Coro, Venezuela
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Coro
Neu-Augsburg | |
---|---|
Capital City | |
Santa Ana de Coro | |
Coordinates: 11°25′01″N 69°40′12″W / 11.417°N 69.67°W | |
Country | Venezuela |
State | Falcón |
Municipality | Miranda |
Population (2022) | |
• Total | 195,227 |
Climate | BWh |
Official name | Coro and its Port |
Criteria | Cultural: iv, v |
Reference | 658 |
Inscription | 1993 (17th Session) |
Endangered | 2005 - |
Area | 18.4 ha |
Buffer zone | 186.3 ha |
Coro is the capital of
It has a wide cultural tradition that comes from being the urban settlement founded by the Spanish conquerors who colonized the interior of the continent. As Neu-Augsburg, it was the first German colony in the Americas under the Welser family of Augsburg (from 1528 to 1546). It was then the first capital of the Spanish Captaincy General of Venezuela (1546-1578) and head of the first bishop founded in South America in 1531. The precursor movement of the independence and of vindication of the dominated classes in Venezuela originated in this region; it is also considered to be the cradle of the Venezuelan federalist movement in the republican era.
Thanks to the city's history, culture and its well-preserved Colonial architecture, "Coro and its port La Vela" was designated in 1993 as a World Heritage Site by UNESCO.[1] Since 2005 it is on the UNESCO's List of World Heritage in Danger.[2]
Name of the place
At its founding the town was called Santa Ana de Coro (there is now an unsuccessful campaign to redeem the colonial name of the city) in the Spanish style that named new cities in America according to the Catholic calendar, accompanied by a name of Indian origin. According to the tradition the word coro derives from the
History
Early history
The city was founded on July 26, 1527, by
Santa Ana de Coro lost the political capital of the
Fall and rise
During the seventeenth century Coro was hit by a hurricane and invasions of pirates, to the point where it appeared in the charts of English and French of the time with the title of "destroyed." However, these calamities left intact the countryside, with its productive power, which allowed it to recover slowly. Thus, in the late 18th and early 19th century reaches its colonial peak. Precisely from this period are the best preserved civilian buildings in the city.
In 1795 a slave uprising occurs, and generally dominated social classes in the Sierra de Coro, led by the free zambo José Leonardo Chirino, which was aimed at the elimination of slavery and the establishment of the republican regime known for the time as "the French law". The movement, which would be the forerunner in the independence process would end in defeat, the capture and killing of rebel leader.
Independence
In 1806 an expedition landed in the port of La Vela de Coro led by
During the beginning of the Venezuelan War of Independence, Coro, Maracaibo and Guiana did not comply with the provisions of the Junta Suprema de Caracas on April 19, 1810, remaining loyal to Spanish rule. Subsequently, formed a bulwark of the Spanish Empire to land on its coasts the troops that end up destroying the First Republic of Venezuela. In 1821, finally the Coro Province incorporates to the process of independence, with the capture of the city by the troops led by the heroine Josefa Camejo and a group of patriots who came a long time plotting. By the time the General Rafael Urdaneta invades from Maracaibo commanding the Grancolombian army, and the city had been released a few days earlier for the Coro army commanded by Camejo.
The
Since the early 50s Coro was declared a National Heritage.
Geography
Coro is located at north of the
Climate
Due to its extremely high potential evapotranspiration, Coro has a hot semi-arid climate (Köppen: BSh) despite receiving an average of approximately 382 millimetres or 15 inches of rainfall per year over 40.1 precipitation days. Humidity remains at a similar level year-round. The highest rainfall occurs between October and December, while March is the driest month. The average temperature is 28.9 °C (84.0 °F), with minimum temperatures of 23 °C (73 °F) and maximum 36 °C (96.8 °F). The city is sunny, averaging over 3100 hours of sunshine a year, with January being the sunniest month.[4] It is characterized by strong winds that can register speeds of 35 kilometres per hour (22 mph; 19 kn).
On 29 April 2015, Coro recorded a temperature of 43.6 °C (110.5 °F), which is the highest temperature to have ever been recorded in Venezuela.[5] Coro has never recorded a temperature below 18.9 °C (66.0 °F).
