San Jose, California
San Jose | ||
---|---|---|
200 Park Ave | ||
Pueblo founded November 29, 1777 | | |
Founded as | Pueblo de San José de Guadalupe | |
Incorporated | March 27, 1850[1] | |
Named for | Saint Joseph | |
Government | ||
• Type | Council–manager[2] | |
• Body | San Jose City Council | |
• Mayor | Matt Mahan[3] (D) | |
• Vice mayor | Rosemary Kamei (D) | |
• City Council | Sergio Jimenez (D) Omar Torres (D) David Cohen (D) Peter Ortiz (D) Dev Davis (I) Bien Doan (R) Domingo Candelas (D) Pam Foley (D) Arjun Batra (D) | |
• City Manager | Jennifer Maguire[4] | |
• Assemblymembers[5] | List | |
Area PDT) | ||
ZIP Codes | List
| |
Area code(s) | 408/669 | |
FIPS code | 06-68000 | |
GNIS feature IDs | 1654952, 2411790 | |
Website | sanjoseca.gov |
San Jose, officially the City of San José (
San Jose is notable for its
Before the
Following the American Conquest of California during the Mexican–American War, the territory was ceded to the United States in 1848. After California achieved statehood two years later, San Jose was designated as the state's first capital.[31] Following World War II, San Jose experienced an economic boom, with a rapid population growth and aggressive annexation of nearby cities and communities carried out in the 1950s and 1960s. The rapid growth of the high-technology and electronics industries further accelerated the transition from an agricultural center to an urbanized metropolitan area. Results of the 1990 U.S. census indicated that San Jose had officially surpassed San Francisco as the most populous city in Northern California.[32] By the 1990s, San Jose had become the global center for the high tech and internet industries and was California's fastest-growing economy for 2015–2016.[33] Between April 2020 and July 2022, San Jose lost 42,000 people, 4.1% of its population, dropping to 12th largest city position in largest city ranking.[34]
Name
San Jose is named after el Pueblo de San José de Guadalupe (Spanish for 'the Town of Saint Joseph of Guadalupe'), the city's predecessor, which was eventually located in the area of what is now the Plaza de César Chávez. In the 19th century, print publications used the spelling "San José" for both the city and its eponymous township.[35][36] On December 11, 1943, the United States Board on Geographic Names ruled that the city's name should be spelled "San Jose" based on local usage and the formal incorporated name.[37]
In the 1960s and 1970s, some residents and officials advocated for returning to the original spelling of "San José", with the
By convention, the spelling San José is only used when the name is spelled in mixed upper- and lowercase letters, but not when the name is spelled only in uppercase letters, as on the city logo. The accent reflects the Spanish version of the name, and the dropping of accents in all-capital writing was once typical in Spanish. While San José is commonly spelled both with and without the acute accent over the "e", the city's official guidelines indicate that it should be spelled with the accent most of the time and sets forth narrow exceptions, such as when the spelling is in URLs, when the name appears in all-capital letters, when the name is used on social media sites where the diacritical mark does not render properly, and where San Jose is part of the proper name of another organization or business, such as San Jose Chamber of Commerce, that has chosen not to use the accent-marked name.[46][47][48]
History
Precolonial period
San Jose, along with most of the
During the era of Spanish colonization and the subsequent building of Spanish missions in California, the Tamien people's lives changed dramatically. From 1777 onward, most of the Tamien people were forcibly enslaved at Mission Santa Clara de Asís or Mission San José where they were baptized and educated to be Catholic neophytes, also known as Mission Indians. This continued until the mission was secularized by the Mexican Government in 1833. A large majority of the Tamien died either from disease in the missions, or as a result of the state sponsored genocide. Some surviving families remained intact, migrating to Santa Cruz after their ancestral lands were granted to Spanish and Mexican Immigrants.[52]
Spanish period
California was claimed as part of the
In 1776, the Californias were included as part of the Captaincy General of the
San Jose was officially founded as California's first civilian settlement on November 29, 1777, as the
In 1800, due to the growing population in the northern part of the Californias,
Mexican period
San Jose became part of the
In 1824, in order to promote settlement and economic activity within sparsely populated California, the Mexican government began an initiative, for Mexican and foreign citizens alike, to settle unoccupied lands in California. Between 1833 and 1845, thirty-eight
In 1835, San Jose's population of approximately 700 people included 40 foreigners, primarily
By 1846, native
American period
By the end of 1847, the Conquest of California by the United States was complete, as the Mexican–American War came to an end.[50] In 1848, the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo formally ceded California to the United States, as part of the Mexican Cession. On December 15, 1849, San Jose became the capital of the unorganized territory of California. With California's Admission to the Union on September 9, 1850, San Jose became the state's first capital.[62]
On March 27, 1850, San Jose was
In the period 1900 through 1910, San Jose served as a center for pioneering invention, innovation, and impact in both lighter-than-air and heavier-than-air flight. These activities were led principally by John Montgomery and his peers. The City of San Jose has established Montgomery Park, a Monument at San Felipe and Yerba Buena Roads, and John J. Montgomery Elementary School in his honor. During this period, San Jose also became a center of innovation for the mechanization and industrialization of agricultural and food processing equipment.[67]
Though not affected as severely as San Francisco, San Jose also suffered significant damage from the
As World War II started, the city's economy shifted from agriculture (the
IBM established its first West Coast operations in San Jose in 1943 with a downtown punch card plant, and opened an IBM Research lab in 1952. Reynold B. Johnson and his team developed direct access storage for computers,[73] inventing the RAMAC 305 and the hard disk drive; the technological side of San Jose's economy grew.[74]
During the 1950s and 1960s, City Manager
San Jose's position in
Geography
San Jose is located at 37°20′10″N 121°53′26″W / 37.33611°N 121.89056°W. San Jose is located within the
San Jose lies between the
Cityscape
San Jose's expansion was made by the design of "Dutch" Hamann, the City Manager from 1950 to 1969. During his administration, with his staff referred to as "Dutch's Panzer Division", the city annexed property 1,389 times,[80] growing the city from 17 to 149 sq mi (44 to 386 km2),[81] absorbing the communities named above, changing their status to "neighborhoods."
