San Miguel de Allende

Coordinates: 20°54′51″N 100°44′37″W / 20.91417°N 100.74361°W / 20.91417; -100.74361
Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.

San Miguel de Allende
City
From top to bottom: Left: - Inmaculada Concepcion Temple - La Parroquia de San Miguel Arcángel Right: - La Parroquia and downtown San Miguel de Allende - Angela Peralta Theater - Jardín Allende - San Miguel de Allende Historic Museum
From top to bottom:
Left: - Inmaculada Concepcion Temple
- La Parroquia de San Miguel Arcángel
Right: - La Parroquia and downtown San Miguel de Allende
- Angela Peralta Theater
- Jardín Allende
- San Miguel de Allende Historic Museum
Central Standard Time[3])
Postal code (of seat)
37700
Area code415
Demonymsanmiguelense[4]
Website(in Spanish) [1]
Latin America and the Caribbean

San Miguel de Allende (Spanish pronunciation:

Mexican Independence, Ignacio Allende, who was born in a house facing the central plaza. San Miguel de Allende was a critical epicenter during the historic Chichimeca War (1540–1590) when the Chichimeca held back the Spanish Empire during the initial phases of European colonization. Today, an old section of the town is part of a proclaimed World Heritage Site
, attracting thousands of tourists and new residents from abroad every year.

At the beginning of the 20th century, the town was in danger of becoming a ghost town after an influenza pandemic. Gradually, its Baroque/Neoclassical colonial structures were "discovered" by foreign artists who moved in and began art and cultural institutes such as the Instituto Allende and the Escuela de Bellas Artes. This gave the town a reputation, attracting artists such as David Alfaro Siqueiros, who taught painting.

This in turn drew foreign art students, especially former US soldiers studying on the G.I. Bill after World War II. Since then, the town has attracted a significant number of foreigners from the US, Canada and Europe, shifting the area's economy from agriculture and industry to commerce catering to tourists and retired foreigner residents.

The

United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) designated the Protective town of San Miguel and the Sanctuary of Jesús Nazareno de Atotonilco as a World Heritage Site in 2008. The area of designation includes part of the town of San Miguel de Allende and part of the town of Atotonilco, which is about 14 kilometers north.[7] The World Heritage Site is highlighted by a core zone of 43 hectares in San Miguel de Allende's well-preserved historic center, filled with buildings from the 17th and 18th centuries.[8] The other part of the World Heritage Site, the Sanctuary of Atotonilco, has a core zone of .75 hectares surrounded by a buffer zone of about 4.5 hectares.[8]

History

Founding of the city

Before the arrival of the Spanish in the early 16th century, San Miguel was an indigenous Chichimeca village called Itzcuinapan. Then a small chapel was built near Itzcuinapan by Juan de San Miguel. He decided to dedicate the Spanish town to the Archangel Michael.[6][9] However, Spanish invasion and attempts to enslave women, men and children to work the silver mines quickly created a hostile environment with the Chichimeca natives. The Chichimecas began defending their ancestral lands against the invasion by Spanish soldiers and colonizers. In 1551, the Guamare people, a Chichimeca group, attacked Spanish military posts and settlements. This overt hostility, along with multiple failed attempts by the Spanish to provide water to their own settlements in the area, caused the original location to be pushed out.[9]

The village was officially re-established in 1555 by Juan de San Miguel's successor,

Fernando de Tapia. It was refounded both as a mission and as a military outpost. The new site was a mile east of the old one at a place with two fresh water springs (called Batán and Izcuinapan) and with terrain better suited for defense. The two springs supplied all of the town's water until the 1970s.[10]
: 4 

Colonial period

Banamex
.

By the mid-16th century, silver had been discovered in Guanajuato and Zacatecas and a major road between this area and Mexico City passed through San Miguel. Indigenous attacks on caravans continued and San Miguel became an important military and commercial site.[11] This led to the 40-year Chichimeca War. The viceroy in Mexico City granted lands and cattle to a number of Spaniards to motivate them to settle the area.[when?] He also gave indigenous groups limited self-rule and excused them from taxation.[6][11] The location of the town created a melting pot as Spanish, indigenous peoples and later criollos exchanged cultural influences.[12]

Eventually, major roads would connect the town with the mining communities in San Luis Potosí, Zacatecas and the rest of the state of Guanajuato. Serving travelers' needs and providing supplies to mining camps made the town rich. Textile manufacture was a major industry. Locals claim that the serape was invented here.[10] By the mid-18th century, the city was at its height and this was when most of its large mansions, palaces and religious buildings were constructed. Most still remain.[9][13] The town was also home to the area's wealthy hacienda owners. At the time, it was one of the most important and prosperous settlements in New Spain with a population reaching 30,000.[10] By comparison, in the mid-18th century Boston had a population of only 16,000 and New York 25,000.[14] The town's apogee came during the transition period between Baroque and Neoclassical architecture and many of the mansions and churches show both influences. Mansions built in San Miguel are larger than normal for a settlement of its size.[12]

Independence

Statues of Allende and Hidalgo in the municipal palace

The prominence of the city declined at the beginning of the 19th century, mostly due to the

Virgin of Guadalupe from here;[6] this standard is now in the Museo del Ejercito in Spain.[15] Then the army entered San Miguel proper to name officers and to free prisoners in the local jail.[6][9] San Miguel was the first Mexican town to gain its independence from Spain.[10]
: 4 

While there was no further military action in the immediate area, economically the town waned as agriculture suffered and the population declined. This continued for most of the rest of the 19th century as the country was torn between Liberal and Conservative factions vying for power.[16][10] After the war, the town was declared a city by the state congress in 1826 and its name was modified to San Miguel de Allende in honor of Ignacio Allende.[9]