Climate data for Coro (1991–2020, extremes 1961–2020) | |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
Record high °C (°F) | 37.8 (100.0) |
37.8 (100.0) |
41.6 (106.9) |
43.6 (110.5) |
41.4 (106.5) |
43.0 (109.4) |
43.2 (109.8) |
45.0 (113.0) |
45.0 (113.0) |
41.8 (107.2) |
39.3 (102.7) |
40.5 (104.9) |
45.0 (113.0) |
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 29.9 (85.8) |
30.1 (86.2) |
31.4 (88.5) |
31.9 (89.4) |
32.7 (90.9) |
33.0 (91.4) |
32.9 (91.2) |
33.9 (93.0) |
34.0 (93.2) |
32.3 (90.1) |
31.3 (88.3) |
30.3 (86.5) |
32.0 (89.6) |
Daily mean °C (°F) | 26.8 (80.2) |
27.2 (81.0) |
27.8 (82.0) |
28.6 (83.5) |
29.3 (84.7) |
29.4 (84.9) |
29.2 (84.6) |
29.8 (85.6) |
29.8 (85.6) |
29.1 (84.4) |
28.4 (83.1) |
27.4 (81.3) |
28.6 (83.5) |
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 23.8 (74.8) |
24.0 (75.2) |
24.6 (76.3) |
25.6 (78.1) |
26.3 (79.3) |
26.5 (79.7) |
26.2 (79.2) |
26.6 (79.9) |
26.7 (80.1) |
26.2 (79.2) |
25.6 (78.1) |
24.6 (76.3) |
25.6 (78.1) |
Record low °C (°F) | 19.5 (67.1) |
19.0 (66.2) |
19.0 (66.2) |
21.1 (70.0) |
20.4 (68.7) |
21.8 (71.2) |
20.0 (68.0) |
21.6 (70.9) |
20.5 (68.9) |
20.0 (68.0) |
20.8 (69.4) |
18.8 (65.8) |
18.8 (65.8) |
Average rainfall mm (inches) | 24.5 (0.96) |
19.9 (0.78) |
11.8 (0.46) |
19.0 (0.75) |
24.8 (0.98) |
26.8 (1.06) |
33.5 (1.32) |
39.3 (1.55) |
43.7 (1.72) |
83.9 (3.30) |
65.2 (2.57) |
57.0 (2.24) |
449.4 (17.69) |
Average rainy days (≥ 1.0 mm) | 3.4 | 2.3 | 1.3 | 2.4 | 3.2 | 4.3 | 4.1 | 4.9 | 6.1 | 8.3 | 7.3 | 7.6 | 55.2 |
Average relative humidity (%)
|
69.0 | 68.5 | 67.0 | 69.0 | 68.5 | 68.0 | 67.5 | 67.0 | 67.0 | 70.5 | 72.0 | 71.0 | 68.8 |
Mean monthly sunshine hours | 291.4 | 268.8 | 288.3 | 234.0 | 248.0 | 255.0 | 285.2 | 288.3 | 261.0 | 251.1 | 252.0 | 266.6 | 3,189.7 |
Mean daily sunshine hours | 9.4 | 9.6 | 9.3 | 7.8 | 8.0 | 8.5 | 9.2 | 9.3 | 8.7 | 8.1 | 8.4 | 8.6 | 8.7 |
Source 1: | |||||||||||||
Source 2: Instituto Nacional de Meteorología e Hidrología (humidity 1970–1998)[7][8][9] |
Politics and government
Because of its status as capital of the state, Coro is the urban center around which political life of Falcón. It is the political and administrative capital, where is the seat of state government, among others, the Regional Council Legislature, the Governor, the courts and the seat (rector) of the Universidad Nacional Experimental Francisco de Miranda, as well as, the vast majority of representations of national government bodies. It is also the capital of Miranda municipality, to which are added the municipal agencies.