They say San José is going to become another Los Angeles. Believe me, I'm going to do everything in my power to make that come true.
— "Dutch" Hamann, 1965[82]
Sales taxes were a chief source of revenue. Hamann would determine where major shopping areas would be, and then annex narrow bands of land along major roadways leading to those locations, pushing tentacles across the Santa Clara Valley and, in turn, walling off the expansion of adjacent communities.[83]
During his reign, it was said the City Council would vote according to Hamann's nod. In 1963, the State of California imposed Local Agency Formation Commissions statewide, but largely to try to maintain order with San Jose's aggressive growth. Eventually the political forces against growth grew as local neighborhoods bonded together to elect their own candidates, ending Hamann's influence and leading to his resignation.[84] While the job was not complete, the trend was set. The city had defined its sphere of influence in all directions, sometimes chaotically leaving unincorporated pockets to be swallowed up by the behemoth, sometimes even at the objection of the residents.[80]
Major thoroughfares in the city include
Topography
The
The lowest point in San Jose is 13 ft (4.0 m) below sea level at the San Francisco Bay in Alviso;
There are four distinct valleys in the city of San Jose: Almaden Valley, situated on the southwest fringe of the city; Evergreen Valley to the southeast, which is hilly all throughout its interior; Santa Clara Valley, which includes the flat, main urban expanse of the South Bay; and the rural Coyote Valley, to the city's extreme southern fringe.[90]
The extensive
Climate
San Jose, like most of the Bay Area, has a
Like most of the Bay Area, San Jose is made up of dozens of
The monthly daily average temperature ranges from around 50 °F (10 °C) in December and January to around 70 °F (21.1 °C) in July and August.
Climate data for San Jose, California (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1893–present) | |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
Record high °F (°C) | 79 (26) |
81 (27) |
89 (32) |
95 (35) |
102 (39) |
107 (42) |
108 (42) |
105 (41) |
109 (43) |
101 (38) |
85 (29) |
79 (26) |
109 (43) |
Mean maximum °F (°C) | 68.2 (20.1) |
73.2 (22.9) |
79.1 (26.2) |
85.7 (29.8) |
89.8 (32.1) |
96.9 (36.1) |
95.0 (35.0) |
95.7 (35.4) |
95.7 (35.4) |
89.4 (31.9) |
77.5 (25.3) |
68.0 (20.0) |
99.8 (37.7) |
Mean daily maximum °F (°C) | 59.0 (15.0) |
62.8 (17.1) |
66.4 (19.1) |
70.0 (21.1) |
74.9 (23.8) |
80.1 (26.7) |
82.2 (27.9) |
82.7 (28.2) |
81.4 (27.4) |
74.6 (23.7) |
65.0 (18.3) |
58.8 (14.9) |
71.5 (21.9) |
Daily mean °F (°C) | 51.1 (10.6) |
54.1 (12.3) |
57.0 (13.9) |
59.9 (15.5) |
64.1 (17.8) |
68.5 (20.3) |
70.6 (21.4) |
71.2 (21.8) |
69.8 (21.0) |
64.2 (17.9) |
56.1 (13.4) |
50.8 (10.4) |
61.4 (16.3) |
Mean daily minimum °F (°C) | 43.3 (6.3) |
45.4 (7.4) |
47.6 (8.7) |
49.8 (9.9) |
53.3 (11.8) |
57.0 (13.9) |
59.1 (15.1) |
59.8 (15.4) |
58.2 (14.6) |
53.8 (12.1) |
47.2 (8.4) |
42.8 (6.0) |
51.4 (10.8) |
Mean minimum °F (°C) | 32.6 (0.3) |
35.0 (1.7) |
38.1 (3.4) |
41.3 (5.2) |
46.1 (7.8) |
50.1 (10.1) |
53.8 (12.1) |
53.9 (12.2) |
50.8 (10.4) |
45.5 (7.5) |
36.8 (2.7) |
32.2 (0.1) |
30.7 (−0.7) |
Record low °F (°C) | 18 (−8) |
24 (−4) |
25 (−4) |
26 (−3) |
32 (0) |
33 (1) |
40 (4) |
39 (4) |
35 (2) |
30 (−1) |
21 (−6) |
19 (−7) |
18 (−8) |
Average rainfall inches (mm) | 2.97 (75) |
3.24 (82) |
2.64 (67) |
1.24 (31) |
0.54 (14) |
0.17 (4.3) |
0.01 (0.25) |
0.03 (0.76) |
0.07 (1.8) |
0.80 (20) |
1.36 (35) |
3.07 (78) |
16.14 (410) |
Average rainy days (≥ 0.01 in) | 10.2 | 11.5 | 9.3 | 6.4 | 4.0 | 1.2 | 0.2 | 0.4 | 0.9 | 2.7 | 6.9 | 10.7 | 64.4 |
Source: |
"Rain year" precipitation has ranged from 4.83 in (122.7 mm) between July 1876 and June 1877 to 30.30 in (769.6 mm) between July 1889 and June 1890, although at the current site since 1893 the range is from 5.33 in (135.4 mm) in "rain year" 2020–21 to 30.25 in (768.3 mm) in "rain year" 1982–83. 2020-2021 was the lowest precipitation year ever, in 127 years of precipitation records in San Jose. The most precipitation in one month was 12.38 in (314.5 mm) in January 1911. The maximum 24-hour rainfall was 3.60 in (91.4 mm) on January 30, 1968. On August 16, 2020, one of the most widespread and strong thunderstorm events in recent Bay Area history occurred as an unstable humid air mass moved up from the south and triggered multiple dry thunderstorms [98] which caused many fires to be ignited by 300+ lightning strikes in the surrounding hills. The CZU lightning complex fires took almost 5 months to fully be controlled. Over 86,000 acres were burned and nearly 1500 buildings were destroyed.[99][100]