There was some economic recovery near the end of the 19th century during the rule of Porfirio Díaz. During this time, dams, aqueducts and railroads were built. Agriculture made a comeback with the introduction of fruit orchards.[10] However, decline returned with the end of mining in almost all of the state of Guanajuato. Between this and the beginning of the Mexican Revolution, San Miguel almost became a ghost town.[16][17] What remained was preserved after the new Mexican government, under the Instituto Nacional de Antropología e Historia (INAH), declared San Miguel a "Historic and Protected Town" in 1926, establishing guidelines and restrictions aimed at keeping its colonial appearance.[10][13] Historian Lisa Pinley Covert denies that such an event occurred in 1926, yet acknowledges that a federal law of 1926 nationalized many Catholic properties in the city, even if historic preservation had not been the motivation.[18]

20th century to the present

Angela Peralta Theater, built in the early 20th century

American artist and writer Stirling Dickinson arrived in 1937 and should be credited with creating the first wave of advertising abroad about San Miguel's virtues. Dickinson met Peruvian intellectual, author and painter Felipe Cossio del Pomar, who had the idea of establishing an art colony in the heart of Mexico. The first art school was established in 1938 in an old convent—still in use provisionally as a school, after having been soldiers' barracks—which Cossio del Pomar secured from then Mexican president Lázaro Cárdenas. The school was called Escuela de Bellas Artes and continues to exist today, known locally as Bellas Artes or Centro Cultural El Nigromante. In the 1940s, Dickinson also assisted Cossio del Pomar and Enrique Fernández Martinez, the former governor of the state of Guanajuato, to establish what became the Instituto Allende. Despite their rural location, both schools found success after World War II. US veterans studying under the G.I. Bill were permitted to study abroad and these schools took advantage of that to attract former soldiers as students. Enrollment at the schools rose and this began the town's cultural reputation.[10][failed verification] This attracted more artists and writers, including José Chávez Morado and David Alfaro Siqueiros, who taught painting at the Escuela de Bellas Artes.[16][19] This, in turn, spurred the opening of hotels, shops and restaurants to cater to the new visitors and residents.[10] Many of the American veterans who came to study in San Miguel returned later to retire, some marrying and raising international families such as the Vidargas, Andre, Maxwell and Breck families.

The town's cultural, foreign and cosmopolitan nature has continued since that time. The city took on a

Hippies were taken in for haircuts by the authorities in the 1970s[21] and now the town is generally too expensive for the backpacking travelers of the 21st century. The growing attraction of the town and its colonial buildings has created a vibrant real estate market, which until recently was not affected by Mexico's fluctuating economy. Many of the old "ruins" of colonial houses have been sold for more than a house in Mexico City.[16]

The city and nearby sanctuary at Atotonilco were declared a World Heritage Site by UNESCO in July 2008. It was chosen both for its well-preserved Baroque colonial architecture and layout and for its historic role in the Mexican War of Independence. The area that has been inscribed includes 64 blocks of the historic center and the sanctuary of Atotonilco with the title "Villa Protectora de San Miguel el Grande y el Santuario de Jesus Nazareno de Atotonilco".[22][23]

Demographics

View of calle Umaran in the downtown.
Gato Negro bar, Mesones street

Despite being less than 5% of the total municipal population, foreign residents have considerable cultural and economic impact.

Audubon Society chapter.[28]

While the town and municipality have grown since the coming of foreigners in the 1940s, the highest rates of growth occurred between 1980 and 2000, rising from 77,624 to 110,692, or about 43%. However, since that time growth has slowed and as of the 2005 census, the population stood at 139,297.[

birthrates. The overall population of the municipality is young: about 40% is under the age of 15, with those between 15 and 64 making up about 54% of the population. While the majority of the population of the municipality of Allende lives in a collection of small rural communities that do not exceed 2,500 people, the largest single population center is the town of San Miguel de Allende, which houses 59,691 people, about 44% of the municipality's population. The next three largest towns each have populations smaller than 3,000 people: Los Rodríguez (2,768), Colonia San Luis Rey (1,850), and Corral de Piedras de Arriba (1,701).[6]

These smaller communities are populated by the municipality's indigenous groups, mostly

Purépecha. However, according to the 2002 census, only 520 people speak an indigenous language, 472 of whom also speak Spanish.[6]

Catholicism is practised by 96% of the population, with most others being Protestants, among them

Evangelicals.[6] The municipality is home to three institutions of higher education, the Instituto Tecnológico SSC, a campus of the Universidad Tecnólogica de León, and the Universidad Tecnológica de San Miguel de Allende. The city also has bilingual schools that follow the curriculum of the American educational system. As of 2000, 17.5% of the population is considered to be illiterate, compared to 12.1% for the rest of the state.[6]

Landmarks

Historic core zone

Hernandez Macias street

The historic core zone of San Miguel was defined by the federal government in 1982 and adopted by UNESCO in 2008. This is a 43 hectare area, partly defined by Insurgentes to the north, Quebrada to the west, and Terraplen and Huerta to the south. Two buffer zones totaling about forty hectares are adjacent to the core zone.[8][29]: 6 

At the entrance of the city stand the statues of Ignacio Allende, Juan Aldama, Miguel Hidalgo and Josefa Ortiz de Dominguez, with one of the Archangel Michael in the center.[30] While the outlying areas of the town and municipality have changed over time, the historic center remains much as it was 250 years ago. The layout of the center of the city is mostly a straight grid, as was favored by the Spanish during colonial times. However, due to the terrain, many roads are not straight. There are no parking meters, no traffic signals and no fast food restaurants.[10] These roads are lined with colonial-era homes and churches. With a few exceptions, the architecture is domestic rather than monumental, with well-tended courtyards and rich architectural details.[31] The houses have solid walls against the sidewalks, painted in various colors, many with bougainvillea vines falling down the outside and the occasional iron-grated window. Many of the larger structures have large entrances that once accommodated horses and carriages.[10][24]

Jardín Allende (Allende Garden) is the town's main plaza, which serves as a venue for music concerts and other cultural activities. The plaza includes formal landscaping and wrought-iron benches throughout, and is a center of social activity in San Miguel.[32]