The governor and the municipality is currently led by supporters of President Hugo Rafael Chávez Frías in a Venezuela's political map is also mostly covered by governors and mayors Chávez trend (MVR). However, in the December 2007 elections, the referendum on constitutional reform proposal, this party and political groups who accompanied him at the time, were the first defeat after eight years of successive electoral successes. Coro margin than in the rejection of the reform ("NO") was 57.08%. In relation to the regional elections of November 2008 the Mayor was obtained by the ruling party (PSUV), although in the city its candidate for governor of the state got fewer votes, when the city was characterized by votes ruling party.
In the September 2010 elections to the National Assembly Coro and the rest of the municipalities of Falcón and the Miranda municipality formed the circuit number 3 of the state. For the ruling party PSUV's bid was for retired Gen. Melvin Lopez Hidalgo, while the table of democratic unity MUD was for Gregorio Graterol, former candidate for governor of the state. With more than 52% of the vote, the opposition candidate for MUD Gregorio Graterol wins the seat on the circuit assembly, representing the fourth consecutive defeat of Chavismo in the city (the 2007 reform, the government in 2008, amendment in 2009 and parliamentary elections in 2010)
Conservation and World Heritage Site
The city has inherited a monumental architecture of the colonial and republican times features typical of the
With its earthen constructions unique in the Caribbean, Coro is the surviving example of the rich fusion of indigenous traditions with the Spanish Mudéjar architectural techniques and irregular shape of German Welser architecture. It is one of the first colonial cities, was founded in 1527, and its colonial architecture prevails until today. Over 600 buildings have been appointed in Coro as heritage.
The historic centre remains characteristics typical of a city of the 18th and 19th centuries, with cobbled stone streets and colonial buildings. This is an important colonial city resort and the largest complex of colonial temples in Venezuela. It contains a variety of
Since 2005 Coro has been officially listed as an "endangered" World Heritage Site (see List of World Heritage in Danger). Climate change in Venezuela, in particular heavy rains, have caused significant damage to its rich architecture. Coro's traditional buildings were built with techniques based on the use of earth (adobe, and earth reinforced with a plant structure in a technique called "bahareque"). Many of these buildings are vulnerable to heavy rains, as in its natural state earth is a material of low resistance to moisture.[10]
As well as the damage from rains between November 2004 and February 2005, the built environment had, according to UNESCO, been adversely affected by the construction of inappropriate walls and fences. There has also been concern about the construction of a new monument, beach walkways and a gateway to the city in the port of La Vela de Coro: these could have a considerable impact on the value of the site.[11]
In 2018 it was noted that while information provided by the "State Party" (i.e. Venezuela) demonstrated satisfactory advances in the implementation of many corrective measures, further information and actions were needed to ensure that the key issues previously identified as affecting the property have been adequately addressed.[12]
Monuments and tourist attractions
From its historic colonial architecture to its diverse landscapes, Coro provides various forms of tourist attraction. In the extreme northeast of the city are the Médanos de Coro National Park, large dunes that are the only desert in Venezuela. They are located along the road that runs between the colonial area of the city to the port of La Vela de Coro. The colonial town, a World Heritage Site, preserves a typical urban landscape of the 18th and 19th centuries, with its cobbled streets and hundreds of historic and traditional buildings. Some architectures reflects a Mudéjar style, while others reflect the cultural influence of the Netherlands through the colony of Curaçao. In the city there are interesting Catholic and civilians buildings, that were the scene of numerous events of historic significance, since the early republican period. Probably the architectural influences of Coro are unique.
Among the buildings and places of interest highlights include:
Since the creation of the
- Casa de las Ventanas de Hierro
Magnificent mansion built in the 17th century by Don José Francisco Garcés de la Colina. This is a house that has a portal that rises to more than eight feet high, and so named because of the large windows protected by a wrought iron structure that was imported from Andalusia.
- Iglesia y Convento de San Francisco
This religious complex consists in a church with three naves and an annex building that was a Franciscan monastery, which now houses the Diocesan Museum "Lucas Guillermo Castillo ". It begins to build in the 16th century and was destroyed by
- Iglesia de San Clemente
It has its origins in a church commanded to be built by the founder of the city
- Casa del Tesoro
Mansion built in 1770 by the Talavera family, and on this was born Bishop Mariano de Talavera, which famous corian that supported the cause of independence. The origin of its name is from the legend that in its land would be buried a treasure that has not yet been located.