The snow level drops as low as 4,000 ft (1,220 m) above sea level, or lower, occasionally coating nearby Mount Hamilton and, less frequently, the Santa Cruz Mountains, with snow that normally lasts a few days. Snow will snarl traffic traveling on State Route 17 towards Santa Cruz. Snow rarely falls in San Jose; the most recent snow to remain on the ground was on February 5, 1976, when many residents around the city saw as much as 3 in (0.076 m) on car and roof tops. The official observation station measured only 0.5 in (0.013 m) of snow.[101]
Neighborhoods and districts
The city is generally divided into the following areas: Central San Jose (centered on Downtown San Jose), West San Jose, North San Jose, East San Jose, and South San Jose. Many of San Jose's districts and neighborhoods were previously unincorporated communities or separate municipalities that were later annexed by the city.
Besides those mentioned above, some well-known communities within San Jose include
Parks
San Jose possesses about 15,950 acres (6,455 ha) of parkland in its city limits, including a part of the expansive Don Edwards San Francisco Bay National Wildlife Refuge. The city's oldest park is Alum Rock Park, established in 1872.[102] In its 2013 ParkScore ranking, The Trust for Public Land, a national land conservation organization, reported that San Jose was tied with Albuquerque and Omaha for having the 11th best park system among the 50 most populous U.S. cities.[103]
- Almaden Quicksilver County Park, 4,147 acres (16.78 km2) of former mercury mines in South San Jose (operated and maintained by the Santa Clara County Parks and Recreation Department).
- Alum Rock Park, 718 acres (2.91 km2) in East San Jose, the oldest municipal park in California and one of the largest municipal parks in the United States.
- Children's Discovery Museum hosts an outdoor park-like setting, featuring the world's largest permanent Monopoly game, per the Guinness Book of World Records.[104] Caretakers for this attraction include the 501(c)3 non-profit group Monopoly in the Park.
- Circle of Palms Plaza, a ring of palm trees surrounding a California state seal and historical landmark at the site of the first state capitol
- Emma Prusch Farm Park, 43.5 acres (17.6 ha) in East San Jose. Donated by Emma Prusch to demonstrate the valley's agricultural past, it includes a 4-H barn (the largest in San Jose), community gardens, a rare-fruit orchard, demonstration gardens, picnic areas, and expanses of lawn.[105] Chickens, ducks, and peafowl roam the park freely.
- Field Sports Park, Santa Clara County's only publicly owned firing range, located in south San Jose[106]
- Iris Chang Park, located in North San Jose, is dedicated to the memory of Iris Shun-Ru Chang, author of The Rape of Nanking and a San Jose resident.
- History Park at Kelley Park, and the Portuguese Historical Museumwithin the history park
- Martial Cottle Park, a former agricultural farm, in South San Jose. Operated by Santa Clara County Parks and Recreation Department
- Oak Hill Memorial Park, California's oldest secular cemetery
- Overfelt Gardens, including the Chinese Cultural Garden
- Plaza de César Chávez, a small park in Downtown, hosts outdoor concerts and the Christmas in the Park display
- Raging Waters, water park with water slides and other water attractions. This sits within Lake Cunningham Park
- Rosicrucian Park, nearly an entire city block in the Rose Garden neighborhood; the Park offers a setting of Egyptian and Moorish architecture set among lawns, rose gardens, statuary, and fountains, and includes the Rosicrucian Egyptian Museum, Planetarium, Research Library, Peace Garden and Visitors Center
- San Jose Municipal Rose Garden, 5+1⁄2 acres (22,000 m2) park in the Rose Garden neighborhood, featuring over 4,000 rose bushes
Trails
A 2011 study by Walk Score ranked San Jose the nineteenth most walkable of 50 largest cities in the United States.[107]
San Jose's trail network of 60 mi (100 km) of recreational and active transportation trails throughout the city.[108] The major trails in the network include:
- Coyote Creek Trail
- Guadalupe River Trail
- Los Gatos Creek Trail
- Los Alamitos Creek Trail
- Penitencia Creek Trail
- Silver Creek Valley Trail
This large urban trail network, recognized by Prevention Magazine as the nation's largest, is linked to trails in surrounding jurisdictions and many rural trails in surrounding open space and foothills. Several trail systems within the network are designated as part of the National Recreation Trail, as well as regional trails such as the San Francisco Bay Trail and Bay Area Ridge Trail.