In the historic center, there are an estimated two thousand doors, behind which there are at least two thousand courtyards of various sizes.[10] Many of these have been restored to their former colonial state,[14] with façades of ochre, orange and yellow, windows and doors framed by handcrafted ironwork and made of hewn wood.[33] The interior roofs are flat, of heavy mortar supported by large beams. Very few structures have atriums or front yards; instead, open private space is behind the main façade in courtyards. These courtyards are where the private gardens were, protected from dust, excess water and crime.[10]

The town is noted for its streetscapes with narrow

Nahuas (Chichimecas) can be seen on the streets, as they come from rural communities to trade and attend church.[19]

Since the 1920s, steps have been taken to preserve the historic center's charm. The first set of protections was put into place by the Instituto Nacional de Antropología e Historia (INAH) when it was declared a national monument. This required all restoration and new construction to conform to the area's colonial architecture.[6][14] To preserve the city's trademark colonial look, a civil society[clarification needed] regulates the renovation and maintenance of the city, especially its historic center. This includes aspects such as traffic, garden spaces and the kinds of social events that may be held. The town has also put effort into preserving the cobblestone streets.[26] The most recent designation is that of a World Heritage site, along with the religious sanctuary in nearby Atotonilco, which also puts restrictions and protections into place.[34]

About half of the colonial buildings have been partially or fully converted into businesses such as stores, restaurants, galleries, workshops and hotels. Since there is no zoning, residential and commercial establishments are mixed.[10] Although it is small and rural, it has a wide variety of restaurants, specialty shops and art galleries.[26] Around the historic center there are over 80 bars and cantinas as well as various nightclubs.[33]

In September 2010, the first contemporary architectural structure arrived in the historic colonial center with the opening of Hotel Matilda. The hotel's four buildings have a modern design, with public areas decorated with the art works of contemporary Latin artists, many of them very large pieces. Only the exterior street wall, along Calle Aldama, reflects the colonial style.

The oldest part of the town is the El Chorro neighborhood. This is where the village of San Miguel was moved to in 1555. The Nahuatl name for the area was Izcuinapan or "place of dogs", and according to legend, dogs led Juan de San Miguel to this area to find this spring. This area is the home of the Parish of San Miguel, the Jardin Principal (English: main garden) and an earlier church called the San Rafael or Santa Escuela Church.[35][36]

La Parroquia, parish church of San Miguel

La Parroquia de San Miguel Arcángel, the current parish church of San Miguel, is unique in Mexico and the emblem of the town.[31] It is one of the most-photographed churches in Mexico and the two tall towers of its neo-Gothic façade can be seen from most parts of town.[36] The church was built in the 17th century with a traditional Mexican façade. The current Gothic façade was constructed in 1880 by Zeferino Gutierrez, an indigenous bricklayer and self-taught architect. It is said Gutierrez's inspiration came from postcards and lithographs of Gothic churches in Europe; however, the interpretation is his own and more a work of imagination than a faithful reconstruction.[6] In front of this façade is a small atrium, which is guarded by a wrought iron fence. There is a monument in the atrium dedicated to Bishop José María de Jesús Diez de Sollano y Davalos.[6] The San Rafael or Santa Escuela Church is located to the side of the parish. It was founded by Luis Felipe Neri de Alfaro in 1742. The main façade has two levels with arches, pilasters, floral motifs and a frieze on the first level. The second level has a choir window framed by pink sandstone. The bell tower is Moorish.[6] According to legend, this older chapel was the site of the first Christian ceremony in San Miguel.[36]

At the entrance of the main church, there is an inscription which states that Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla and his brother Jose Joaquin served as priests here. There is another one acknowledging Gutierrez's work on the façade.[35] The interior of the church still has the original 17th-century layout and interior design,[9] but the church was looted several times during Mexico's history so much of its decoration is lost.[31] However, one significant image here is the "Señor de la Conquista", which was made of cornstalk paste by indigenous people in Michoacán. The sacristy contains a painting depicting the founding of the town in 1542 and its subsequent move to Izcuinapan in the El Chorro neighborhood. There is a small crypt under the altar with access through a small door to the right.[31] This crypt contains the remains of former bishops of the church and other dignitaries, including a former president of Mexico. It is opened to the public one day each year, on 2 November, Day of the Dead.[14]

In front of the church complex is the Plaza Allende, popularly known as Jardin Principal (English: main garden), but most often referred to simply as el jardin. It was designed in French style, with wrought iron benches and filled with Indian laurel trees.[33][36] It is a popular place to sit and relax and bands often play in the kiosk on weekends. In addition to the parish, other important structures, such as the Ignacio Allende House, the Canal House and the municipal palace overlook the garden.[35][36]

Courtyard of the Centro Cultural with the dome of the Church of the Nuns in the background.

The Centro Cultural Ignacio Ramirez, also called the Escuela de Bellas Artes or El Nigromante, is housed in the former Hermanas de la Concepción (English: Sisters of the Conception) convent.

Instituto Nacional de Bellas Artes (INBA) and is often referred to by locals as "Bellas Artes".[6] It is a two-story cloister surrounded an extremely large courtyard with large streets and a large fountain in the middle. It houses art exhibits, classrooms for drawing, painting, sculpture, lithography, textiles, ceramics, dramatic arts, ballet, regional dance, piano and guitar.[31]

One hall of the old convent is dedicated to a mural by David Alfaro Siqueiros along with students from the art school, but it was never finished.

