Sandra Day O'Connor
Sandra Day O'Connor | |
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Maricopa County Superior Court for Division 31 | |
In office January 9, 1975 – December 14, 1979 | |
Preceded by | David Perry |
Succeeded by | Cecil Patterson[4] |
Member of the Arizona Senate | |
In office January 8, 1973 – January 13, 1975 | |
Preceded by | Howard S. Baldwin |
Succeeded by | John Pritzlaff |
Constituency | 24th district |
In office January 11, 1971 – January 8, 1973 | |
Preceded by | Constituency established |
Succeeded by | Bess Stinson |
Constituency | 20th district |
In office October 30, 1969 – January 11, 1971 | |
Preceded by | Isabel Burgess |
Succeeded by | Constituency abolished |
Constituency | 8-E district |
Personal details | |
Born | Sandra Day March 26, 1930 El Paso, Texas, U.S. |
Died | December 1, 2023 Phoenix, Arizona, U.S. | (aged 93)
Political party | Republican |
Spouse | |
Children | 3 |
Relatives | LLB) |
Occupation |
|
Awards | Presidential Medal of Freedom (2009) |
Signature | |
Sandra Day O'Connor (March 26, 1930 – December 1, 2023) was an American attorney, politician, and jurist who served as an
O'Connor usually sided with the Court's conservative bloc but on occasion sided with the Court's liberal members. She often wrote
During her term on the Court, O'Connor was regarded as among the most powerful women in the world.[9][10] After retiring, she succeeded Henry Kissinger as the chancellor of the College of William & Mary. In 2009, she was awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom by President Barack Obama.[11]
Early life and education
External videos | |
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Booknotes interview with O'Connor on Lazy B: Growing Up on a Cattle Ranch in the American Southwest, January 27, 2002, C-SPAN |
Sandra Day was born on March 26, 1930, in
When she was 16 years old, Day enrolled at
Early career and marriage
While in her final year at Stanford Law School, Day began dating
Upon graduation from law school in 1952, O'Connor had difficulty finding a paying job as an attorney in a law firm because of her gender.[29] O'Connor found employment as a deputy county attorney in San Mateo, California, after she offered to work for no salary and without an office, sharing space with a secretary.[30] After a few months, she began drawing a small salary as she performed legal research and wrote memos.[22]: 52 She worked with San Mateo County district attorney Louis Dematteis and deputy district attorney Keith Sorensen.[28]
When her husband was drafted, O'Connor decided to go with him to work in Germany as a civilian attorney for the Army's
She volunteered in various political organizations, such as the Maricopa County Young Republicans, and served on Arizona Senator Barry Goldwater's presidential campaign in 1964.[33][17]
O'Connor served as assistant
In 1974, O'Connor was appointed to the Maricopa County Superior Court,[36] serving from 1975 to 1979 when she was elevated to the Arizona State Court of Appeals. She served on the Court of Appeals-Division One until 1981 when she was appointed to the Supreme Court by President Ronald Reagan.[37]
Supreme Court career
Nomination and confirmation
On July 7, 1981, Reagan – who had pledged during his 1980 presidential campaign to appoint the first woman to the Court[38] – announced he would nominate O'Connor as an associate justice of the Supreme Court to replace the retiring Potter Stewart.[39] O'Connor received notification from President Reagan of her nomination on the day prior to the announcement and did not know that she was a finalist for the position.[30]
Reagan wrote in his diary on July 6, 1981: "Called Judge O'Connor and told her she was my nominee for supreme court. Already the flak is starting and from my own supporters.
Reagan formally nominated O'Connor on August 19, 1981.
