1994 FIFA World Cup at Stanford Stadium and will host matches during the 2026 FIFA World Cup at Levi's Stadium.[300] The Bay Area hosted some of the soccer competition during the 1984 Summer Olympics and will do so again during the 2028 Summer Olympics.[301][302]

Levi's Stadium in Santa Clara, home of the San Francisco 49ers of the National Football League

Outside of major league sports, the Bay Area is home to three minor league franchises. In hockey, the

Oakland Roots in the USL Championship, the second division of American soccer, currently play at Laney Field at Laney College.[305]

In terms of collegiate sports, six Bay Area universities are members of

The Tour of California in Morgan Hill

The Bay Area has an ideal climate for outdoor recreation, such that activities like hiking, cycling and jogging are popular among locals.

kitesurfing are among the popular activities on San Francisco Bay, and the city maintains a yacht harbor in the Marina District. The St. Francis Yacht Club and Golden Gate Yacht Club are located in the Marina Harbor,[313][314] while the South Beach Yacht Club is located next to Oracle Park.[315] The Bay Area was host to the 2013 America's Cup. Other Bay Area yacht clubs include the Alameda Yacht Club,[316] Berkeley Yacht Club,[317] Corinthian Yacht Club[318] in Tiburon, Oakland Yacht Club,[319] Presidio Yacht Club,[320] Sausalito Yacht Club and Sequoia Yacht Club[321]
in Redwood City.

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External links

37°49′N 122°22′W / 37.81°N 122.37°W / 37.81; -122.37