Corner of the Allende House with a statue of Ignacio Allende

The Casa de Allende (Allende House) museum was the home of Ignacio Allende, who was a principal figure in the early part of the Mexican War of Independence. The structure was built in 1759 with Baroque and Neoclassical elements, located next to the San Miguel parish church.[36] The museum it houses is officially called the Museo Histórico de San Miguel de Allende, and it is one of many "regional museums" of Mexico. This kind of museum focuses on the history of the local area from the prehistoric period to the present, especially the area's role in Mexico's national history.[31] The lower floor contains exhibits about the founding of the town, its role in protecting the Camino Real de Tierra Adentro Road and more. The upper floor contains exhibits related to Ignacio Allende and some of the rooms are preserved as they looked when he lived there.[36] There are 24 rooms that chronicle the history of the area from the foundation of the town to the Ruta de la Plata (English: Silver Route), the genealogy of Ignacio Allende and the Mexican War of Independence. It was remodeled as part of the preparations for Mexico's Bicentennial. The restored museum was re-inaugurated by President Felipe Calderón in 2009.[37]

The Casa del Mayorazgo de la Canal dates from the 18th century, constructed by Mariano Loreto de la Canal y Landeta.

Banamex (Banamex Cultural Center), which houses a collection of historic paintings and offers diverse expositions during the year.[38][36]

On the north side of the Jardin Principal is the municipal palace. It was first constructed in 1736 and called the Casa Consistorial. However, this building was heavily damaged several times since then and little of the original structure remains. The current building has two floors. It is home to what is considered to be the first "independent" or modern municipal government formed after the beginning of the Mexican War of Independence. This reestablishment of the city government under Liberal principles was done by Miguel Hidalgo, Ignacio Allende and Ignacio Aldama on 17 September 1810.[6][36]

Very close to the Nuestra Señora de la Salud and Oratorios de San Felipe Neri churches is the Plaza Civica or Civic Plaza. This plaza was originally constructed in 1555 and was supposed to be the original center of the town. It is next to the Plaza de la Soledad and served as the main marketplace. Today, it has an equestrian statue of Ignacio Allende that dominates it.[36]

Church in San Miguel de Allende.

The San Francisco Church was begun in 1778 and was finished more than twenty years later, when architectural styles were changing. The façade is pure Churrigueresque with stone figures and fine columns. The later bell tower was constructed in 1799 in Neoclassical style by architect Francisco Eduardo Tresguerras.[36]

The Biblioteca Pública (English: public library) serves as the community center for San Miguel's large foreigner population. This library was established by Helen Wale, a Canadian, who wanted to reach out to local children. It is the largest privately funded, publicly accessible library in Mexico with the second-largest English-language book collection. The library has a café, sponsors tours and prints a bilingual newspaper. While self-supporting, it also sponsors educational programs for local youth including scholarships, donations of school supplies and free English and computer classes for children.[39] Its "Club de Amigos" promotes friendship between Mexicans and foreigners.[13]

To the far south of the historic center is Parque Juárez (Juarez Park). This park was established at the beginning of the 20th century on the banks of a river in French style with fountains, decorative pools, wrought iron benches, old bridges and footpaths. There is an area for children with playground and basketball. The garden area is filled with plants and trees of the region,

chirimoyos, various berries and walnuts. The water areas host a large number of herons.[35][36] After dark on many days, it is possible to catch an impromptu concert by local amateur musicians.[34] Nearby there is a small commercial center on Zacateros Street where typical of the area such as objects made of brass and glass can be found. Near here there is a fountain dedicated to Ignacio Allende.[35]

Entrance to the Mercado de Artesanias

Another important market is the Mercado de Artesanias, which sells a wide variety of items such as those made from wool, brass, paper mache and blown glass, tin and silver. One figure that features prominently on merchandise is that of a frog, as the state's name of Guanajuato means "place of frogs". The market is located in a narrow alley filling three blocks behind the city's main fruit and vegetable market. The merchandise here is more authentic and cheaper than that found around the main square.[33][34][36]

The Institute Allende is located in an enormous complex, which the De la Canal family built as a retreat and hacienda. The old house is filled with various courtyards, a private chapel with colonial-era frescos, modern art gallery and restaurant. In 1951, it was converted into an art institute, offering courses in silverwork, ceramic and Spanish, and attracting hundreds of students each year.[36]

Other important churches in the town include the Santo Domingo church, the Santa Cruz del Chorro Chapel, Tercera Orden Church and the San Juan de Dios Church. The Santo Domingo church was part of a monastery complex. The church has a sober façade and dates from 1737.

Archangel Raphael and John of God.[6]
Recent research establishes the founding of San Juan de Dios complex in 1546 per maps from the Royal Library in Seville, Spain. The royal cartographers did not understand the native Mexican mapmaking methods and they had been forgotten in storage for centuries until they were brought to Mexico and San Miguel de Allende's exhibition at the Centro Cultural Los Arcos. The Camino Real (English: Royal Road is the theme of the maps, San Juan de Dios being its port-of-entry into San Miguel de Allende.

The Casa de Inquisidor (English: Inquisitor's house) is located between Hernandez Macias and Hospicio streets. It was built in 1780 with an elaborate French façade and was the seat of the inquisition in the late 18th century.[9][38]

The Angela Peralta Theater was originally designed to host opera. It was inaugurated in 1873 with a performance by the most-prominent soprano of Mexico at that time,

Angela Peralta. It continues to host a variety of musical events such as the Jazz Festival and the Chamber Music Festival.[36]

Other cultural venues include the Otra Cara de Mexico, the bullring, the old train station now restored with a native market on Sundays, the casa de Marqués de Jaral de Berrio, the Casa de los Condes de Loja and the Museo de la Esquina—for traditional toys with a collection that comes from all parts of the Mexican Republic, which was gathered over 50 years' time—and Museo Interactiveo Fragua de la Independencia. La Otra Cara de Mexico (The Other Face of Mexico) is a small private museum sponsored by Bill Levasseuro, which has a large number of masks from Mexico's traditional cultures.[31] On Calle de Recreo is the bullring that was constructed at the end of the 19th century.[35] The old train station was part of the Mexico City–Laredo (Tamaulipas) line of the Ferrocarril Nacional Mexicano. This line was constructed in the 1880s with service beginning in 1888.[40] The Casa del Marqués de Jaral de Berrio was constructed at the end of the 17th century as well as the Casa de los Condes de Loja.[9] The Museo Interactivo Fragua de la Independencia (Fire of Independence Interactive Museum) is dedicated to the Mexican War of Independence and San Miguel's role in it.[36]