O'Connor's confirmation hearing before the
On September 21, O'Connor was confirmed by the U.S. Senate with a vote of 99–0.[39][52] Only Senator Max Baucus of Montana was absent from the vote. He sent O'Connor a copy of A River Runs Through It by way of apology.[53] In her first year on the Court, she received over 60,000 letters from the public, more than any other justice in history.[54]
Tenure
O'Connor said she felt a responsibility to demonstrate women could do the job of justice.[30] She faced some practical concerns, including the lack of a women's restroom near the Courtroom.[30]
Two years after O'Connor joined the Court, The New York Times published an editorial that mentioned the "nine men"[55] of the "SCOTUS", or Supreme Court of the United States.[55] O'Connor responded with a letter to the editor reminding the Times that the Court was no longer composed of nine men and referred to herself as FWOTSC (First Woman on the Supreme Court).[56]
O'Connor was a proponent of collegiality among justices on the court, often insisting that the justices eat lunch together.[57]
In 1993, Ruth Bader Ginsburg became the second female Supreme Court justice.[57] O'Connor said that she felt relief from the media clamor when she no longer was the only woman on the Court.[57][58] In May 2010, O'Connor warned female Supreme Court nominee Elena Kagan about the "unpleasant" process of confirmation hearings.[59]
Supreme Court jurisprudence
Initially, O'Connor's voting record aligned closely with the conservative William Rehnquist (voting with him 87% of the time during her first three years at the Court).[60] From that time until 1998, O'Connor's alignment with Rehnquist ranged from 93.4% to 63.2%, hitting above 90% in three of those years.[61] In nine of her first 16 years on the Court, O'Connor voted with Rehnquist more than with any other justice.[61]
Later on, as the Court's make-up became more conservative (e.g., Anthony Kennedy replacing Lewis Powell, and Clarence Thomas replacing Thurgood Marshall), O'Connor often became the swing vote on the Court. However, she usually disappointed the Court's more liberal bloc in contentious 5–4 decisions: from 1994 to 2004, she joined the traditional conservative bloc of Rehnquist, Antonin Scalia, Anthony Kennedy, and Thomas 82 times; she joined the liberal bloc of John Paul Stevens, David Souter, Ruth Bader Ginsburg, and Stephen Breyer only 28 times.[62]
O'Connor's relatively small[63] shift away from conservatives on the Court seems to have been due at least in part to Thomas' views.[64] When Thomas and O'Connor were voting on the same side, she would typically write a separate opinion of her own, refusing to join his.[65] In the 1992 term, O'Connor did not join a single one of Thomas's dissents.[66]
Some notable cases in which O'Connor joined the majority in a 5–4 decision were:
- McConnell v. FEC, 540 U.S. 93 (2003), upholding the constitutionality of most of the McCain-Feingold campaign-finance bill regulating "soft money" contributions.[67]
- Grutter v. Bollinger, 539 U.S. 306 (2003) and Gratz v. Bollinger, 539 U.S. 244 (2003), O'Connor wrote the opinion of the Court in Grutter and joined the majority in Gratz. In this pair of cases, the University of Michigan's undergraduate admissions program was held to have engaged in unconstitutional reverse discrimination, but the more limited type of affirmative action in the University of Michigan Law School's admissions program was held to have been constitutional.
- Lockyer v. Andrade, 538 U.S. 63 (2003): O'Connor wrote the majority opinion, with the four conservative justices concurring, that a 50-year to life sentence without parole for petty shoplifting a few children's videotapes under California's three strikes law was not cruel and unusual punishment under the Eighth Amendment because there was no "clearly established" law to that effect. Leandro Andrade, a Latino nine-year Army veteran and father of three, will be eligible for parole in 2046 at age 87.
- First Amendment's Establishment Clause.
- Gun-Free School Zones Act as beyond Congress' Commerce Clausepower.
- Kennedy Center.[69]
O'Connor played an important role in other notable cases, such as:
- Webster v. Reproductive Health Services, 492 U.S. 490 (1989): This decision upheld as constitutional state restrictions on second trimester abortions that are not necessary to protect maternal health, contrary to the original trimester requirements in Roe v. Wade. Although O'Connor joined the majority, which also included Rehnquist, Scalia, Kennedy, and Byron White, in a concurring opinion she refused to explicitly overturn Roe.
