Sandwip

Coordinates: 22°29′N 91°29′E / 22.483°N 91.483°E / 22.483; 91.483
Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.
For the writing system, see Sawndip.

Sandwip
Native name:
সন্দ্বীপ
Satellite view of Sandwip
Sandwip is located in Bangladesh
Sandwip
Sandwip
Geography
LocationBay of Bengal
Coordinates22°29′N 91°29′E / 22.483°N 91.483°E / 22.483; 91.483
Adjacent toBay of Bengal
Total islands3
Major islands1
Area762.42 km2 (294.37 sq mi)
Length50 km (31 mi)
Width5–15 km (3.1–9.3 mi)
Administration
DistrictChittagong District
Demographics
DemonymSandwipi
Population450,000[1] (2016)
Pop. density439/km2 (1137/sq mi)

Sandwip (

Chattogram District. Along with the island of Urir Char, it is part of the Sandwip Upazila
.

Description

Small ship building yard in the coastal area of Sandwip

Sandwip is located in the north-east of the

Hatiya and Meghna estuaries; on the west.[2]

History

delta of Ganges by surveyor James Rennell
created in 1778
Guftasara Bridge, Sandwip
The beaches of Sandwip

Some sources claim Sandwip island is around 3000 years old,

Sufi from Afghanistan called Sultan Balkhi visited the island and lived there for a few years.[6]

In the 16th century, the island became an important source of salt for

Cochin. After being tossed about for some days, his ship sighted an island and landed. He wrote:

"We found it a place inhabited, and, to my judgment, the fertilest island in all the world; the which is divided into two parts by a channel which passeth between it. With great trouble we brought our ship into the same channel, which parteth the island at flowing water."[7]: 35 

Frederick described the island as a densely-populated, well-cultivated island inhabited by Moors

. In 1923, Sri Rajkumar Chakrabarty mentioned in History of Sandwip the prevalence of 400 to 500 year olplants on the island.

Early modern period

The island of Sandwip was administered under the

King of Portugal, ennobled Carvalho for his efforts.[9]

The loyalty of the Portuguese however, was suspected by the Arakanese. The Arakanese

Mughals, and that he fled to Hugli. He was succeeded by Manuel de Mattos, but the Portuguese were defeated in Sandwip during Mattos' office and the island was taken by Fateh Khan.[9] Khan then developed a garrison of Muslim soldiers and a fleet of 40 sailboats on the island.[4]

Tibao rule

Sebastian Gonzales Tibao/Tibeau, a salt-dealer who had come to Bengal in 1605, had escaped Arakanese punishment in Dianga with some other Portuguese captives and began a life of piracy consisting of robbing the Arakan port and keeping the stolen goods with their native allies in

South Shahbazpur. In retaliation, Tibao led 400 Portuguese mercenaries with a plan to colonise Sandwip. Tibao negotiated a deal with the King of Bakla or Bhatkal, receiving support in the form of ships and 200 horses for the takeover in exchange for half of the island's future revenue. However, Tibao withheld the agreed payment and later warred with the King of Bakla.[16] A great battle took place in Sandwip, and it was only resolved after a Spanish ship of 50 men arrived at the island to help the Portuguese take over the Sandwip Fort. Fateh Khan, 3000 Muslim pirates and all of the island's male Muslim inhabitants were killed, allowing Tibao to become the ruler of Sandwip.[9]

Razagyi was furious with Tibao's colonisation of Sandwip, but he faced an even more urgent threat, that the Mughal governor of Bengal was planning an attack on nearby Bhulua, so he agreed to an alliance with Tibao and even married his daughter off to him.[17] Razagyi despatched 700 elephants, 200 ships with 4000 men, and 90,000 soldiers to join Tibao's military, but be under his command. Tibao later broke the alliance and seized the entire naval fleet by "murdering its captains at a council" in 1611.[17][7] The Mughals defeated Arakan, with Razagyi fleeing to Chittagong with only a few men. Wishing to take advantage of this development and avenge the 1609 Dianga captives, Tibao destroyed the forts of Arakan but was defeated by Razagyi at the capital and returned to Sandwip.