Wildlife
Early written documents record the local presence of migrating salmon in the Rio Guadalupe dating as far back as the 18th century.
Conservationist Roger Castillo, who discovered the remains of a mammoth on the banks of the Guadalupe River in 2005, found that a herd of tule elk (Cervus canadensis) had recolonized the hills of south San Jose east of Highway 101 in early 2019.[113]
At the southern edge of San José, Coyote Valley is a corridor for wildlife migration between the Santa Cruz Mountains and the Diablo Range.[114][115]
Demographics
Census | Pop. | Note | %± |
---|---|---|---|
1870 | 9,089 | — | |
1880 | 12,567 | 38.3% | |
1890 | 18,060 | 43.7% | |
1900 | 21,500 | 19.0% | |
1910 | 28,946 | 34.6% | |
1920 | 39,642 | 37.0% | |
1930 | 57,651 | 45.4% | |
1940 | 68,457 | 18.7% | |
1950 | 95,280 | 39.2% | |
1960 | 204,196 | 114.3% | |
1970 | 459,913 | 125.2% | |
1980 | 629,400 | 36.9% | |
1990 | 782,248 | 24.3% | |
2000 | 894,943 | 14.4% | |
2010 | 945,942 | 5.7% | |
2020 | 1,013,240 | 7.1% | |
2023 (est.) | 959,256 | [116] | −5.3% |
U.S. Decennial Census[117] 2010–2020[9] |
In 2022, the US Census Bureau released its new population estimates. With a total population of 971,233,[118] San Jose showed a 4.1% decline in population since the 2020 census. Some reasons for this decline are people leaving the area for more affordable cities and more remote working opportunities.[119]
Historical Racial composition | 2020 [9] | 2010[120] | 1990[69] | 1970[69] | 1940[69] |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Asian |
37.2% | 31.7% | 19.5% | 2.7% | 1.1% |
Hispanic or Latino (of any race) | 31.0% | 33.2% | 26.6% | 19.1% | n/a |
White (Non-Hispanic) |
25.1% | 28.7% | 49.6% | 75.7% | 98.5% |
Mixed |
7.9% | 2.7% | n/a | n/a | n/a |
Black or African American |
2.9% | 2.9% | 4.7% | 2.5% | 0.4% |
2020
Race / Ethnicity (NH = Non-Hispanic) | Pop 2000[121] | Pop 2010[122] | Pop 2020[123] | % 2000 | % 2010 | % 2020 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
White alone (NH)
|
322,534 | 271,382 | 236,095 | 36.04% | 28.69% | 23.30% |
Black or African American alone (NH)
|
29,495 | 27,508 | 27,422 | 3.30% | 2.91% | 2.71% |
Alaska Native alone (NH)
|
2,959 | 2,255 | 1,921 | 0.33% | 0.24% | 0.19% |
Asian alone (NH) | 238,378 | 300,022 | 386,993 | 26.64% | 31.72% | 38.19% |
Pacific Islander alone (NH) | 3,093 | 3,492 | 3,460 | 0.35% | 0.37% | 0.34% |
Other race alone (NH) | 1,699 | 1,820 | 4,808 | 0.19% | 0.19% | 0.47% |
Mixed race or Multiracial (NH) | 26,796 | 25,827 | 36,275 | 2.99% | 2.73% | 3.58% |
Hispanic or Latino (any race) | 269,989 | 313,636 | 316,266 | 30.17% | 33.16% | 31.21% |
Total | 894,943 | 945,942 | 1,013,240 | 100.00% | 100.00% | 100.00% |
2010
The
The census reported that 932,620 people (98.6% of the population) lived in households, 9,542 (1.0%) lived in non-institutionalized group quarters, and 3,780 (0.4%) were institutionalized. There were 301,366 households, out of which 122,958 (40.8%) had children under the age of 18 living in them, 162,819 (54.0%) were
The age distribution of the city was as follows: 234,678 people (24.8%) were under the age of 18, 89,457 people (9.5%) aged 18 to 24, 294,399 people (31.1%) aged 25 to 44, 232,166 people (24.5%) aged 45 to 64, and 95,242 people (10.1%) who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 35.2 years. For every 100 females, there were 101.1 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 99.8 males.
There were 314,038 housing units at an average density of 1,745.0 per square mile (673.7/km2), of which 176,216 (58.5%) were owner-occupied, and 125,150 (41.5%) were occupied by renters. The homeowner vacancy rate was 1.6%; the rental vacancy rate was 4.3%. 553,436 people (58.5% of the population) lived in owner-occupied housing units and 379,184 people (40.1%) lived in rental housing units.