On February 22, 2005, with Rehnquist and Stevens (who were senior to her) absent, she became the senior justice presiding over oral arguments in the case of Kelo v. City of New London and becoming the first woman to do so before the Court.[70]
First Amendment
O'Connor was unpredictable in many of her court decisions, especially those regarding First Amendment Establishment Clause issues. Barry Lynn, executive director of Americans United for Separation of Church and State, said, "O'Connor was a conservative, but she saw the complexity of church-state issues and tried to choose a course that respected the country's religious diversity" (Hudson 2005). O'Connor voted in favor of religious institutions, such as in Zelman v. Simmons-Harris, Mitchell v. Helms, and Rosenberger v. University of Virginia. Conversely, in Lee v. Weisman she was part of the majority in the case that saw religious prayer and pressure to stand in silence at a graduation ceremony as part of a religious act that coerced people to support or participate in religion, which the Establishment Clause strictly prohibits. This is consistent with a similar case, Santa Fe Independent School District v. Doe, involving prayer at a school football game. In this case, O'Connor joined the majority opinion that stated prayer at school football games violates the Establishment Clause. O'Connor was the first justice to articulate the "no endorsement" standard for the Establishment Clause.[71] In Lynch v. Donnelly, O'Connor signed onto a five-justice majority opinion holding that a nativity scene in a public Christmas display did not violate the First Amendment. She penned a concurrence in that case, opining that the crèche did not violate the Establishment Clause because it did not express an endorsement or disapproval of any religion.[71] In Board of County Commissioners, Wabaunsee County, Kansas v Umbehr (1996) she upheld the application of first amendment free speech rights to independent contractors working for public bodies, being unpersuaded "that there is a 'difference of constitutional magnitude' ... between independent contractors and employees" in circumstances where a contractor has been critical of a governing body.[72]
Fourth Amendment
According to law professor
Cases involving race
In the 1990 and 1995
In McCleskey v. Kemp in 1987, O'Connor joined a 5–4 majority that voted to uphold the death penalty for an African American man, Warren McCleskey, convicted of killing a white police officer, despite statistical evidence that Black defendants were more likely to receive the death penalty than others both in Georgia and in the U.S. as a whole.[61][76][77]
In 1996's
Law professor Herman Schwartz called O'Connor "the Court's leader in its assault on racially oriented affirmative action",[61] although she joined with the Court in upholding the constitutionality of race-based admissions to universities.[38]
In 2003, O'Connor authored a majority Supreme Court opinion (Grutter v. Bollinger) saying racial affirmative action should not be constitutional permanently, but long enough to correct past discrimination – with an approximate limit of around 25 years.[79]
Abortion
The
O'Connor allowed certain limits to be placed on access to abortion, but supported the right to abortion established by Roe. In
Commentary and analysis
O'Connor's case-by-case approach routinely placed her in the center of the Court and drew both criticism and praise. Washington Post columnist Charles Krauthammer, for example, described her as lacking a judicial philosophy and instead displaying "political positioning embedded in a social agenda."[84] Conservative commentator Ramesh Ponnuru wrote that, even though O'Connor "has voted reasonably well", her tendency to issue very case-specific rulings "undermines the predictability of the law and aggrandizes the judicial role."[85]
Law clerks serving the Court in 2000 speculated that the decision she reached in Bush v. Gore was based on a desire to appear fair, rather than on any legal rationale, pointing to a memo she sent out the night before the decision was issued that used entirely different logic to reach the same result. They also characterized her approach to cases as deciding on "gut feelings".[69]
Other activities while serving on the Court
External videos | |
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Interview with O'Connor on The Majesty of the Law, April 9, 2003, C-SPAN | |
Presentation by O'Connor on Chico, September 18, 2005, C-SPAN |
In 2003, she wrote a book titled The Majesty of the Law: Reflections of a Supreme Court Justice (
Retirement
On December 12, 2000,
By 2005, the composition of the Court had been unchanged for eleven years, the second-longest period in American history without any such change. Rehnquist was widely expected to be the first justice to retire during Bush's term, owing to his age and his battle with cancer, although rumors of O'Connor's possible retirement circulated as well.[89]