Tibao was described to have become the "absolute sovereign" of Sandwip, as he was even obeyed by the natives as an independent ruler. In the course of a short time, his territory extended to the up until the

South Shahbazpur and Patelbanga from the Raja of Batecala (Bacola). In 1616, Tibao denounced himself as an independent sovereign, offering to become a dependent ruler under the Portuguese Empire and annually provide Portuguese Goa with large amounts of rice. The condition behind the deal was for the Portuguese Viceroy of Goa to assist Tibao in a battle against Arakan, which was now ruled by Razagyi's son, Min Khamaung. The Viceroy of Goa accepted the deal and dispatched a fleet led by Don Francisco. They joined Tibao's fifty ships, sailing towards Arakan. However, Khamaung and his Dutch allies defeated Tibao, who fled back to Sandwip. By 1617, Sandwip was seized by Mrauk U, reducing Tibao to his former miserable condition and killing many of its inhabitants. Many Portuguese pirates were also transported to Chittagong as sailors and gunners as Khamaung feared the growing power of the Muslims.[16][19][20]

Mughal conquest of Sandwip

In the 1620s, cleric

fluvial erosion two hundred years later. The family then relocated to the village of Ganda in Savar.[24][25]

The Arakanese also fell out with the Portuguese, which led to the Portuguese assisting the Mughals. By 26 January 1666, the Mughal conquest of Sandwip was successful and the chief captain of the european pirates was rewarded.[9]

Mughal rule

Abdul Karim Khan was subsequently appointed as the Mughal faujdar (military governor) of Sandwip. He had 100 cavalry and 400 infantry under his control. In order to facilitate the collection of revenue, a man named Muhammad Qasim was appointed as the Ahaddar (secretary) of Sandwip. The locals were outraged by Dilawar's defeat at the hands of the Mughals and the loss of Sandwip's independent status. The Mughal administration took some public welfare measures to bring the situation in their favour. One of them was to reducing the rate of rent imposed by Dilawar, in their first year. Another notable move was that Sandwip was given a lease arrangement to subdue the island's elite. When the lessees collected the rent and submitted it to Muhammad Qasim, he would arrange for it to be sent to the treasury. Under this system, the lessees enjoyed financial benefits and status.[26]

Dilal's son-in-law Chand Khan rose to prominence in the 1670s and the Mughal administration realised that collecting Sandwip's revenue would not be an easy task if Khan was not on their side. Sandwip's lease arrangement was given to Khan to facilitate revenue collection. After settling the lease, Khan realised that it would not be possible for him to collect the revenue of the vast Sandwip alone. He subcontracted various parts of the island to two relatives, Bakhtiyar Muhammad and Muhammad Hanif, as well as Madhusudan Chaudhuri of Bakla-Chandradwip, an employee of the Qanungo office. These lessees later became the Zamindars of Sandwip. Khan left more than half of the island to himself and then distributed five-eighths of the remainder to Bakhtiyar Muhammad and Muhammad Hanif and three eighths to Madhusudan Chowdhury. A portion of Sandwip, Sholo Anna was jointly owned to meet various expenses. Part of the sub-contracted lessees later became known as Dihi Musapur, Dihi Bakharpur and Dihi Rampur. Khan's headquarters was located west of the Musapur Dighi (lake) and continues to be known as Sadari Bhita although the building is no longer standing.

From around 1690 to the 1730s, the zamindars of Sandwip were Chand Khan's two sons, Junud Khan and Muqim Khan, Muhammad Hanif's son Muhammad Muqim, as well as Madhusudan Chaudhuri son Janardan Chaudhuri . Being the successors of Chand Khan, Junud Khan and Muqim Khan generally dominated rule over the island. In the next period, the prominent landowners of the island were Muhammad Raja (son of Junud Khan), Muhammad Husayn (son of Muqim Khan), Bakhar Muhammad and Zafar Muhammad (sons of Muhammad Muqim) and Ramchandra Chaudhuri (son of Janardan Chowdhury). Bakharpur was named after Bakhar Muhammad's zamindari. Muhammad Husayn died in 1743.

The next zamindars of Sandwip were Chowdhury Abu Torab Khan, Muhammad Murad, Muhammad Ibrahim, Muhammad Wasim, Muhammad Akbar and Surya Narayan Chowdhury. From 1750 to 1763, Abu Torab overpowered the other zamindars and dominated the island under a single authority. Ghoshal, the founder of Khidrpur's Ghoshal dynasty and the clerk of Harry Verelst, the first British governor of Chittagong, suggested that Verelst colonise Sandwip in 1763 and replace the Mughal wadadar Ozakur Mal with him. One of Verelst's employees Vishnucharan Basu took the role as the first Wadadar in British Sandwip. Ram Kishore Badujej was appointed as Basu's deputy. Abu Torab could not accept Ghoshal's authority and fought against it, but was ultimately defeated.