2000
According to the 2000 United States Census, there were 894,943 people, 276,598 households, and 203,576 families residing in the city.[125]
The population density was 5,117.9 inhabitants per square mile (1,976.0/km2). There were 281,841 housing units at an average density of 1,611.8 per square mile (622.3/km2). Of the 276,598 households, 38.3% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 56.0% were married couples living together, 11.7% had a female householder with no husband present, and 26.4% were non-families. 18.4% of all households were made up of individuals, and 4.9% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 3.20 and the average family size was 3.62.
In the city, the age distribution of the population shows 26.4% under the age of 18, 9.9% from 18 to 24, 35.4% from 25 to 44, 20.0% from 45 to 64, and 8.3% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 33 years. For every 100 females, there were 103.3 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 102.5 males.
According to a 2007 estimate, the median income for a household in the city was the highest in the U.S. for any city with more than a quarter-million residents with $76,963 annually. The median income for a family was $86,822.[126] Males had a median income of $49,347 versus $36,936 for females. The per capita income for the city was $26,697. About 6.0% of families and 8.8% of the population were below the poverty line, including 10.3% of those under age 18 and 7.4% of those age 65 or over.
Economy
The
San Jose is a
San Jose hosts many companies with more than 1,000 employees, including the headquarters of:
- Adobe
- Altera
- Brocade Communications Systems
- Cadence Design Systems
- Cisco Systems
- eBay
- Lee's Sandwiches
- Lumileds
- PayPal
- Roku, Inc.
- Rosendin Electric
- Sanmina-SCI
- Western Digital
- Xilinx
San Jose also hosts major facilities for
Other large companies based in San Jose include:
- Align Technology
- Atmel
- Bloom Energy
- CEVA
- Cypress Semiconductor
- Cohesity, Echelon
- Extreme Networks
- GlobalLogic
- Harmonic
- Integrated Device Technology
- Maxim Integrated
- Micrel
- Move
- Netgear
- Novellus Systems
- Nutanix
- Oclaro
- OCZ
- Quantum
- SunPower
- Sharks Sports and Entertainment
- Supermicro
- Tessera Technologies
- TiVo
- Ultratech
- VeriFone
- Viavi Solutions
- Zoom Video Communications
- Zscaler
Sizable government employers include the city government, Santa Clara County, and San Jose State University.[131] Acer's United States division has its offices in San Jose.[132] Prior to its closing, Netcom had its headquarters in San Jose.[133][134]
On July 31, 2015, Cupertino-based Apple Inc. purchased a 40-acre site in San Jose.[135] The site, which is bare land, will be the site of an office and research campus where it is estimated that up to 16,000 employees will be located. Apple paid $138.2 million for the site.[135] The seller, Connecticut-based Five Mile Capital Partners, paid $40 million for the site in 2010.[136]
Wealth
It is situated in the most affluent county in California and one of the most affluent counties in the United States.[137][138][139]
With a median home price of $1,085,000[140] and the highest percentage of million-dollar (or more) homes in the United States,[141] San Jose has the most expensive housing market in the United States and the fifth most expensive housing market in the world.[142][143][144]
The
Silicon Valley
The large concentration of high-technology engineering, computer, and microprocessor companies around San Jose has led the area to be known as Silicon Valley. Area schools such as the University of California, Berkeley, University of California, Santa Cruz, San Jose State University, San Francisco State University, California State University, East Bay, Santa Clara University, and Stanford University pump thousands of engineering and computer science graduates into the local economy every year.
San Jose residents produce more U.S. patents than any other city.[148] On October 15, 2015, the United States Patent and Trademark Office opened a satellite office in San Jose to serve Silicon Valley and the Western United States.[149][150] By April 2018, Google was in the process of planning the "biggest tech campus in Silicon Valley" in San Jose.[151] However, in April 2023, it was reported that Google paused on Google West San Jose Campus constructions due to slowing economic conditions and a decreased requirement for physical office space by tech companies,[152] although the tech ecosystem has also recently become more geographically dispersed.[153]
High economic growth during the tech bubble caused employment, housing prices, and traffic congestion to peak in the late 1990s. As the economy slowed in the early 2000s, employment and traffic congestion was somewhat diminished.[154] In the mid-2000s, traffic along major highways again began to worsen as the economy improved. San Jose had 405,000 jobs within its city limits in 2006, and an unemployment rate of 4.6%. San Jose has the highest median income of any U.S. city with over 280,000 people.