Outside the core zone

Main portal of the Nuestra Señora de la Salud Church

The Oratorio de San Felipe Neri Church was built by Juan Antonio Perez Espinosa in 1712. This church was partially built by incorporating a former chapel used by the mulatto population of the town. That church became the chapel on the east side.[36] The façade is of pink sandstone in Baroque style with profuse vegetative ornamentation.[6] The decorative work of the portal also contains indigenous influences.[11] The interior of the church has a number of paintings by Miguel Cabrera, including one of the Virgin of Guadalupe signed by him. The sacristy contains this last painting along with others depicting the life of Philip Neri. This room is cordoned off by a grate covered with leather from Córdoba, Spain.[6] At the back there is a Baroque chamber/chapel dedicated to the Virgin of Loreto. This chapel was sponsored by Manuel Tomás de la Canal in 1735. It is richly decorated with three altars covered in gold leaf and is a replica of the Basilica della Santa Casa (English: Basilica of the Holy House) of Loreto, Italy.[9][36]

The Nuestra Señora de la Salud Church was built by Luis Felipe Neri in the 18th century. The main portal is in

college of San Ildefonso in Mexico City in the 18th century.[16] Both Ignacio Aldama and Ignacio Allende attended school here.[36]

The El Charco del Ingenio Botanic Garden holds various specimens including cactuses from the surrounding area.[41]

Geography

The city of San Miguel de Allende is in the state of Guanajuato and lies 74 miles (119 km) east of

Queretaro and 179 miles (288 km) northwest of Mexico City.[31]

The city is located at a nexus of four arroyos: El Atascadero, Las Cachinches, La Cañadita and El Obraje. The last of these, El Obraje, collects water in a dam of the same name. Several dams are located in the municipality to control the flow of rivers and manage the water supply. The most important of these is the Ignacio Allende Dam.[6]

Climate

Climate data for San Miguel de Allende (1951–2010)
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 34.5
(94.1)
35.5
(95.9)
38.0
(100.4)
39.0
(102.2)
39.6
(103.3)
39.0
(102.2)
36.8
(98.2)
36.0
(96.8)
37.0
(98.6)
37.0
(98.6)
34.5
(94.1)
32.5
(90.5)
39.6
(103.3)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 23.0
(73.4)
25.2
(77.4)
28.5
(83.3)
30.2
(86.4)
30.7
(87.3)
29.1
(84.4)
27.2
(81.0)
27.2
(81.0)
26.3
(79.3)
25.5
(77.9)
24.6
(76.3)
23.2
(73.8)
26.7
(80.1)
Daily mean °C (°F) 14.5
(58.1)
16.2
(61.2)
19.3
(66.7)
21.3
(70.3)
22.2
(72.0)
21.7
(71.1)
20.5
(68.9)
20.5
(68.9)
19.9
(67.8)
18.3
(64.9)
16.5
(61.7)
14.8
(58.6)
18.8
(65.8)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) 6.0
(42.8)
7.3
(45.1)
10.0
(50.0)
12.4
(54.3)
13.8
(56.8)
14.4
(57.9)
13.9
(57.0)
13.7
(56.7)
13.5
(56.3)
11.1
(52.0)
8.4
(47.1)
6.4
(43.5)
10.9
(51.6)
Record low °C (°F) −3
(27)
−8
(18)
−1
(30)
1.5
(34.7)
6.0
(42.8)
8.0
(46.4)
6.5
(43.7)
7.0
(44.6)
4.0
(39.2)
−2
(28)
−6
(21)
−5
(23)
−8
(18)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 13.7
(0.54)
7.2
(0.28)
6.0
(0.24)
18.9
(0.74)
42.2
(1.66)
100.1
(3.94)
128.7
(5.07)
94.4
(3.72)
94.2
(3.71)
41.5
(1.63)
12.7
(0.50)
6.5
(0.26)
566.1
(22.29)
Average precipitation days (≥ 0.1 mm) 2.1 1.1 0.9 2.6 5.2 9.4 11.8 8.3 8.6 4.5 1.8 1.7 58.0
Source: Servicio Meteorologico Nacional[42]
Former Mayor of San Miguel de Allende, Luz María Núñez Flores (spring 2012)
San Miguel de Allende
Climate chart (explanation)
J
F
M
A
M
J
J
A
S
O
N
D
 
 
14
 
 
23
6
 
 
7.2
 
 
25
7
 
 
6
 
 
29
10
 
 
19
 
 
30
12
 
 
42
 
 
31
14
 
 
100
 
 
29
14
 
 
129
 
 
27
14
 
 
94
 
 
27
14
 
 
94
 
 
26
14
 
 
42
 
 
26
11
 
 
13
 
 
25
8
 
 
6.5
 
 
23
6
Average max. and min. temperatures in °C
Precipitation totals in mm
Source: SMN[42]
Imperial conversion
JFMAMJJASOND
 
 
0.5
 
 
73
43
 
 
0.3
 
 
77
45
 
 
0.2
 
 
83
50
 
 
0.7
 
 
86
54
 
 
1.7
 
 
87
57
 
 
3.9
 
 
84
58
 
 
5.1
 
 
81
57
 
 
3.7
 
 
81
57
 
 
3.7
 
 
79
56
 
 
1.6
 
 
78
52
 
 
0.5
 
 
76
47
 
 
0.3
 
 
74
44
Average max. and min. temperatures in °F
Precipitation totals in inches

Culture

Entrance to a crafts store in the historic center of the town

Foreign influence

According to biographer John Virtue, "Stirling Dickinson is without doubt the person most responsible for San Miguel de Allende becoming an international art center". Although only an amateur painter himself, Dickinson became co-founder and director of the Escuela Universitaria de Bellas Artes, an art institute that he opened in a former convent only a few months after his arrival.[43]

Due to its growth as a tourist destination, some of the most obvious culture seen on the streets of the town relates to visitors, both foreign and Mexican. To cater to these visitors, the town contains cafes, boutiques, art galleries, upscale restaurants and hotels, and a wide variety of bars and nightclubs.[34][44] Bars and nightclubs range from DJs or loud bands catering to young people, to jazz clubs, sports bars and even those that specialize in traditional Mexican music such as mariachi. Some were founded by foreigners and reflect that ownership, for example the Berlin Bar & Bistro.[34][45] Just outside Centro, the avant-garde 'black box' Shelter Theater offers open mic, live concerts, films and intimate theater shows, mostly in English.

