Sandomierz

Coordinates: 50°41′N 21°45′E / 50.683°N 21.750°E / 50.683; 21.750
Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.
Sandomierz
Sandomierz Town Hall
Sandomierz Town Hall
Car plates
TSA
National roads
Websitewww.sandomierz.pl
Map
Historic Monument of Poland
Designated2017-11-22
Reference no.Dz. U. z 2017 r. poz. 2273[2]

Sandomierz (pronounced:

San, in the Sandomierz Basin. It has been part of Świętokrzyskie Voivodeship (Holy Cross Province) since its transfer from the Tarnobrzeg Voivodeship in 1999. It is the capital of Sandomierz County. Sandomierz is known for its preserved Old Town, a major cultural and tourist attraction which the President of Poland declared a National Monument of Poland
in 2017.

In the past, Sandomierz was one of the most important urban centers not only of

royal city of the Polish Crown and functioned as a regional administrative centre from the High Middle Ages
to the 19th century.

Etymology

The name of the city might have originated from the

Yiddish
as צויזמיר (Tzoyzmir).

History

Early history

Opatów Gate

Sandomierz is one of the oldest and historically most significant cities in Poland. Archeological finds around the city indicate that humans have inhabited the area since

testament (ca 1115–1118) of Bolesław III Wrymouth, in which he divided Poland among his sons, designated Sandomierz as the capital of one of the resulting principalities, the Duchy of Sandomierz
.

Aerial view of the Old Town in winter

In the early 13th century, the second oldest Dominican monastery in Poland (after

Magdeburg Law and granted staple right.[5] The city archives preserve the founding document. (An important note: in 1260, as the Tartars invaded Christian Sandomir, a community of Dominicans was praying Matins while a novice read the martyrology for the next day: "the 49 martyrs of Sandomir". When the friars realized they were being warned of their death, they spent the remainder of the night and all the next day preparing to meet the Lord. At last, after the brethren had finished praying Compline, and as they processed singing the Salve Regina to Mary, the Tartars broke through the church door. While the Tartars intended to bring death to these Dominicans, they actually brought them great gifts - crowns of martyrdom. Ever since, at the death of every Dominican a song to his Beloved Mother is sung to usher him into her arms - the Salve Regina (or Hail, Holy Queen).[6]

After the re-unification of the Polish lands in the 14th century, the former principality became the

Casimir III of Poland, who extended its privileges.[7] The layout of the city has survived practically unchanged since that time until the present day. In 1389 in Sandomierz the newly appointed prince of the Novgorod Republic, Lithuanian prince Lengvenis, paid homage to Polish King Władysław II Jagiełło, thus making Novgorod a fiefdom of the Kingdom of Poland.[8]

Modern era

Saint Michael the Archangel
's Church

Over centuries, Sandomierz was in competition with the nearby town of Opatòw for the seat of regional administrations.

high schools
, at the beginning of the 17th century.

The early modern period, running until the middle of the 17th century, was quite prosperous for the city.[

Deluge. After briefly holding out in the city, the withdrawing Swedes blew up the castle and caused heavy damage to other buildings. In the next 100 years the economy of Poland suffered a decline, which also affected the city. A great fire in 1757 and the Third Partition of Poland in 1795, which placed Sandomierz in Austria, further reduced its status. As a result, Sandomierz lost its role as an administrative capital. In 1774, the oldest extant Polish piano was constructed in Sandomierz.[10] The 3rd Polish National Cavalry Brigade was stationed in Sandomierz in 1792.[11]

Fighting of the Austro-Polish War of 1809 caused damage to the city. Following the Polish victory, it became part of the short-lived Polish Duchy of Warsaw and after 1815 it found itself in the Russian Empire (Congress Poland). At this point it had just 2640 inhabitants.

Sandomierz Cathedral and St Paul's Church blood painting

Blood libel. Sandomierz Cathedral, ca. 1750.