On March 14, 2013, San Jose implemented a public wireless connection in its downtown area. Wireless access points have been placed on outdoor light posts throughout the city.[155]
Media
San Jose is served by Greater Bay Area media. Print media outlets in San Jose include The Mercury News, the weekly Metro Silicon Valley, El Observador and the Silicon Valley / San Jose Business Journal. The Bay Area's NBC O&O, KNTV 11, is licensed to San Jose. In total, broadcasters in the Bay Area include 34 television stations, 25 AM radio stations, and 55 FM radio stations.[156]
In April 1909,
Top employers
As of June 30, 2021, the top employers in the city were:[158]
No. | San Jose's Top Employers | Employees |
---|---|---|
1 | County of Santa Clara | 18,700 |
2 | City of San Jose | 7,627 |
3 | Cisco Systems
|
7,500 |
4 | PayPal | 3,868 |
5 | San Jose State University | 3,650 |
6 | Adobe Systems, Inc.
|
3,400 |
7 | Kaiser Permanente | 3,035 |
8 | eBay | 2,800 |
9 | Western Digital | 2,759 |
10 | San Jose Unified School District
|
2,679 |
11 | Target Stores
|
2,437 |
12 | Super Micro Computer, Inc.
|
2,230 |
13 | IBM | 2,200 |
14 | Cadence Design Systems | 1,956 |
15 | Good Samaritan Hospital | 1,850 |
Culture
Architecture
Because the downtown area is in the flight path to nearby
There has been broad criticism over the past few decades of the city's architecture.
Municipal building projects have experimented more with architectural styles than have most private enterprises.[162] The Children's Discovery Museum, Tech Museum of Innovation, and the San Jose Repertory Theater building have experimented with bold colors and unusual exteriors. The new City Hall, designed by Richard Meier & Partners, opened in 2005 and is a notable addition to the growing collection of municipal building projects.[163]
San Jose has many examples of houses with fine architecture. Late 19th century and early 20th century styles exist in neighborhoods such as
Styles include
Notable architects include Frank Delos Wolfe, Theodore Lenzen, Charles McKenzie,[164] and Julia Morgan.[165]
Visual arts
Public art is an evolving attraction in the city. The city was one of the first to adopt a public art ordinance at 2% of capital improvement building project budgets,[166] and as a result of this commitment, a considerable number of public art projects exist in the downtown area, and a growing collection in neighborhoods including libraries, parks, and fire stations. In particular, the Mineta Airport expansion incorporated art and technology into its development. Early public art included a statue of Quetzalcoatl (the plumed serpent) downtown, controversial in its planning because some called it pagan, and controversial in its implementation because many felt that the final statue by Robert Graham did not look like a winged serpent, and was more noted for its expense than its aesthetics. Locals joked that the statue resembles a pile of feces.[167]
A statue of
In 2001, the city-sponsored SharkByte, an exhibit of decorated sharks based on the mascot of the hockey team, the San Jose Sharks, and modeled after Chicago's display of decorated cows.[169] Large models of sharks decorated in clever, colorful, or creative ways by local artists were displayed for months at dozens of locations around the city. After the exhibition, the sharks were auctioned off for charity.
In 2006,
San Jose retains a number of murals in the Chicano history tradition of Diego Rivera and José Clemente Orozco of murals as public textbooks.[173]
Although intended to be permanent monuments to the city's heritage as a mission town founded in 1777, a number of murals have been painted over, notably Mural de la Raza, on the side of a Story Rd shoe store, and Mexicatlan at the corner of Sunset and Alum Rock. In addition, two of three murals by Mexican artist Gustavo Bernal Navarro have disappeared.[173] The third mural, La Medicina y la Comunidad at the Gardner clinic on East Virginia Street, depicts both modern and traditional healers.[173]
Surviving Chicano history murals include Nuestra Senora de Guadelupe at Our Lady of Guadalupe church and the 1970s or 1980s Virgen de Guadelupe Huelga Bird at Cal Foods east of downtown. The Guadalajara restaurant has the 1986 Guadalajara Market No. 2 by Edward Earl Tarver III and a 2013 work by Jesus Rodriguez and Empire 7, La Gran Culture Resonance.[173]
An unknown artist painted the Huelga Bird and Aztec City mural in the 1970s or 1980s on the Clyde L. Fisher Middle School. In 1995 Antonio Nava Torres painted The Aztec Calendar Handball Court at Biebrach Park, and the unknown artist of Chaco's Pachuco painted it on the former Chaco's Restaurant in the 1990s. The Jerry Hernandez mural by Frank Torres at Pop's Mini Mart on King Road dates to 2009, and another recent mural by Carlos Rodriguez on the Sidhu Market at Locust and West Virginia depicts a stern-looking warrior.[173]
Performing arts
The city is home to many performing arts companies, including
The
The annual
The Ira F. Brilliant Center for Beethoven Studies houses the largest collection of Ludwig van Beethoven in the world, outside of Europe, and is the only institution of its kind in North America.
Sports
Club | Sport | Founded | League | Venue (capacity) |
---|---|---|---|---|
San Jose Sharks | Hockey
|
1991 | National Hockey League | SAP Center (17,562) |
San Jose Earthquakes | Soccer | 1995 | Major League Soccer | PayPal Park (18,000) |
San Jose Barracuda | Hockey
|
2015 | American Hockey League | Tech CU Arena (4,200) |
San Jose Giants | Baseball | 1988 | California League | Excite Ballpark (4,200) |
San Jose State Spartans | NCAA Football | 1893 | Mountain West Conference | CEFCU Stadium (21,520) |
San Jose is home to the
San Jose has been host to several
In August 2004, the San Jose Seahawk Rugby Football Club hosted the USA All-Star
From 2005 to 2007, the
In the 2010s, San Jose "aggressively wooed" the
Landmarks
Notable landmarks in San Jose include
-
San José State University
-
The historic Sainte Claire Hotel, today The Westin San Jose
Museums and institutions
- The Tech Museum of Innovation
- Ira F. Brilliant Center for Beethoven Studies, which houses the largest collection of Ludwig van Beethoven in the world outside of Europe
- Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. Library, the largest U.S. public library west of the Mississippi River
- San Jose Museum of Art, contemporary art museum with a collection of West Coast artists
- Children's Discovery Museum of San Jose
- History Park at Kelley Park
- Mexican Heritage Plaza, a Chicano museum and cultural center
- Movimiento de Arte y Cultura Latino Americana, is an inclusive contemporary arts museum grounded in the Chicano/Latino experience
- Portuguese Historical Museum
- Rosicrucian Egyptian Museum, the largest collection of Egyptian artifacts on display in the western United States, located at Rosicrucian Park
- San Jose East Carnegie Branch Library is notable as it is the last Carnegie library still operating in San Jose, and is on the National Register of Historic Places.