Shops around the Jardín Principal sell art, handcrafts, furniture and decorative items. The Fabrica La Aurora is an old textile mill that has been converted into galleries and shops selling art, furnishings and antiques; it has a lot of open space along with a café and restaurant.

University of Texas-Pan American offer study abroad programs in the city, not only in Spanish but also in the arts, literature and creative writing.[46]

Festivals

Youths with bulls at the Sanmiguelada
Fiesta de San Miguel Arcángel.
Desfile de los Locos
A bullfighter in the San Miguel arena

Many of the festivals are purely Mexican, combining social activity with religious expression. Throughout the year there are pilgrimages, all-night vigils, ringing church bells, processions and fireworks.[26] The largest celebration of the year is that of the town's patron saint, the Archangel Michael. The angel's feast day is 29 September, but festivities take place for an entire week. Activities include private parties, sporting events, cultural events, indigenous dance and more. The week is popularly called the Fiestas de San Miguel de Allende. The finale is a procession of the actual image of St. Michael, usually high on the main altar of La Paroquia, taken on a flower-covered dais to "visit" the main churches in the historic district. Fireworks are a part of all festivities. Elaborate structures that spin and light in sequence, called "castillos"—castles—are installed in the esplanade at the Jardín, and sometimes at other churches in town.

Passion before the crucifixion. Many of the townspeople participate in the event, with children dressed as angels and adults in period clothing carrying statues of Jesus. The procession winds its way along the main streets of the historic center completely in silence.[47] Another large religious celebration is the feast of Nuestro Señor de la Columna.[48]

There are also secular and cultural festivals during the year. The annual Festival de Música de Cámara or

Querétaro from Josefa Ortiz. Bicentennial celebrations also included events such as the Ballet Mazatl. Festivities were concentrated in and around the Jardín Principal, the Ignacio Allende House and the Centro Cultural.[48][51]

SMART is a multi-media cultural festival, held annually in May, that combines exhibits by Mexican artists with a variety of culinary and social events at local hotels, including the festival founder Hotel Matilda, Dos Casas Hotel and L'Otel.

Arts, music and literature

View of the room containing the unfinished Siqueiros mural

San Miguel de Allende has long had a reputation as a haven for visual artists. In the Spanish colonial period, San Miguel was the largest recipient of funding for the arts.[

Michael Hoppe
performing frequently.

Since the 1950s, when Diego Rivera and David Alfaro Siqueiros worked there, it has attracted professional and amateur painters, sculptors and printmakers to frequent classes and workshops.[52] In addition to two major art institutions (Instituto Allende and Bellas Artes), artists and art venues can be seen in various parts of the town. It is not unusual to see sketch artists working on the street and selling their work.[52] Some notable immigrant painters associated with San Miguel are Canadians Mai Onno, principal painting professor in the Bellas Artes founding school of the arts, Toller Cranston, Marion Perlet, Gary Slipper, Mack Reynolds, and Andrew Osta.[53][54][55] More recently, the town has been attracting writers, film makers, and musicians. The town annually hosts an important free film festival, the GIFF.[56] One annual event that caters to the writing community is the Writers' Conference, which brings together authors, editors and literary agents. The 2009 event attracted names such as Erica Jong, Todd Gitlen and Josephine Humphreys. Writers have lived here since the mid 20th century. Beat poet Neal Cassady died on the railroad tracks just outside town.

Joe Persico, Gary Jennings, Vance Packard, Lynette Seator, Richard Gabrio and Dianna Hutts. Some have written books about the town, such as Elisa Bernick who wrote The Family Sabbatical Handbook: The Budget Guide To Living Abroad With Your Family and Rue who wrote "My Favorite Second Chance" (Book 2 of The Lake Effect Series). Another writing event is Poetry Week, which began in 1997.[52]
Barbara Faith, a well-known author of romance books lived in San Miguel with her husband Alfonso Covarrubias. The biggest writers' conference in Latin America takes place in San Miguel annually. The San Miguel Poetry Week was founded in 1997 by Jennifer Clement and Barbara Sibley and takes place in early January. Leading poets from Mexico, the US and UK meet for poetry workshops and readings.

Film

San Miguel began hosting film and television production in the 1940s. Columbia Pictures produced the first Hollywood film to feature the town, filming The Brave Bulls in 1950. Disney set The Littlest Outlaw in San Miguel and MGM filmed scenes for two westerns, Guns for San Sebastian and Hour of the Gun. Mexican productions included the telenovela Los caudillos and Jose Mojica's Yo pescador. In addition to Mojica, Cantinflas and Anthony Quinn established residences in San Miguel.[57]

Economy

Tourism and commerce

Much of the municipality's economy is tied to the influx of tourists and foreigners who come to live, mostly retirees. In 2002, 250,000 visitors spent about US$8.4 million at the town's attractions, but those who live here contribute far more to the economy.

Travel and Leisure and Condé Nast Traveler as a preferred place to live and visit.[10]

Hotel occupancy typically reaches 80% on weekends with about 50% occupancy on weekdays, when rates can be about half. Most visitors are vacationers and about 60% are domestic visitors, interested in the town's history and role in the Mexican War of Independence. Other attractions for visitors are the two main art/cultural institutions of Instituto Allende and Bellas Artes as well as a number of Spanish-language schools.[44] Most domestic visitors come from Mexico's large urban centers like Mexico City, Guadalajara, Monterrey and Querétaro. This growth has spurred the development of newer hotels, resort and vacation home developments, especially on the corridor between San Miguel and Atotonilco.[58] There are 149 hotels, 9 of which are 5-star. The town has just over 9% of all hotel rooms in the state, and this percentage is growing. Another important sector is restaurants.[6] In 2006, the town invested 800,000 pesos to implement an online marketing plan to increase services to potential tourists.[58]

Agriculture

Vineyards and vendimia celebration near San Miguel de Allende.