Alberto Henríquez Museum of Art
The house built was built in the first half of the XVIII century by the
- Balcón de los Arcaya
Great two-story building and topped with a wooden balcony on the second floor. It was built in the 18th century as residence to the Colina Peredo family and takes its name from the family that occupied it since the mid-19th century and which was donated to the nation. It houses the People Earthenware Museum.
- Balcón de Bolívar
- Cruz de San Clemente
It is said that St. Clement's Cross marks the spot where the first mass officiate at South America. It is sheltered by a pavilion erected ordered the Marshal Juan Crisóstomo Falcón during his presidential tenure.
- Jewish cemetery of Coro
It is the oldest Jewish cemetery in South America.
- Iglesia del Carrizal
In this sanctuary is the image of the Virgin of Guadalupe of Carrizal, which according to legend, was rescued in 1723, by Native Americans of the region, of the corian beaches when a vessel sank near the coast of the people. The Natives were shocked to see the perfection of its forms.
- Casa del Sol
It is one of Venezuela's oldest houses, its construction dates from the 17th century. Its name comes from the sun located above its door, symbolizing God.
- Iglesia San Nicolás de Bari
Which would be located outside the city for a long period. It is located west of the historic centre and was built in 1741, for a lady of the Spanish elite, which, according to a promise, she vowed to build a temple on behalf of Saint Nicholas of Bari.
- Arco de la Federación
It is the monument to Marshal Juan Crisóstomo Falcón, a Corian leader during the Federal War and was also President of the Republic from 1863 to 1868.
- Church of San Gabriel
- House Gumersindo Torres
- Plaza Manaure
- Xerophytic Garden Dr. Leon Croizat
Surrounding area
Traveling one hour north, the tourist will find world-famous beaches for windsurfing in the
Economy
The economy in Coro is highly dependent on state government expenditure. Retail commercial activity, civil construction, tourism and professional services are the principal activities of the city economy.[citation needed]
See also
- La Vela de Coro
- German colonisation of the Americas
- World Heritage Sites in Danger
References
- ^ "Coro | Venezuela | History, Climate & Economy | Britannica". www.britannica.com. Retrieved 2023-10-18.
- ^ UNESCO official website.
- ^ karen Larkins, Smithsonian Magazine, March 2009, Endangered Site: Port City of Coro, Venezuela Archived 2012-06-17 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ a b "Coro Climate Normals 1961–1990". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Archived from the original on 10 February 2024. Retrieved 9 February 2024.
- ^ Masters, Jeff (27 January 2016). "Sixteen National/Territorial All-Time Extreme Heat Records Set in 2015". Wunderground. Archived from the original on 4 February 2018. Retrieved 19 July 2017.
- ^ "Coro Climate Normals 1991–2020". World Meteorological Organization Climatological Standard Normals (1991–2020). National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Archived from the original on 10 February 2024. Retrieved 9 February 2024.
- ^ "Estadísticos Básicos Temperaturas y Humedades Relativas Máximas y Mínimas Medias" (PDF). INAMEH (in Spanish). Archived from the original (pdf) on 15 June 2013. Retrieved 28 October 2012.
- ^ "Estadísticos Básicos Temperaturas y Humedades Relativas Medias" (PDF). INAMEH (in Spanish). Archived from the original (pdf) on 15 June 2013. Retrieved 28 October 2012.
- ^ "Estadísticos Básicos Lluvia" (PDF). INAMEH (in Spanish). Archived from the original (pdf) on 26 May 2012. Retrieved 28 October 2012.
- ^ World Heritage Earthen Architecture Programme
- ^ Coro and its Port, UNESCO
- ^ "Coro and its Port (Venezuela (Bolivarian Republic of))".
- ^ remodeled the Jewish cemetery in Coro Archived 2014-08-08 at the Wayback Machine. Weekly "New World Jewish." Caracas, September 2009
- ^ Kohn, Beth (2007). Lonely Planet Venezuela. Lonely Planet. p. 154. Retrieved 28 December 2013.
haiton del guarataro lonely planet.
- ^ "Curimagua". Retrieved 29 December 2013.