- San Jose Steam Railroad Museum, proposed, artifacts and rolling stock are kept at the fairgrounds and Kelley Park
- History San José
- Japanese-Americanhistory
- Old Bank of America Buildinga historic landmark
- San Jose Museum of Quilts & Textiles, the first museum in America dedicated solely to quilts and textiles as an art form
- Vietnamese-Americanhistory
Law and government
Local
San Jose is a
The San Jose City Council is made up of ten council members elected by district, and a mayor elected by the entire city. During city council meetings, the mayor presides, and all eleven members can vote on any issue. The mayor has no veto powers. Council members and the mayor are elected to four-year terms; the even-numbered district council members beginning in 1994; the mayor and the odd-numbered district council members beginning in 1996.[186] Each council member represents approximately 100,000 constituents.
Council members and the mayor are limited to two successive terms in office, although a council member that has reached the term limit can be elected mayor, and vice versa. The council elects a vice-mayor from the members of the council at the second meeting of the year following a council election. This council member acts as mayor during the temporary absence of the mayor, but does not succeed to the mayor's office upon a vacancy.[186]
The City Manager is the chief administrative officer of the city, and must present an annual budget for approval by the city council. When the office is vacant, the Mayor proposes a candidate for City Manager, subject to council approval. The council appoints the Manager for an indefinite term, and may at any time remove the manager, or the electorate may remove the manager through a recall election. Other city officers directly appointed by the council include the City Attorney, City Auditor, City Clerk, and Independent Police Auditor.[186] Like all cities and counties in the state, San Jose has representation in the state legislature.
Like all California cities except San Francisco, both the levels and the boundaries of what the city government controls are determined by the Local Agency Formation Commission (LAFCO).[187] The goal of a LAFCO is to try to avoid uncontrolled urban sprawl. The Santa Clara County LAFCO has set boundaries of San Jose's "Sphere of Influence" (indicated by the blue line in the map near the top of the page) as a superset of the actual city limits (the yellow area in the map), plus parts of the surrounding unincorporated county land, where San Jose can, for example, prevent development of fringe areas to concentrate city growth closer to the city's core. The LAFCO also defines a subset of the Sphere as an 'Urban Service Area' (indicated by the red line in the map), effectively limiting development to areas where urban infrastructure (sewers, electrical service, etc.) already exists.
San Jose is the county seat of Santa Clara County.[188] Accordingly, many county government facilities are located in the city, including the office of the County Executive, the Board of Supervisors, the District Attorney's Office, eight courthouses of the Superior Court, the Sheriff's Office, and the County Clerk.[189]
San Jose is protected by the
State and federal
In the
In the California State Assembly, San Jose is split between the 23rd, 24th, 25th, 26th, and 28th districts,[5] represented by Democrat Marc Berman, Democrat Alex Lee, Democrat Ash Kalra, Democrat Evan Low, and Democrat Gail Pellerin, respectively.
Federally, San Jose is split between California's 17th, 18th, and 19th congressional districts,[190] represented by Democrat Ro Khanna, Democrat Zoe Lofgren, and Democrat Jimmy Panetta, respectively.[191]
Several state and federal agencies maintain offices in San Jose. The city is the location of the Sixth District of the California Courts of Appeal.[192] It is also home to one of three courthouses of the United States District Court for the Northern District of California, the other two being in Oakland and San Francisco.[193]
Crime
Like most large cities, crime levels had fallen significantly after rising in the 1980s.[194] From 2002 to 2006, Morgan Quitno Press named San Jose the safest city in the United States with a population over 500,000 people.[195] Crime in San Jose had been lower than in other large American cities until 2013, when crime rates in San Jose climbed above California and U.S. averages.[196]
In 2021, SmartAsset ranked San Jose tied as the 10th safest city in the United States.[197] In 2020, violent crime per 100,000 people has been the lowest the city has seen in 2017 while the homicide rate has been the highest since 2016; property crime per 100,000 people has been the lowest the city has seen in over ten years.[198]
- 2021 mass shooting
On May 26, 2021, a mass shooting occurred at a Santa Clara Valley Transportation Authority (VTA) rail yard in San Jose. Ten people were killed, including the gunman, 57-year-old VTA employee Samuel James Cassidy, who shot and killed himself.[199][200][201][202] The shooting led to a day-long suspension of light rail services in the area.[203][204] It is the deadliest mass shooting in the history of the San Francisco Bay Area.[205]
In June 2021, roughly a month following the shooting, San Jose became the first city in the United States to require gun owners to carry liability insurance after a unanimous vote by the city council.[206]
Education
Higher education
San Jose is home to several colleges and universities. The largest is San José State University, which was founded by the California legislature in 1862 as the California State Normal School, and is the founding campus of the California State University (CSU) system. Located in downtown San Jose since 1870, the university enrolls approximately 35,000 students in over 250 different bachelor's, master's and doctoral degree programs.[207]
The school enjoys a good academic reputation, especially in the fields of engineering, business, computer science, art and design, and journalism, and consistently ranks among the top public universities in the western region of the United States.