This cathedral contains a series of paintings built into the church's wooden panelling depicting the

Martyrologium Romanum. The third painting shows the scene which, it is claimed:[12] "...depicts ritual murders committed in Sandomierz by Jews on Christian children. The inscription above the painting reads filius apothecary ab infidelibus judaeis sandomiriensibus occisus (son of an apothecary, by infidel Sandomierz Jews killed) [13]

The St Paul's Church contains a different series of paintings including one in the chancel, depicting the torment of Jerzy Krassowski who was allegedly strangled by the Jews. Discussion on these pictures has taken place with the participation of the Polish Jewish Community."The Polish Council of Christians and Jews has offered to finance a plaque with explanations of the painting and information about the official statements by various Popes".[14] This plaque is now displayed in the St Paul's Church next to the picture in question.

The world wars

1914. Wounded in action Austro-Hungarian soldiers in Sandomierz during World War I

The city again suffered damage during

Central Industrial Area, Sandomierz began to grow quickly. It was projected to become capital of the Sandomierz Voivodeship
, and local authorities planned fast development of the city. The Greater Sandomierz was to turn in the 1940s into a city of 120,000.

In September 1939, following the German invasion of Poland, the city was occupied by Germany and made part of the General Government. The Polish and Jewish population were subjected to various crimes. Poles expelled in late 1939 by the Germans from Złoczew, which was directly annexed by Germany, were deported to Sandomierz.[15] Others were conscripted for forced labour and many were sent to labor camps. The largest mass arrests of Poles, including teachers, local officials and activists, were carried out in March 1940.[16] Poles were then held in the local prison and deported to Nazi concentration camps.[16] In June 1940 in Brzask Forest, Germans murdered 760 Poles as part of the German AB-Aktion in Poland directed to exterminate Polish intelligentsia. Bodies were buried in an unnamed mass grave. That was the largest massacre in the Kielce Region. At the same time, the nearby village of Góry Wysokie was the site a massacre of 117 Poles from the region.[17] Despite this, the Polish underground resistance movement was active in Sandomierz, and in late 1940 it even launched a secret printing house in Sandomierz and issued the Polish underground newspaper Odwet, which was also distributed to nearby villages.[18] In March 1942, the Germans carried out mass arrests of around 150 members of the Polish resistance.[19] Among those arrested was local Polish writer Roman Koseła, one of several Polish writers murdered in the Auschwitz concentration camp.[20]

Memorial plaque at the site of the former secret printing house of the Polish resistance movement

In May 1942, the Jewish and Polish population were confined to a

Treblinka where they were murdered by gas the same day. Poles who were not sent to camps were persecuted for helping Jews, some were even imprisoned for barely "transporting Jews illegally".[21]
The city was captured by the Red Army in August 1944.

No major industrial development took place in Sandomierz during the communist era, thus preserving its look of a charming, small city full of historical monuments among the unspoiled landscape.

Climate

The city experiences a humid continental climate with notably warm summers (Köppen: Dfb), much more consistently pronounced in eastern Poland. Precipitation, especially in the form of rains, is concentrated in the summer, reducing until the end of winter. Sandomierz has four well defined seasons of the year, hot summers (sometimes), usually bearable and cold winters but with slightly moderate extremes.[22]