The volume of shipbuilding in Sandwip increased extensively during the Mughal period. In the 17th century, the shipyards of Sandwip were used to build warships for the

Ottoman caliphs.[27][28]

In the late 18th century to early 19th century, Armenian merchants began to do business on the island. Khojah Kaworke, Khojah Michael and Agha Barshick owned several salt farms in Sandwip, and the existence of salt factories were noted by Italian traveller Niccolao Manucci.[29][30]

Modern period

By the time the island came under British rule, it had a mixed population of

Balkan Peninsula to fight alongside the Ottoman Empire during the Balkan Wars. Keshab Ghosh, a President of the Indian National Congress, led the Violation of Law movement in Sandwip in 1930.[32]

It is said that Sheikh Mujibur Rahman's 1966 Six Point movement began in Sandwip. During the 1970 Pakistani general election campaign, Mohammad Shah Bangali of Sandwip was the folk singer mascot for the Awami League.[32] The area was heavily affected during the 1970 Bhola cyclone and as a response, the Government of Pakistan sent three gunboats and a hospital ship carrying medical personnel and supplies.[33] The Government of Singapore sent a military medical mission to the country, which was then deployed to Sandwip where they treated nearly 27,000 people and carried out a smallpox vaccination effort.[34] During the Bangladesh Liberation War of 1971, Sandwip was included in Sector 1. On 10 May, many civilians were murdered including Jahedur Rahman, a lawyer in Sandwip town, who was killed on Kargil Bridge. On the same day, Jasim Uddin, a student at the Chittagong College, was arrested in Sandwip and taken to Chittagong to be imprisoned. He was later released but continued as a Bengali freedom fighter, leading to his execution on 10 December.[32]

A Bangladesh Navy fleet headquarters at the Sandwip Channel with ship berthing facilities is being constructed as part of the Forces Goal 2030.[35]

Agriculture

Sandwip Island was formed by

dates
.

Sandwip Ferry Ghat

Natural disaster

Sunset in Sandwip

The geographical location of Sandwip has made the island more vulnerable to tropical cyclones and

tornadoes.[37] On 29 April 1991, a Category 5 cyclone hit the island, causing a death toll of about 40,000 and the destruction of 80% of the island's houses. The velocity of the cyclone was 225 km/h (140 mph).[38] As a result of the 1991 cyclone, the Bangladesh Remote Union Council began to take more enhanced measures to protect residents of the island through wider distribution of storm warning signals, as well as relief and rehabilitation programs led by NGOs such as the Association for Social Advancement to reduce the impact of future natural disasters.[37]

Notable people

Gallery

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Sandwip.
  • Ships Wharf, Sandwip
    Ships Wharf, Sandwip
  • Dheki (husking pedal) once was very common in houses of Sandwip
    Dheki (husking pedal) once was very common in houses of Sandwip
  • Kakataruya
    Kakataruya

News

Sandwip

Sandwip Journal

See also

Notes

  1. ^ "Sandwip is evidently a very old island, and seems to have been of more importance three hundred years ago than it is now [mid-1800s], because it was one of the chief sources from which Bengal was supplied with salt." "Du Jarric ... tells us that it is opposite Sripur, and that it supplies all Bengal with salt."[7]: 35, 36 