California University of Management and Technology (CALMAT) offers many degree programs, including MBA, Computer Science, Information Technology. Most classes are offered both online and in the downtown campus. Many of the students are working professionals in the Silicon Valley.
The
Lincoln Law School of San Jose and University of Silicon Valley Law School offer law degrees, catering to working professionals.
National University maintains a campus in San Jose.
The San Jose campus of Golden Gate University offers business bachelor and MBA degrees.
In the San Jose metropolitan area,
The San Jose area's
WestMed College is headquartered in San Jose and offers paramedic training, emergency medical technician training, and licensed vocational nursing programs.
The University of California operates Lick Observatory atop Mount Hamilton.
Western Seminary has one of its four campuses in San Jose, which opened on the campus of Calvary Church of Los Gatos in 1985. The campus relocated in 2010 to Santa Clara. Western is an evangelical, Christian graduate school that provides theological training for students who hope to serve in a variety of ministry roles including pastors, marriage and family therapists, educators, missionaries and lay leadership. The San Jose campus offers four master's degrees, and a variety of other graduate-level programs.[209]
National Hispanic University offered associate and bachelor's degrees and teaching credentials to its students, focusing on Hispanic students, until its closing in 2015.[210]
Primary and secondary education
Until the opening of
The public schools in San Jose declared bankruptcy in 1983; at that time, it was the largest US school district to declare bankruptcy.[211] Observers identified the reasons as a drop of 5,000 students in the preceding years, the difficulties imposed on school finances by Serrano v. Priest in 1968, the reduction of tax monies because of 1978 California Proposition 13, and the local teacher's union contract requiring a raise in pay.[212]
.Libraries
The
The city has 23 neighborhood branches including the Biblioteca Latinoamericana ('Latin American Library') which specializes in Spanish language works.
The San Jose system (along with the university system) were jointly named as "Library of the Year" by Library Journal in 2004.[219]
Transportation
Like other American cities built mostly after World War II, San Jose is highly automobile-dependent, with 76 percent of residents driving alone to work and 12 percent carpooling in 2017.[220] The city set an ambitious goal to shift motorized trips to walking, bicycling, and public transit in 2009 with the adoption of its Envision San Jose 2040 General Plan. In 2018, the city extended these goals to 2050 with its San Jose Climate Smart plan.[221]
Public transit
Rail service to and from San Jose is provided by
Long-term plans call for
VTA also operates many bus routes in San Jose and the surrounding communities, as well as offering paratransit services to local residents. Additionally, the Highway 17 Express bus line connects central San Jose with Santa Cruz. Intercity bus providers include Greyhound, BoltBus, Megabus, California Shuttle Bus, TUFESA, Intercalifornias, Hoang, and USAsia.[224] FlixBus also services the city with a stop at 129 W San Carlos.
Air
San Jose is served by
Highways
The San Jose area is served by a freeway system that includes three
Several state highways also serve San Jose:
Several regional transportation projects have been undertaken in recent years to manage congestion on San Jose freeways. This includes expanding State Route 87 to add more lanes near the downtown San Jose area.
The interchange for I-280 connecting with I-680 and U.S. 101 was named the Joe Colla Interchange.[226]
Major highways:
Bicycling
Central San Jose has seen a gradual expansion of bike lanes over the past decade, which now comprise a network of car-traffic-separated and buffered bike lanes. San Jose Bike Party is a volunteer-run monthly social cycling event that attracts up to 1,000 participants during summer months to "build community through bicycling". Fewer than one percent of city residents ride bicycles to work[227] as their primary mode of transportation, a statistic unchanged in the past ten years. Typically, between 3 and 5 residents are struck and killed by car drivers while bicycling on San Jose streets each year.[228]
Notable people
Sister cities
San Jose has one of the oldest
- Okayama, Japan (established on May 26, 1957)[231]
- San José, Costa Rica (1961)
- Veracruz, Mexico(1975)
- Tainan, Taiwan (1977)
- Dublin, Ireland (1986)[232]
- Yekaterinburg, Russia (1992)
- Pune, India (1992)
- Guadalajara, Mexico (2014)[233][234]
See also
- List of people from San Jose, California
- List of streets in San Jose, California, with name origins
- List of tallest buildings in San Jose, California
- Northern California Megaregion
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Further reading
- Beilharz, Edwin A.; and DeMers Jr., Donald O.; San Jose: California's First City; 1980, ISBN 0-932986-13-7
- The California Room Archived November 10, 2013, at the Wayback Machine, the San Jose Library's collection of research materials on the history of San Jose and Santa Clara Valley.