Sanjak

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Sanjaks
)
The Vilayets and Sanjaks of the Ottoman Empire around 1317 Hijri, 1899 Gregorian
This article is about the administrative territorial entity. For the region in Serbia and Montenegro, see Sandžak. For the village in Iran, see Sanjaq, Iran. For various other places with a similar pronunciation in French, see Saint-Jacques (disambiguation).
State organisation of
the Ottoman Empire
Coat of arms of the Ottoman Empire (1882–1922)
Classic period
Constitutional period

A sanjak (

Arabic and Persian
.

second-level administrative divisions. They continued in this purpose after the eyalets were replaced by vilayets during the Tanzimat
reforms of the 19th century.

Sanjaks were typically headed by a

sipahis
were also an important feature of each sanjak.

Sanjaks were initially carried over into the

Republic of Turkey before being reorganized as provinces (Turkish: il) in the 1920s.[when?
]

Names

Sanjak (

sanjakbey
.

Sanjaks were also known as

Ladino.[3]

Ottoman Empire

Further information: Administrative divisions of the Ottoman Empire

History

The first sanjaks appear to have been created by Orhan c. 1340 or earlier. These were Sultan-öyügü (later Sultan-önü), Hudavendigar-eli, Koca-eli and Karasi-eli.[4]

The districts which made up an eyalet were known as sanjaks, each under the command of a

Algiers. He adds to the list Yemen, with the note that ‘at the moment the Imams have usurped control’. These eyalets were, however, exceptional: the typical pattern was the eyalet subdivided into sanjaks. By the 16th century, these presented a rational administrative pattern of territories, based usually around the town or settlement from which the sanjak took its name, and with a population of perhaps 100,000.[5]

However, this had not always been the case. It seems more likely that before the mid-15th century, the most important factor in determining the pattern of sanjaks was the existence of former lordships and principalities, and of areas where marcher lords had acquired territories for themselves and their followers. Some sanjaks in fact preserved the names of the dynasties that had ruled there before the Ottoman conquest.[5]

In 1609, Ayn Ali made a note on their formal status. In listing the sanjaks in the

Ramazanoghlu. In Lebanon, Ayn Ali refers to the Druze chieftains with the note: ‘there are non-Muslim lords in the mountains.’ There were other autonomous enclaves in the Empire, whether or not they received formal recognition as sanjaks but, by the 16th century, these were exceptional.[5]

In the 1840s, the boundaries of sanjaks were redrawn to establish equal units of comparable population and wealth. Each of these sanjaks was headed by a muhassil.[6]

Government

The sanjak was governed as a vilayet, just on a smaller scale.

Ministry of the Interior.[7] Most of the sanjaks throughout the Empire were under the rule of non-hereditary appointees, who had no permanent family of territorial connections with the area.[5]

A sanjak was typically divided into

kadi) and the area equivalent to his jurisdiction (kadiluk).[1] During the Tanzimat reforms, the kadis were eventually restricted to judicial functions and administration ceded to a kaymakam and treasurer. The kazas were further divided into subdistricts (nahiye
) and villages, each overseen by an appointed official or local council.

Legacy

Occupied Enemy Territory Administration

Following

Hejaz Vilayet
.

Mandate of Syria

The

French Mandate for Syria and the Lebanon to Turkey in 1939, becoming its Hatay Province
.

Liwas

After the fall of the Ottoman Empire in the early 20th century, the liwa was used by some of its Arab successor states as an administrative divisions until it was gradually replaced by other terms like mintaqah. It is still used occasionally in Syria to refer specifically to the former Sanjak of Alexandretta, known in Arabic as Liwāʾ Iskenderun and still claimed by the Syrian state.

Sandžak

The unofficial geocultural region of Sandžak in Serbia and Montenegro derives its name from the former Ottoman Sanjak of Novi Pazar.

References

  1. ^
    ISBN 0-330-41244-2
    .
  2. Webster's New World College Dictionary
    .
  3. Martin Luther University
    ) // CITED: p. 41-43 (PDF p. 43-45/338).
  4. ^ D. E. Pitcher (1972). An Historical Geography of the Ottoman Empire: From Earliest Times to the End of the Sixteenth Century. Brill Archive. p. 125. Retrieved 2013-06-02.
  5. ^ a b c d Imber, Colin (2002). "The Ottoman Empire, 1300-1650: The Structure of Power" (PDF). pp. 177–200. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2014-07-26.
  6. ISBN 978-0-521-29166-8
    . Retrieved 2013-06-04.
  7. ^ a b A Handbook of Asia Minor, London: Intelligence Department, 1919, p. 204.
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