On July 1, 2005, O'Connor announced her intention to retire. In her letter to Bush, she stated that her retirement from active service would take effect upon the confirmation of her successor.[89] Her letter did not provide a reason for her departure; however, a Supreme Court spokeswoman confirmed O'Connor was leaving to spend time with her husband.[89]
On July 19, Bush nominated D.C. Circuit Judge John Roberts to succeed O'Connor. O'Connor heard the news over the car radio on the way back from a fishing trip.[90] She described Roberts soon after the nomination as "good in every way, except he's not a woman".[91]
O'Connor had expected to leave the Court before the next term started on October 3, 2005.[92][93] However, Rehnquist died on September 3,[94] creating an immediate vacancy on the Court.[95] Two days later, Bush withdrew Roberts as his nominee for her seat and instead appointed him to fill the vacant office of Chief Justice.[96] O'Connor agreed to stay on the Court until her replacement was named and confirmed.[96] She spoke at the late chief justice's funeral.[97] On October 3, Bush nominated White House Counsel Harriet Miers to replace O'Connor.[98] After much criticism and controversy over her nomination, on October 27, Miers asked Bush to withdraw her nomination.[99] Bush accepted, reopening the search for O'Connor's successor.[99]
The continued delays in confirming a successor further extended O'Connor's time on the Court.
On October 31, Bush nominated Third Circuit Judge Samuel Alito to replace O'Connor;[101] Alito was confirmed by a 58–42 vote and was sworn in on January 31, 2006.[102][103] After retiring, she continued to hear cases and rendered over a dozen opinions in federal appellate courts across the country, filling in as a substitute judge when vacations or vacancies left their three-member panels understaffed.[104] On Alito's nomination, O'Connor said, "I've often said, it's wonderful to be the first to do something but I didn't want to be the last. If I didn't do a good job, it might've been the last and indeed when I retired, I was not replaced, then, by a woman which gives one pause to think 'Oh, what did I do wrong that led to this.'"[105]
Post-Supreme Court career
In her retirement, O'Connor continued to speak and organize conferences on the issue of judicial independence.[106] During a March 2006 speech at Georgetown University, O'Connor said some political attacks on the independence of the courts pose a direct threat to the constitutional freedoms of Americans. She said "Any reform of the system is debatable as long as it is not motivated by retaliation for decisions that political leaders disagree with", also noting that she was "against judicial reforms driven by nakedly partisan reasoning."[107] "Courts interpret the law as it was written, not as the congressmen might have wished it was written", and "it takes a lot of degeneration before a country falls into dictatorship, but we should avoid these ends by avoiding these beginnings."[107]
On November 19, 2008, O'Connor published an introductory essay on a themed judicial accountability issue in the Denver University Law Review. She called for a better public understanding of judicial accountability.[108] On November 7, 2007, at a conference on her landmark opinion in Strickland v. Washington (1984) sponsored by the Constitution Project, O'Connor highlighted the lack of proper legal representation for many of the poorest defendants.[109] O'Connor also urged the creation of a system for "merit selection for judges", a cause for which she had frequently advocated.[109][110]
On August 7, 2008, O'Connor and Abdurrahman Wahid, former President of Indonesia, wrote an editorial in the Financial Times stating concerns about the threatened imprisonment of Malaysian opposition leader Anwar Ibrahim.[111]
In October 2008, O'Connor spoke on racial equality in education at a conference hosted by the Charles Hamilton Houston Institute for Race and Justice at Harvard Law School. Later in the conference, she was awarded the Charles Hamilton Houston Justice Award alongside Desmond Tutu and Dolores Huerta.[112]
Following the Court's
O'Connor argued in favor of President Barack Obama naming the replacement for Antonin Scalia in February 2016, mere days after Scalia's death, opposing Republican arguments that the next president should get to fill the vacancy. She said, "I think we need somebody there to do the job now and let's get on with it"; and that "[y]ou just have to pick the best person you can under the circumstances, as the appointing authority must do. It's an important position and one that we care about as a nation and as a people. And I wish the president well as he makes choices and goes down that line. It's hard."[114]