Climate data for Sandomierz (Chwałki), elevation: 217 m, 1991-2020 normals, extremes 1951–present
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 12.4
(54.3) 		18.7
(65.7) 		23.6
(74.5) 		29.7
(85.5) 		31.9
(89.4) 		34.2
(93.6) 		35.9
(96.6) 		37.1
(98.8) 		33.9
(93.0) 		25.4
(77.7) 		20.0
(68.0) 		16.0
(60.8) 		37.1
(98.8)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 0.6
(33.1) 		2.6
(36.7) 		7.5
(45.5) 		14.6
(58.3) 		19.7
(67.5) 		23.0
(73.4) 		25.0
(77.0) 		24.7
(76.5) 		19.1
(66.4) 		13.0
(55.4) 		6.8
(44.2) 		1.7
(35.1) 		13.2
(55.8)
Daily mean °C (°F) −2.1
(28.2) 		−0.7
(30.7) 		3.2
(37.8) 		9.3
(48.7) 		14.2
(57.6) 		17.6
(63.7) 		19.5
(67.1) 		19.0
(66.2) 		14.0
(57.2) 		8.6
(47.5) 		3.6
(38.5) 		−0.7
(30.7) 		8.8
(47.8)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) −4.5
(23.9) 		−3.6
(25.5) 		−0.4
(31.3) 		4.5
(40.1) 		9.2
(48.6) 		12.6
(54.7) 		14.4
(57.9) 		13.9
(57.0) 		9.6
(49.3) 		5.0
(41.0) 		1.1
(34.0) 		−3.0
(26.6) 		4.9
(40.8)
Record low °C (°F) −27.3
(−17.1) 		−28.6
(−19.5) 		−22.1
(−7.8) 		−7.0
(19.4) 		−1.9
(28.6) 		0.2
(32.4) 		5.4
(41.7) 		3.8
(38.8) 		−2.3
(27.9) 		−7.4
(18.7) 		−18.0
(−0.4) 		−26.4
(−15.5) 		−28.6
(−19.5)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 24.3
(0.96) 		20.9
(0.82) 		30.8
(1.21) 		40.5
(1.59) 		67.3
(2.65) 		63.0
(2.48) 		90.3
(3.56) 		55.7
(2.19) 		58.4
(2.30) 		46.2
(1.82) 		29.4
(1.16) 		24.4
(0.96) 		551.3
(21.70)
Average extreme snow depth cm (inches) 7.3
(2.9) 		8.0
(3.1) 		4.9
(1.9) 		1.5
(0.6) 		0.0
(0.0) 		0.0
(0.0) 		0.0
(0.0) 		0.0
(0.0) 		0.0
(0.0) 		1.0
(0.4) 		3.6
(1.4) 		4.8
(1.9) 		8.0
(3.1)
Average precipitation days (≥ 0.1 mm) 15.50 13.44 13.97 12.33 13.73 13.23 14.00 11.03 11.57 13.48 13.97 15.13 161.39
Average snowy days (≥ 0 cm) 17.5 16.9 7.6 1.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.7 4.9 14.3 63.3
Average
relative humidity
(%) 		87.2 83.9 76.3 68.6 71.0 72.7 73.0 73.1 79.6 84.3 88.5 89.1 79.0
Mean monthly sunshine hours 55.7 70.9 130.6 184.4 243.4 255.3 255.6 248.4 168.1 117.1 55.9 42.0 1,827.2
Source 1: Institute of Meteorology and Water Management[23][24][25][26][27][28][29][30]
Source 2: Meteomodel.pl (records, relative humidity 1991–2020)[31][32][33]

Points of interest

Panorama of Sandomierz, landmarks seen from the left: Royal Castle, Cathedral Basilica, Jan Długosz House, cathedral bell tower, Collegium Gostomianum, Old Town with the town hall in the middle and the Opatowska Gate on the right end
Virgin and Child with Saint Catherine of Alexandria, (1518-1520) by Lucas Cranach the Elder in the Diocesan Museum
  • Church of the Holy Spirit in Sandomierz
  • Lesser Polish Way
    begins
  • Sandomierz Church of St. Joseph
  • Sandomierz Church of St. Michael
  • Sandomierz Church of St. Paul
  • Collegium Gostomianum, one of the oldest schools in Poland founded in 1602
  • Jan Długosz House
  • Kamienica Oleśnickich (Oleśnicki Manor)
  • Pepper Mountains nature reserve
  • Diocesan Museum in Sandomierz
  • Opatowska Gate (Brama Opatowska),
    Kazimierz Wielki
    )
  • Modest Musorgsky
  • Baroque style
    in the 18th century
  • Sandomierz Main Market Square
  • Sandomierz Palace also known as the Bishop's Palace in Sandomierz
  • Polish Baroque
    style
  • Sandomierz Town Hall