References

  1. ^ "Sandwip Upazila (সন্দ্বীপ উপজেলা)". Chittagong. 26 May 2011. Retrieved 7 November 2012.
  2. ^ "Sandwip Island". Ebbd.info. Retrieved 7 November 2012.
  3. ^ Noakhali District Gazetters
  4. ^
    Allahabad
    : The Pioneer Press.
  5. OL 30677644M
    . Retrieved 16 April 2024.
  6. OL 30677644M
    . Retrieved 16 April 2024.
  7. ^ a b c Beveridge, Henry (1876). The district of Bákarganj; its history and statistics. London: Trübner & Co.
  8. OCLC 85190093
    .
  9. ^
    OL 30677644M
    . Retrieved 16 April 2024.
  10. ^ পাতা:ঐতিহাসিক চিত্র (তৃতীয় বর্ষ) - নিখিলনাথ রায়.pdf/২২ - উইকিসংকলন একটি মুক্ত পাঠাগার. bn.wikisource.org. Retrieved 5 March 2019.
  11. ^ কেদার রায়. Bangladesher Khabor (in Bengali). Retrieved 4 March 2019.
  12. ^ পাতা:প্রতাপাদিত্য-নিখিল নাথ রায়.djvu/৭৩ - উইকিসংকলন একটি মুক্ত পাঠাগার. bn.wikisource.org. Retrieved 5 March 2019.
  13. ISBN 8173871434
    . Retrieved 28 June 2015.
  14. ^ "Sandwipees should respond to the call of Master Shahjahan for development of Sandwip". The Guardian (Editorial). Bangladesh. Archived from the original on 13 July 2015. Retrieved 12 July 2015.
  15. ^ Beveridge, Henry (1876). The district of Bákarganj; its history and statistics. London: Trübner & Co. pp. 173–179.
  16. ^
    Manuel de Faria y Sousa
    , Asia Portuguesa, 1666. English translation 1695 by Captain John Stevens, quoted by Beveridge 1876, p. 37.
  17. ^ a b (Sandamala Linkara Vol. 2 1999: 84): Tuesday, 4th waxing of Natdaw 971 ME = 1 December 1609
  18. ^ Stewart, History of Bengal, quoted in Beveridge, 1876, p. 36.
  19. ^ Phayre, Arthur Purves (1967) [First published 1883]. History of Burma: Including Burma Proper, Pegu, Taungu, Tenasserim, and Arakan. From the Earliest Time to the End of the First War with British India. London: Trübner & Company. pp. 174–177.
  20. ^ Harvey, G. E. (1925). History of Burma: From the Earliest Times to 10 March 1824. London: Frank Cass & Co. pp. 142–143.
  21. OL 30677644M
    . Retrieved 16 April 2024.
  22. Feringis
    of Chātgāon from the side of the Arakanese ... A feud had just then broken out between the Magh ruler of Chātgāon and the local Portuguese ... Shāista Khan gave their chief captain a bounty ... and their other leaders were all enlisted in the Mughal service
  23. ^ Alamgirnama,Mirza Muhammad Kazim(Pers.text P.943)
  24. ^ Prof Rajib Humayun, Sandiper Itihas, Somaj O Songskriti(1987)(সন্দ্বীপের ইতিহাস, সমাজ ও সংস্কৃতি) P.80,91
  25. ^ Chowdhury, ABM Siddiq (1988). শাশ্বত সন্দ্বীপ [Eternal Sandwip] (in Bengali).
  26. ^ Shahidullah, Muhammad. সন্দ্বীপ উত্তরন (in Bengali).
  27. OL 30677644M
    . Retrieved 16 April 2024.
  28. ^ "Prospects of shipbuilding industry in Bangladesh". New Age. Archived from the original on 17 December 2013. Retrieved 30 July 2015.
  29. OL 30677644M
    . Retrieved 16 April 2024.
  30. OL 30677644M
    . Retrieved 16 April 2024.
  31. ^ George Abraham Grierson (1903). "Sandip, Noakhali District". Linguistic Survey of India. Vol. V Pt 1. pp. 247–.
  32. ^ a b c Abul Kalam Elias (16 December 2003). "The contribution of Sandwip to the struggle for freedom". The Daily Star. Vol. 4.
  33. ^ "Thousands of Pakistanis Are Killed by Tidal Wave". The New York Times. 14 November 1970.
  34. ^ Choy Choi Kee (7 November 1999). "Medical Mission to East Pakistan". Ministry of Defence. Archived from the original on 26 June 2007. Retrieved 15 April 2007.
  35. ^ "One day BD Navy to become builder from buyer, hopes PM". UNB. 24 December 2017. Archived from the original on 25 December 2017. Retrieved 24 December 2017.
  36. ISSN 1520-0493
    .
  37. ^
    ISSN 0892-0753
    .
  38. ^ "The Yellow page of Sandwip - প্রাকৃতিক দূর্যোগ". Sandwip-uttaran.org. Archived from the original on 26 November 2013. Retrieved 7 November 2012.

External links

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