Judge William H. Pryor Jr., a conservative jurist, has criticized O'Connor's speeches and op-eds for hyperbole and factual inaccuracy, based in part on O'Connor's opinions as to whether judges face a rougher time in the public eye today than in the past.[115][116]
O'Connor reflected on her time on the Supreme Court by saying that she regretted the Court hearing the Bush v. Gore case in 2000 because it "stirred up the public" and "gave the Court a less-than-perfect reputation." She told the Chicago Tribune that "Maybe the Court should have said, 'We're not going to take it, goodbye,' ... It turned out the election authorities in Florida hadn't done a real good job there and kind of messed it up. And probably the Supreme Court added to the problem at the end of the day."[117][118]
Activities and memberships
This section needs to be updated.(December 2023) |
As a retired Supreme Court justice, O'Connor continued to receive a full salary, maintained a staffed office with at least one law clerk, and heard cases on a part-time basis in federal
O'Connor was elected as an honorary fellow of the National Academy of Public Administration in 2005.[125] In October that year, O'Connor accepted the largely ceremonial role of becoming the 23rd Chancellor of the College of William & Mary.[126] O'Connor continued in the role until 2012.[127][29] O'Connor was a member of the 2006 Iraq Study Group, appointed by the U.S. Congress.[128] From 2006, she was a trustee on the board of the Rockefeller Foundation.[129][130] O'Connor chaired the Jamestown 2007 celebration, commemorating the 400th anniversary of the founding of the colony at Jamestown, Virginia, in 1607.[citation needed] The Sandra Day O'Connor Project on the State of the Judiciary, named for O'Connor, held annual conferences from 2006 through 2008 on the independence of the judiciary.[131] O'Connor was a member of both the American Philosophical Society and the American Academy of Arts and Sciences.[5][7]
Teaching
In 2006, O'Connor taught a course on the Supreme Court at the University of Arizona's James E. Rogers College of Law as a distinguished jurist in residence.[132] On April 5, 2006, Arizona State University named its law school the Sandra Day O'Connor College of Law in her honor.[133]
Publishing
External videos | |
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Presentation by O'Connor on Out of Order, March 18, 2013, C-SPAN | |
Interview with O'Connor on Out of Order, August 30, 2014, C-SPAN |
O'Connor wrote the 2013 book Out of Order: Stories from the History of the Supreme Court.[134]
Public speaking engagements
On May 15, 2006, O'Connor gave the commencement address at the
Non-profits and philanthropic activity
In February 2009, O'Connor launched Our Courts, a website she created to offer interactive civics lessons to students and teachers because she was concerned about the lack of knowledge among most young Americans about how their government works. She also served as a co-chair with
O'Connor served on the board of trustees of the National Constitution Center in Philadelphia, a museum dedicated to the U.S. Constitution.[142][143] By November 2015, O'Connor had transitioned to being a trustee emeritus for the center.[144] In April 2013, the board of directors of Justice at Stake, a national judicial reform advocacy organization, announced that O'Connor would be joining the organization as honorary chair.[145]
In 2009, O'Connor founded the 501(c)(3) non-profit organization now known as the Sandra Day O'Connor Institute. Its programs are dedicated to promoting civil discourse, civic engagement, and civics education.[146][147] In 2019, her former adobe residence in Arizona, curated by the O'Connor Institute, was listed on the National Register of Historic Places.[148] In 2022, the Institute launched Civics for Life, its multigenerational digital platform.[149]
O'Connor was a member and president of the Junior League of Phoenix.[150]
O'Connor was a founding co-chair of the National Advisory Board at the National Institute for Civil Discourse (NICD).[151] The institute was created at the University of Arizona after the 2011 shooting of former Congresswoman Gabby Giffords that killed six people and wounded 13 others.[152]
Personal life, illness and death
Upon her appointment to the Supreme Court, O'Connor and her husband moved to the Kalorama area of Washington, D.C. The O'Connors became active in the Washington, D.C., social scene. O'Connor played tennis and golf in her spare time.[17] She was a baptized member of the Episcopal Church.[153]
O'Connor was successfully
Her husband suffered from Alzheimer's disease for nearly 20 years, until his death in 2009,[32] and she became involved in raising awareness of the disease. After retiring from the Court, O'Connor moved back to Phoenix, Arizona.[16]
Around 2013, O'Connor's friends and colleagues noticed that she was becoming more forgetful and less talkative.