Education

Collegium Gostomianum, one of the oldest schools in Poland
  • Wyższa Szkoła Humanistyczno-Przyrodnicza Studium Generale Sandomiriense
  • Wyższe Seminarium Duchowne w Sandomierzu
  • 1 Liceum Ogolnoksztalcace Collegium Gostomianum
  • 2 Liceum Ogólnokształcące im. Tadeusza Kościuszki
  • Zespół Szkół Gastronomicznych i Hotelarskich
  • Zespół Szkół Technicznych i Ogólnokształcących

Sports

The local football team is Wisła Sandomierz [pl]. It competes in the lower leagues.

International relations

See also: List of twin towns and sister cities in Poland

Twin towns — Sister cities

Sandomierz is

twinned
with:

Gallery

  • Town Hall
    Town Hall
  • Market Square (Rynek)
    Market Square (Rynek)
  • Sandomierz Royal Castle
    Sandomierz Royal Castle
  • Church of the Conversion of Saint Paul
    Church of the Conversion of
    Saint Paul
  • St. Jacob's Church, 13th–14th century
    St. Jacob's Church
    , 13th–14th century
  • Cathedral
    Cathedral
  • Cathedral, interior
    Cathedral, interior
  • Jan Długosz house
    Jan Długosz house
  • Historic well at the main square
    Historic well at the main square
  • Church of St. Michael
    Church of St. Michael
  • Townhouses at the main market square
    Townhouses at the main market square
  • Bishops' Palace
    Bishops' Palace
  • Post office
    Post office
  • House at 31 Rynek
    House at 31 Rynek

