Sanjak of Smederevo
| Sanjak of Smederevo | |
|---|---|
Ali Beg Mihaloglu (first) | |
• 1815–1817 | Marashli Ali Pasha |
| History | |
• Fall of the Serbian Despotate | 1459 |
• Autonomy of the Principality of Serbia | 1817 |
| Today part of | Serbia |
The Sanjak of Smederevo (Turkish: Semendire Sancağı; Serbian: Смедеревски санџак, romanized: Smederevski sandžak), also known in historiography as the Pashalik of Belgrade (Turkish: Belgrad Paşalığı; Serbian: Београдски пашалук, romanized: Beogradski pašaluk), was an Ottoman administrative unit (sanjak), that existed between the 15th and the outset of the 19th centuries. It was located in the territory of present-day Central Serbia, Serbia.
Administration
Eyalet belonging
The sanjak belonged to
Temeșvar Eyalet
between 1686 and 1688 and again between 1690 and 1716.
Borders
During the governorship of Hadji Mustafa Pasha (1793–1801), the administration was expanded eastwards to include the Kladovo area, until then part of the Sanjak of Vidin.[1]
History
15th century
The Sanjak of Smederevo was formed after the fall of the
Bosnia, Herzegovina, Montenegro and from Stari Vlah (İstari Eflak) region in the southwestern Serbia.[3][4]
16th century
After the
Hercegovina, Montenegro, and Stari Vlah in Serbia. Vlachs made up 15% of the population in Smederevo in 1516.[6] According to Noel Malcolm in Ottoman defters from 16th century, in Smederevo area there were about 82,000 of mostly Vlach families.[7] Benedikt Kuri-pečič in the 16th century noted that (Orthodox) Serbs "who call themselves Vlachs" moved from Smederevo and Belgrade to Bosnia and are part of three peoples inhabiting Bosnia alongside (Muslim) "Turks" and (Catholic) old Bosniaks.[8]
18th century
The Sanjak was occupied by the
Kingdom of Serbia (1718–39), however, with the Treaty of Belgrade, the area was ceded to the Ottoman Empire. Belgrade, the center of the region while under Austrian rule, was neglected under the Ottomans and Smederevo (Semendire) was the administrative center. Nevertheless, Belgrade eventually became the seat of a pasha with the title of vizier and the Sanjak began to be referred to as the Pashaluk
of Belgrade, although it was still called the Sanjak of Smederevo in official documents.
In 1788,
Koča's frontier rebellion saw eastern Šumadija occupied by Austrian Serbian freikorps and hajduks. From 1788–91, Belgrade was again under Austrian rule after Koča's rebellion. The Siege of Belgrade from 15 September to 8 October 1789, a Habsburg Austrian force besieged the fortress of Belgrade. The Austrians held the city until 1791 when it handed Belgrade back to the Ottomans according to the terms of the Treaty of Sistova
.
In 1793 and 1796 Sultan
janissaries were to leave the Belgrade Pashaluk as he saw them as a threat to the central authority of Hadji Mustafa Pasha. Many of those janissaries were employed by or found refuge with Osman Pazvantoğlu, a renegade opponent of Sultan Selim III in the Sanjak of Vidin. Fearing the dissolution of the Janissary command in the Sanjak of Smederevo, Osman Pazvantoğlu launched a series of raids against Serbians without the permission of Sultan Selim III, causing much volatility and fear in the region.[9] Pazvantoğlu was defeated in 1793 by the Serbs at the Battle of Kolari.[10]
In the summer of 1797 the sultan appointed Mustafa Pasha on position of
Belgrade fortress.[12] At the end of November 1797 obor-knezes Aleksa Nenadović, Ilija Birčanin and Nikola Grbović from Valjevo brought their forces to Belgrade and forced the besieging janissary forces to retreat to Smederevo.[13][14]
By 1799 the janissary corps had returned, as they were pardoned by Sultan's decree, and they immediately suspended the Serbian autonomy and drastically increased taxes, enforcing martial law in Serbia.
On 15 December 1801, the popular
Ferman from Mahmud II in 1830), gained independence in 1878 by Treaty of San Stefano and evolved to Kingdom of Serbia
in 1882. This marked the end of the Sanjak.
Demographics
The Muslim population of Smederevo was composed of three main groups: local Muslim Serbs, Bosniaks and Albanians, who were the most significant non-Slavic group of the Smederevo region.[18][19] These were mostly villagers, but also feudals, soldiers, officials, and some were among the highest social class, in the administration.[20]
The proportion of Muslims was notably decreased in the late 17th and first half of the 18th century, after a major influx of Serbs (Christians) from outlying territories, mostly from Dinaric areas.[1]
Economy
The Sanjak of Smederevo was one of six Ottoman sanjaks with most developed shipbuilding (besides sanjaks of Vidin, Nicopolis, Požega, Zvornik and Mohač).[21]
Governors
- Ali Bey Mihaloğlu(1462–1507)
- Hadım Sinan Pasha (1507-1513)
- Kučuk Bali-beg Jahjapašić(after 1521, before 1526)
- Hadži Mustafa Pasha(1793–1801)
- Bekir Pasha (1804)
- Suleiman Pasha(1813–15)
- Marashli Ali Pasha (1815–17)
Citations
- ^ a b Radosavljević 2007.
- ^ Balkan Studies. The Institute. 1986. p. 10. Retrieved 10 March 2013.