On May 7, 2016, her younger sister, Ann Day, was killed in a car accident in Tucson, Arizona, as a result of a collision with a drunk driver.[155]
On December 1, 2023, O'Connor died in Phoenix, at the age of 93, due to complications related to advanced dementia and a
O'Connor lay in repose in the Great Hall of the Supreme Court on December 18, 2023.[160] She was memorialized the following day in a funeral service held at the Washington National Cathedral.[161]
Legacy and awards
O'Connor was particularly remembered for being the first woman on the Court, and for functioning as the swing vote in the 5–4 decision in Bush v. Gore, which handed the presidency to George W. Bush.[162][163] Overall, she began her tenure on the court as a Reaganite but would later attempt to steer the court toward decisions that better aligned with public opinion.[106][164] Some argue that O'Connor's jurisprudential legacy was largely undone by the appointment of Samuel Alito as her successor.[165][164]
See also
- List of justices of the Supreme Court of the United States
- List of law clerks of the Supreme Court of the United States (Seat 8)
- List of United States Supreme Court justices by time in office
- List of United States federal judges by longevity of service
- United States Supreme Court cases during the Burger Court
- United States Supreme Court cases during the Rehnquist Court
- United States Supreme Court cases during the Roberts Court
- List of female state supreme court justices
Explanatory notes
References
Citations
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- ^ "The date a Member of the Court took his/her Judicial oath (the Judiciary Act provided 'That the Justices of the Supreme Court, and the district judges, before they proceed to execute the duties of their respective offices, shall take the following oath ...') is here used as the date of the beginning of his/her service, for until that oath is taken he/she is not vested with the prerogatives of the office." Source: About the Court > Justices > Justices 1789 to Present;Archived April 15, 2010, at the Wayback Machine
- ^ "Retired Judges". Archived from the original on February 12, 2016. Retrieved February 20, 2016.
- ^ "Judges of the Superior Court Of Arizona in Maricopa County" (PDF). ww.superiorcourt.maricopa.gov. November 2005. Archived (PDF) from the original on October 26, 2020. Retrieved May 26, 2017.
- ^ a b Weisman, Steven R. (July 7, 1981). "Reagan Nominating Woman, an Arizona Appeals Judge, to Serve on Supreme Court". The New York Times. Archived from the original on October 11, 2000. Retrieved September 10, 2009.
- ^ "Sandra Day O'Connor | Biography, Accomplishments, & Facts | Britannica". Encyclopædia Britannica. May 11, 2023. Archived from the original on June 29, 2023. Retrieved May 22, 2023.
- ^ a b "O'Connor, Sandra Day". Federal Judicial Center. Archived from the original on March 6, 2004. Retrieved March 21, 2006.
- ^ Stevenson, R. W. (July 1, 2005). "O'Connor, First Woman Supreme Court Justice, Resigns After 24 Years". The New York Times. Archived from the original on May 1, 2011. Retrieved September 10, 2005.