Outside of the town of San Miguel, the economy is more traditional. A bit over half of the land is used for grazing with 37% used for crops. Over 80% of the crops are grown during the rainy season with less than 20% grown on irrigated lands. Forestry is minimal. Agriculture produces 25% of the employment in the municipality. Principal crops include corn, beans, wheat, and alfalfa, which account for 84% of harvests. Another important agricultural activity is fruit orchards. The most important livestock is domestic fowl, especially poultry. The municipality raises over 12% of the state's chickens. Another important product is honey, of which the municipality provides 7.5% of the state's total. Since the 1990s, there have been active reforestation efforts to replace much of what was lost previously to logging.[6]

Industry

Industry is not as well developed here as in other parts of the state although it provides about 33% of the jobs. One important industry is the production of electrical energy. Other industries include metal products, food processing, wood products and mineral processing.[6] The area is known for the crafting of objects from brass and glass. Two notable artisans here are the brothers Marcelino and Abeck Leon Rosa, who produce handmade glass items. They began producing pieces in the courtyard of their home, but today they have a studio with two large workshops and operate a school for glassmakers, which trains about 50 people per year. One of their specialties is Tiffany-style lamps.[38]

Since at least the 1950s, San Miguel de Allende is a backdrop for the production of films and television programs. Both Mexican and foreign productions and advertisements have been filmed there. Projects that have been filmed here include

Francisco "Pancho" Villa, and The Mask of Zorro II. A group of entrepreneurs is working to increase the town's reputation as a film location, opening a privately financed studio complex called The Film Colony. Recently, U.S. television series Royal Pains, Top Chef and Million Dollar Listing have filmed episodes in the town.[59]

Notable people

Twin towns – sister cities

San Miguel de Allende is

twinned with:[citation needed
]