Turkish sources declare that a wave of Vlah herdsmen flowed into Smederevo sandzak and a large part of Krusevac and Vidin sandzak
- ^ Vjeran Kursar; (2013) Being an Ottoman Vlach: On Vlach Identity (Ies), Role and Status in Western Parts of the Ottoman Balkans (15th-18th Centuries) p. 130; Journal of the Center for Ottoman Studies - Ankara University, 24, 34; 115-161 [1]
- ^ Nikolay Antov; (2013) The Ottoman State and Semi-Nomadic Groups Along The Ottoman Danubian Serhad (Frontier Zone) In The Late 15 th and The First Half of The 16 th Centuries: Challenges and Policies p. 224; Hungarian Studies, Budapest, [2]
- ^ Peçevî, İbrahim (2000). Historija: 1520-1576 (in Serbian). El-Kalem. Retrieved 1 August 2011.
Brat je Kučuk bali-bega koji je u vreme Mohačke bitke bio beg Smedereva.
- ^ Nikolay Antov, 2013, The Ottoman State and Semi-Nomadic Groups Along The Ottoman Danubian Serhad (Frontier Zone) In The Late 15 th and The First Half of The 16 th Centuries: Challenges and Policies http://real.mtak.hu/38980/1/hstud.27.2013.2.2.pdf #page=224,226
- ISBN 953-6045-03-6
- ISBN 953-6045-03-6
- ISBN 978-0-306-70051-4
- ^ Roger Viers Paxton (1968). Russia and the First Serbian Revolution: A Diplomatic and Political Study. The Initial Phase, 1804-1807. - (Stanford) 1968. VII, 255 S. 8°. Department of History, Stanford University. p. 13.
- ^ Ćorović 1997
U leto 1797. sultan ga je imenovao za rumeliskog begler-bega i Mustafa je otišao u Plovdiv, da rukovodi akcijom protiv buntovnika iz Vidina i u Rumeliji.
- ^ Ćorović 1997
Za vreme njegova otsutstva vidinski gospodar sa janičarima naredio je brz napad i potukao je srpsku i pašinu vojsku kod Požarevca, pa je prodro sve do Beograda i zauzeo samu varoš.
- ^ Filipović, Stanoje R. (1982). Podrinsko-kolubarski region. RNIRO "Glas Podrinja". p. 60.
Ваљевски кнезови Алекса Ненадовић, Илија Бирчанин и Никола Грбовић довели су своју војску у Београд и учествовали у оштрој борби са јаничарима који су се побеђени повукли.
- ^ Ćorović 1997
Pred sam Božić stigoše u pomoć valjevski Srbi i sa njihovom pomoću turska gradska posada odbi napadače i očisti grad. Ilija Birčanin gonio je "Vidinlije" sve do Smedereva.
- ^ Ćorović, Vladimir (1997), Istorija srpskog naroda, Ars Libri, retrieved 7 December 2012,
janjičari ga 15. decembra 1801. ubiše u beogradskom gradu. Potom uzeše vlast u svoje ruke, spremni da je brane svima sredstvima. Kao glavne njihove vođe istakoše se četiri dahije: Kučuk Alija, pašin ubica, Aganlija, Mula Jusuf i Mehmed-aga Fočić.
- ISBN 9781847087720. Retrieved 7 December 2017.
- ISBN 978-86-6343-163-8.
- ^ Ceribašić-Begovac 2017, p. 46.
- ^ Ceribašić-Begovac 2017, p. 88.
- ^ Konstandinović 1970, p. 55.
- ^ Godis̆njak grada Beograda. Beogradske novine. 1979. p. 35. Retrieved 7 September 2013.
Ипак градња бродова се посебно везивала за шест санџака: никопољски, видински, смедеревски, зворнички, пожешки и мохачки.
Sources
- Ćirković, Sima (2004). The Serbs. Malden: Blackwell Publishing.
- Ceribašić-Begovac, Anaid (2017). Die Muslime im Sandschak Smederevo am Übergang vom 18. ins 19. Jahrhundert - Ein Vergleich zwischen der serbischen und bosnischen wissenschaftlichen Literatur (PDF) (Thesis). University of Graz.
- Jelavich, Barbara (1983). History of the Balkans: Eighteenth and Nineteenth Centuries. Vol. 1. Cambridge University Press.
- Konstandinović, Nikola (1970). Beogradski pašaluk: severna Srbija pod Turcima : teritorija, stanovništvo, proizvodne snage. N. Konstandinović.
- MacKenzie, David (1996). "The Serbian Warrior Myth and Serbia's Liberation, 1804-1815". Serbian Studies: Journal of the North American Society for Serbian Studies. 10 (2): 133–148.
- Meriage, Lawrence P. (1978). "The First Serbian Uprising (1804-1813) and the Nineteenth-Century Origins of the Eastern Question" (PDF). Slavic Review. 37 (3): 421–439.
- Miljković-Bojanić, E. (2004) Smederevski sandžak - 1476-1560 - zemlja, naselja, stanovništvo. Beograd: Istorijski institut
- Pantelić, Dušan (1949). "Београдски пашалук" (in Serbian). Belgrade: Srpska akademija nauka.
- Radosavljević, Nedeljko (2007). Православна црква у Београдском пашалуку 1766-1831. Istorijski institut. ISBN 978-86-7743-065-8.
- Самарџић, Р (1960). Београд и Србија у списима француских савременика XVI-XVIII века [Belgrade and Serbia in the writings of French contemporaries from 16th to 18th century]. Београд: Просвета.
- Svirčević, Miroslav (2002). "Knežinska i seoska samouprava u Srbiji 1739-1788-delokrug i identitet lokalne samouprave u Srbiji od Beogradskog mira (1739) do Austrijsko-turskog rata (1788)". Balcanica (22–23).
- Zens, Robert W. (2012). "In the Name of the Sultan: Haci Mustafa Pasha of Belgrade and Ottoman Provincial Rule in the Late 18th Century". International Journal of Middle East Studies. 44 (1): 129–146.
External links
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