- Townhall.com. Archived from the original on April 29, 2011. Retrieved June 15, 2009., ... ranks the 30 Most Powerful Women based on cultural clout, financial impact, achievement, visibility, influence, intellect, political know-how and staying power. Sen. Hillary Rodham Clinton ranks 5th on the list behind Miss Winfrey, Supreme Court Justice Sandra Day O'Connor, Martha Stewart and Barbara Walters
... Ladies' Home Journal
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- ^ "Presidential Medal of Freedom". CBS News. August 12, 2009. Archived from the original on April 9, 2016. Retrieved February 11, 2021.
- Oregon Capital Chronicle. Archivedfrom the original on December 7, 2023. Retrieved December 2, 2023.
- ^ "Sandra Day O'Connor Fast Facts". CNN. December 1, 2023. Archived from the original on May 19, 2023. Retrieved December 1, 2023.
- ^ See "Sandra Day O'Connor". Oyez. Archived from the original on March 17, 2007. Retrieved June 27, 2017.
- ^ a b "Book Discussion on Sisters in Law" Presenter: Linda Hirshman, author. Politics and Prose Bookstore. BookTV, Washington. September 3, 2015. 13 minutes in. Retrieved September 12, 2015 C-Span website Archived March 5, 2016, at the Wayback Machine
- ^ a b c d e Heilpern, John (April 2013). "Sandra Day O'Connor on Growing Up with Guns and Her Views on Assault Weapons". The Hive. Archived from the original on September 23, 2016. Retrieved August 24, 2017.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m Kamen, Al; Williams, Marjorie (June 11, 1989). "How Sandra Day O'Connor became the most powerful woman in 1980s America". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on March 30, 2016. Retrieved October 29, 2017.
- ^ "Former Pima County Supervisor Ann Day dies at the age of 77". Archived from the original on May 9, 2016. Retrieved May 8, 2016.
- ^ "LAZY B: Growing Up on a Cattle Ranch in the American Southwest". Publishers Weekly. December 10, 2001. Archived from the original on January 28, 2023. Retrieved December 1, 2023.
- ^ Scanlon, Michael (May 13, 1987). "Radford's most famous alumna drops in for a talk". El Paso Times. Archived from the original on November 8, 2021. Retrieved January 8, 2020.
- ^ Washington Valdez, Diana (July 2, 2005). "Hometown stars – Sandra Day O'Connor". El Paso Times. Archived from the original on April 25, 2010. Retrieved December 19, 2010.
- ^ ISBN 978-0399589287.
- ^ a b Cool, Kevin (January 1, 2006). "Front and Center". Stanford Alumni Magazine. Stanford University. Archived from the original on May 3, 2013. Retrieved June 4, 2018.
- ^ "Transcript: O'Connor on Fox". Fox News. July 1, 2005. Archived from the original on May 23, 2007. Retrieved December 18, 2006.
- ^ Biskupic, Joan. Sandra Day O'Connor: How the First Woman on the Supreme Court became its most influential justice. New York: Harper Collins, 2005.
- ^ "Q & A: Supreme Court Justice Sandra Day O'Connor". amplify.com. Archived from the original on November 6, 2018. Retrieved June 13, 2013.
- ^ Kornmiller, Debbie (July 10, 2005). "O'Connor's class rank an error that will not die". Arizona Daily Star. Archived from the original on December 6, 2005. Retrieved June 13, 2013.
- ^ a b "Sandra Day O'Connor's Peninsula Ties". San Mateo Daily Journal. Archived from the original on June 7, 2019. Retrieved June 4, 2018.
- ^ a b c Haag, Matt (October 23, 2018). "Sandra Day O'Connor, First Woman on Supreme Court, Reveals Dementia Diagnosis". The New York Times. Archived from the original on October 25, 2018. Retrieved October 26, 2018.
- ^ a b c d "'Out Of Order' At The Court: O'Connor On Being The First Female Justice". Fresh Air. March 5, 2013. Archived from the original on March 6, 2013. Retrieved March 5, 2013.