References

  1. ^ Covert (2017), p. xviii.
  2. ^ Citypopulation.de Population of San Miguel de Allende municipality with localities
  3. ^ Daylight Savings Time stopped in most of Mexico in October 2022 https://www.timetemperature.com/tzmx/mexico_dst.shtml
  4. ^ Covert (2017), p. xx.
  5. ^ Cruz, Osiel (6 August 2013). "BAJÍO, EL NUEVO MILAGRO MEXICANO". T21MX (in Spanish). Retrieved 8 November 2018.
  6. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac "Estado de Guanajuato - Allende" [State of Guanajuato - Allende]. Enciclopedia de los Municipios de México (in Spanish). Mexico: Instituto Nacional para el Federalismo y el Desarrollo Municipal. 2005. Archived from the original on 18 May 2011. Retrieved 20 October 2010.
  7. ^ "Protective town of San Miguel and the Sanctuary of Jesús Nazareno de Atotonilco: Description". UNESCO. Retrieved 8 November 2018.
  8. ^ a b c "Protective town of San Miguel and the Sanctuary of Jesús Nazareno de Atotonilco: Maps". UNESCO. Retrieved 8 November 2018.
  9. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l "Historia" [History] (in Spanish). San Miguel Allende, Guanajuato: Municipality of San Miguel Allende. Archived from the original on 13 February 2010. Retrieved 20 October 2010.
  10. ^ .
  11. ^ a b c d e "San Miguel de Allende, Guanajuato" (in Spanish). Mexico City: Mexico Desconocido magazine. Retrieved 24 February 2010.
  12. ^ a b "Protective town of San Miguel and the Sanctuary of Jesús Nazareno de Atotonilco". United Nations: World Heritage Organization. Retrieved 20 October 2010.
  13. ^ a b c "San Miguel de Allende: La Ciudad mas Antigua Del Bajio" [San Miguel de Allende: The oldest city of the Bajio]. El Norte (in Spanish). Monterrey, Mexico. 18 August 2000. p. 5.
  14. ^ a b c d "The beautiful Mexican colonial city of San Miguel de Allende". MexConnect newsletter. 4 February 2007. Retrieved 20 October 2010.
  15. ^ Marta Teran (24 February 2002). "Un hallazgo histórico" [A historic find]. Reforma (in Spanish). Mexico City. p. 2.
  16. ^ a b c d e f g h Maruja Gonz. "San Miguel de Allende, paradigma del encanto provinciano (Guanajuato)" (in Spanish). Mexico City: Mexico Desconocido magazine. Archived from the original on 13 November 2010. Retrieved 20 October 2010.
  17. ^ a b "Baja la venta de casas en San Miguel de Allende" [House sales fall in San Miguel de Allende]. El Informador. Guadalajara, Mexico. 27 September 2010.
  18. ^ Covert (2017), pp. 13–14.
  19. ^ a b c Florencia Podesta (2 May 2004). "San Miguel de Allende: El encanto de la provincia" [San Miguel de Allende:The charm of the province]. El Norte (in Spanish). Monterrey, Mexico. p. 16.
  20. ^ Mauricio Ramos (16 September 2001). "Verbena en San Miguel de Allende" [Vervain in San Miguel Allende]. Reforma (in Spanish). Mexico City. p. 6.
  21. ^ Covert (2017), p. 113
  22. ^ "Ingresa San Miguel de Allende a lista de UNESCO" [San Miguel Allende enters UNESCO's list]. El Universal (reprinted in the Office of the President website) (in Spanish). Mexico City. Notimex. July 7, 2008. Archived from the original on May 8, 2014. Retrieved October 20, 2010.
  23. ^ "Protective town of San Miguel and the Sanctuary of Jesús Nazareno de Atotonilco". UNESCO. Retrieved 3 August 2018.
  24. ^ a b c d e Jenalia Moreno (6 October 2002). "Number of U.S. Retirees Heading to Mexico Grows". Knight Ridder Tribune Business News. Washington. p. 1.
  25. ^ "Territorio de 'gringos viejos'" [Territory of "old gringos"]. Reforma (in Spanish). Mexico City. 9 April 2001. p. 14.
  26. ^ a b c d "Introduction to San Miguel de Allende". Frommers Guides. Wiley Publishing, Inc. 2000–2010. Retrieved 20 October 2010.
  27. ^ "The Lions Club of San Miguel de Allende". Mexico: Lions Club of Mexico. Retrieved 20 October 2010.
  28. ^ "Sociedad Audubon de México" [Audubon Society of Mexico] (in Spanish). San Miguel de Allende, Mexico: Audubon Society of Mexico. Retrieved 20 October 2010.
  29. ^ "Protective Town of San Miguel and the Sanctuary of Jesús De Nazareno De Atotonilco" (PDF). UNESCO. Retrieved 8 November 2018.
  30. ^ Ivett Rangel (2 October 2005). "Festeja aniversario San Miguel" [Celebrate anniversary of San Miguel]. Reforma (in Spanish). Mexico City. p. 16.
  31. ^ .
  32. ^ "Jardín Allende". México es Cultura (in Spanish). Retrieved 10 November 2018.
  33. ^ a b c d e f g "Nostalgia y fiesta en San Miguel de Allende Rutas de México" [Nostalgia and party in San Miguel de Allende-Routes of Mexico]. El Financiero (in Spanish). Mexico City. 29 September 2010. Retrieved 20 October 2010.
  34. ^ a b c d e Casale, Rocky (27 December 2009). "36 Hours in San Miguel de Allende, Mexico". The New York Times. Travel. Retrieved 20 October 2010.
  35. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Angel Valtierra. "Fin de semana en San Miguel de Allende (Guanajuato)" [Weekend in San Miguel de Allende (Guanajuato)] (in Spanish). Mexico City: Mexico Desconocido magazine. Retrieved 20 October 2010.
  36. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v "Lugares de Interés" [Places of Interest] (in Spanish). San Miguel Allende, Guanajuato: Municipality of San Miguel Allende. Archived from the original on 3 March 2016. Retrieved 20 October 2010.
  37. ^ Victoria Garcia (30 September 2010). "Luce en todo su esplendor Museo Histórico de San Miguel Allende" [The Museo Historico de San Miguel Allende shows all its splendor]. Uno Mas Uno (in Spanish). Retrieved 20 October 2010.
  38. ^ a b c d Vicente Ochoa (1 January 1999). "San Miguel de Allende: Un fin de semana en el pasado" [San Miguel de Allende: A weekend in the past]. Palabra (in Spanish). Saltillo. p. 7.
  39. .
  40. CONACULTA
    . Retrieved 20 October 2010.
  41. .
  42. ^ a b "Normales climatológicas 1951–2010" (in Spanish). National Meteorological Service of Mexico. Archived from the original on 13 April 2013. Retrieved 26 February 2013.
  43. ^ Smithsonian Magazine, December 2010
  44. ^ a b c "Introducing San Miguel de Allende". Lonely Planet. 17 February 2009. Retrieved 20 October 2010.
  45. ^ Berlin Bar & Bistro
  46. ^ "Art, Creative Writing Courses to be Offered in San Miguel de Allende". US Fed News Service, Including US State News. Washington. 28 May 2009. p. 1.
  47. ^ "Procesión del silencio en San Miguel Allende" [Procession of Silence in San Miguel Allende] (in Spanish). Mexico: Oficio del Historiar. Retrieved 20 October 2010.
  48. ^ a b "Cultura y Tradición" [Culture and Tradition] (in Spanish). San Miguel Allende, Guanajuato: Municipality of San Miguel Allende. Retrieved 20 October 2010.[permanent dead link]
  49. ^ "San Miguel de Allende anuncia 31 edición de festival" [San Miguel de Allende announces 31st edition of festival]. El Universal (in Spanish). Mexico City. Notimex. 23 July 2009. Retrieved 20 October 2010.
  50. ^ "Festividades" [Festivities] (in Spanish). San Miguel Allende, Guanajuato: Municipality of San Miguel Allende. Archived from the original on 3 March 2016. Retrieved 20 October 2010.
  51. ^ "Fiestas patrias 2010 en San Miguel de Allende" (in Spanish). Mexico City: Mexico Desconocido magazine. Archived from the original on 19 September 2010. Retrieved 20 October 2010.
  52. ^ a b c Jim Johnston (17 February 2009). "The Literary life in San Miguel de Allende". Washington. McClatchy - Tribune Business News. p. 1.
  53. ^ "San Miguel Artists: Profiles of Artists in San Miguel de Allende". www.experience-san-miguel-de-allende.com. Retrieved 14 October 2015.
  54. ^ "San Miguel de Allende: Off the Beaten Path". TripAdvisor. Retrieved 14 October 2015.
  55. ^ "Canadian war artist Leonard Brooks, 100, made Mexico his home". The Globe and Mail. Retrieved 16 October 2015.
  56. ^ "Festival Internacional de Cine Guanajuato International Film Festival | San Miguel de Allende | Guanajuato | Mexico". www.giff.mx. Retrieved 14 October 2015.
  57. ^ Covert (2017), pp. 92–94.
  58. ^ a b "Moderniza San Miguel de Allende su contacto con turistas Rutas de México" [San Miguel de Allende modernizes its contact with tourists – Routes of Mexico]. El Financiero (in Spanish). Mexico City. 13 July 2006. Retrieved 20 October 2010.
  59. ^ Melissa Bigner (10 January 2004). "The Americas: San Miguelwood; Mexico's film industry;". The Economist. 370 (8357). London: 42.
  60. ^ "Interactive City Directory". Sister Cities International. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 20 February 2016.

Further reading

External links