Notable residents

Mikołaj Trąba, first Primate of Poland

Webcams

Virtual walks

See also

References

  1. ^ a b "Sandomierz (świętokrzyskie)". Polska w liczbach (in Polish). Retrieved 3 November 2019.
  2. ^ Rozporządzenie Prezydenta Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej z dnia 22 listopada 2017 r. w sprawie uznania za pomnik historii "Sandomierz - historyczny zespół architektoniczno-krajobrazowy", Dz. U. z 2017 r. poz. 2273
  3. ^ Beider, Alexander (2012). "Eastern Yiddish Toponyms of German Origin" (PDF). Yiddish Studies Today. ISBN 978-3-943460-09-4, ISSN 2194-8879 (düsseldorf university press, Düsseldorf 2012). Retrieved 26 December 2023.
  4. ISBN 83-04-01090-9
    .
  5. ^ Stan Lewicki, Historja handlu w Polsce na tle przywilejów handlowych: (prawo składu), Warszawa 1920, p. 134 (in Polish)
  6. ^ Blessed Sadoc and Companions "the 49 martyrs of Sandomir" http://www.sistersofmary.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=105&Itemid=76
  7. ^ a b "Sandomierski skład soli". Sandomierz.pl (in Polish). Retrieved 8 November 2019.
  8. ^ "Jagiełło". Na stronach ksiąg i Internetu. Bitwa pod Grunwaldem przez wieki (in Polish). Retrieved 3 November 2019.
  9. ^ Radoslaw, Kubicki. "The city of Opatow and Opatöw landed estates under Austrian rule (1794 - 1809)" (PDF). Retrieved 2023-03-31.
  10. ISBN 978-83-64942-08-2
    .
  11. ^ Gembarzewski, Bronisław (1925). Rodowody pułków polskich i oddziałów równorzędnych od r. 1717 do r. 1831 (in Polish). Warszawa: Towarzystwo Wiedzy Wojskowej. p. 8.
  12. ^ Fr Edward Górecki Ph.D, A Guide to Sandomierz Cathedral.
  13. ^ Joanna Toarska-Bakir Ph.D., Sandomierz Blood-Libel Myths. Final Report 2006 by University of Warsaw.
  14. ^ Poland and the Jews p.199, Stanislaw Krajewski, Kraków 2005
  15. ISBN 978-83-8098-174-4
    .
  16. ^ a b Wardzyńska, Maria (2009). Był rok 1939. Operacja niemieckiej policji bezpieczeństwa w Polsce. Intelligenzaktion (in Polish). Warszawa: IPN. p. 251.
  17. ^ Wardzyńska, Maria (2009). Był rok 1939. Operacja niemieckiej policji bezpieczeństwa w Polsce. Intelligenzaktion. p. 252.
  18. ^ Gruszczyński, Włodzimierz (2011). Odwet i Jędrusie (in Polish). Zagnańsk. pp. 32, 215.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  19. ^ Gruszczyński, pp. 63–64
  20. Wyższej Szkoły Pedagogicznej
    w Krakowie: 22.
  21. ^ Rejestr faktów represji na obywatelach polskich za pomoc ludności żydowskiej w okresie II wojny światowej (in Polish). Warszawa: IPN. 2014. pp. 148, 166.
  22. ^ "Sandomierz climate: Average Temperature, weather by month, Sandomierz weather averages - Climate-Data.org". en.climate-data.org. Retrieved 2019-01-13.
  23. ^ "Średnia dobowa temperatura powietrza". Normy klimatyczne 1991-2020 (in Polish). Institute of Meteorology and Water Management. Archived from the original on 3 December 2021. Retrieved 28 February 2022.
  24. ^ "Średnia minimalna temperatura powietrza". Normy klimatyczne 1991-2020 (in Polish). Institute of Meteorology and Water Management. Archived from the original on 15 January 2022. Retrieved 28 February 2022.
  25. ^ "Średnia maksymalna temperatura powietrza". Normy klimatyczne 1991-2020 (in Polish). Institute of Meteorology and Water Management. Archived from the original on 15 January 2022. Retrieved 28 February 2022.
  26. ^ "Miesięczna suma opadu". Normy klimatyczne 1991-2020 (in Polish). Institute of Meteorology and Water Management. Archived from the original on 9 January 2022. Retrieved 28 February 2022.
  27. ^ "Liczba dni z opadem >= 0,1 mm". Normy klimatyczne 1991-2020 (in Polish). Institute of Meteorology and Water Management. Archived from the original on 15 January 2022. Retrieved 28 February 2022.
  28. ^ "Średnia grubość pokrywy śnieżnej". Normy klimatyczne 1991-2020 (in Polish). Institute of Meteorology and Water Management. Archived from the original on 15 January 2022. Retrieved 28 February 2022.
  29. ^ "Liczba dni z pokrywą śnieżna > 0 cm". Normy klimatyczne 1991-2020 (in Polish). Institute of Meteorology and Water Management. Archived from the original on 21 January 2022. Retrieved 28 February 2022.
  30. ^ "Średnia suma usłonecznienia (h)". Normy klimatyczne 1991-2020 (in Polish). Institute of Meteorology and Water Management. Archived from the original on 15 January 2022. Retrieved 28 February 2022.
  31. ^ "Sandomierz Absolutna temperatura maksymalna" (in Polish). Meteomodel.pl. Retrieved 28 February 2022.
  32. ^ "Sandomierz Absolutna temperatura minimalna" (in Polish). Meteomodel.pl. Retrieved 28 February 2022.
  33. ^ "Sandomierz Średnia wilgotność" (in Polish). Meteomodel.pl. Retrieved 28 February 2022.
  34. ^ a b "Home". newarktwinning.co.uk. 2009. Retrieved 29 August 2011.

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Sandomierz.
Wikisource has the text of the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica article "Sandomir".


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