- ^ Baughman, J. (Ed.). (2001). O'Connor, Sandra Day 1930–. American Decades, 9. September 21, 2016.
- ^ a b "John J. O'Connor III, 79; husband of Supreme Court justice". The Washington Post. November 12, 2009. Archived from the original on September 13, 2014. Retrieved October 4, 2012.
- ^ Phelps, S. (Ed.). (2002). O'Connor, Sandra Day (1930– ). World of Criminal Justice, September 20, 2016.
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- ^ "General Election Canvass, 1974, p. 5" (PDF). Arizona Secretary of State. Archived from the original (PDF) on December 21, 2016. Retrieved February 25, 2016.
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- ^ a b "1981 Year in Review: Reagan Foreign Policy Speech/O'Connor Appointed to Supreme Court". Archived from the original on June 29, 2019. Retrieved June 29, 2019.
- ^ Transcript (January 30, 2008). "Transcript of GOP debate at Reagan Library". CNN. June 30, 2008. Archived from the original on May 19, 2010. Retrieved August 27, 2009.
- ^ Greenburg (2007), p. 223
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- ^ a b c Greenburg (2007), p. 222
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- ^ U.S. National Archives. "Reagan's Nomination of O'Connor". Archived from the original on July 13, 2014. Retrieved August 19, 2014.
- ^ Julia Malone (July 8, 1981). "A closer look at nation's first woman high court nominee". The Christian Science Monitor. Archived from the original on June 29, 2016. Retrieved May 20, 2016.
- ^ Julia Malone (September 3, 1981). "New Right strategy: let's drag out O'Connor's confirmation hearing; Focus: abortion, women's rights, school prayer". The Christian Science Monitor. Archived from the original on June 29, 2016. Retrieved May 23, 2016.
- from the original on October 29, 2017. Retrieved June 20, 2017.
- ^ "Cameras in the Court". c-span.org. Archived from the original on October 28, 2017. Retrieved October 27, 2017.
- ^ from the original on October 28, 2017. Retrieved June 20, 2017.
- ^ Greenburg (2007), pp. 222–223
- ^ "Reagan's Nomination of O'Connor". archives.gov. Archived from the original on November 8, 2015. Retrieved November 7, 2015.
- ^ Lowe, Rebecca (August 30, 2011). "Supremely confident: the legacy of Sandra Day O'Connor". The Guardian. Archived from the original on March 18, 2017. Retrieved December 16, 2016.
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- ^ from the original on February 2, 2017. Retrieved May 22, 2017.
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Bibliography
- Greenburg, Jan Crawford (2007). Supreme Conflict: The Inside Story of the Struggle for Control of the United States Supreme Court. Penguin Books.
Further reading
External videos | |
---|---|
Presentation by Biskupic on Sandra Day O'Connor, October 23, 2005, C-SPAN | |
Interview with Thomas on First, April 6, 2019, C-SPAN |
- Nomination of Judge Sandra Day O'Connor of Arizona to serve as an Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States (PDF) (Report). U.S. Government Printing Office. September 1981.
- Biskupic, Joan. Sandra Day O'Connor: How the First Woman on the Supreme Court Became Its Most Influential Justice (2005), biography
- Flowers, Prudence. "'A Prolife Disaster': The Reagan Administration and the Nomination of Sandra Day O'Connor". Journal of Contemporary History 53.2 (2018): 391–414. JSTOR 26416694.
- Montini, E. J. (2005). "Rehnquist is No. 1, O'Connor is No. 3, Baloney is No. 2". Archived March 22, 2016, at the Wayback Machine The Arizona Republic. Retrieved March 5, 2013.
- O'Connor, Sandra Day & Day, H. Alan (2002). Lazy B: Growing Up on a Cattle Ranch in the American Southwest. ISBN 0-375-50724-8., a primary source
- Thomas, Evan. First: Sandra Day O'Connor (2019) Random House, authorized biography
External links
- Appearances on C-SPAN
- Issue positions and quotes at OnTheIssues