Saola

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Saola

Critically Endangered (IUCN 3.1)[1]
CITES Appendix I (CITES)[1]
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Mammalia
Order: Artiodactyla
Family: Bovidae
Subfamily: Bovinae
Tribe: Bovini
Genus: Pseudoryx
Dung, Giao, Chinh, Tuoc, Arctander & MacKinnon, 1993
Species:
P. nghetinhensis
Binomial name
Pseudoryx nghetinhensis
Dung, Giao, Chinh, Tuoc, Arctander & MacKinnon, 1993
Range in Vietnam and Laos

The saola (Pseudoryx nghetinhensis), also called spindlehorn, Asian unicorn, or infrequently, Vu Quang bovid, is one of the world's rarest large

ecologist, and his associates.[5] The first photograph of a living saola was taken in captivity in 1993. The most recent one was taken in 2013 by a movement-triggered camera in the forest of central Vietnam.[6][7] It is the only species in the genus
Pseudoryx.

Taxonomy

Zoological Museum of Copenhagen

In May 1992, the Ministry of Forestry,

sympatric serow. The WWF officially announced the discovery of the new species on 17 July 1992.[8]

According to biodiversity specialist Tony Whitten, though Vietnam boasts a variety of flora and fauna, many of which have been recently described, the discovery of as large an animal as the saola was quite unexpected. The saola was the first large mammal to be discovered in the area for 50 years.[9] Observations of live saola have been few and far between, restricted to the Annamite Range.[10]

The

described in 1993 by Vu Van Dung, Do Tuoc, biologists Pham Mong Giao and Nguyen Ngoc Chinh, Peter Arctander of the University of Copenhagen and John MacKinnon.[2]
The discovery of saola remains in 1992 generated huge scientific interest due to the animal's special physical traits. The saola differs significantly from all other bovid genera in appearance and morphology, enough to place it in its own genus (Pseudoryx).

A recent sequencing study of

Hippotragini (horse-like antelopes), and Antilopini
(gazelles).

Since its physical traits are so complex to classify, Pseudoryx had been classified variously as member of the subfamily Caprinae and as belonging to any of the three tribes of the subfamily Bovinae: Boselaphini, Bovini and Tragelaphini. DNA analysis has led scientists to place the saola as a member of the tribe Bovini.[11] The morphology of its horns, teeth and some other features indicate it should be grouped with less-derived or more ancestral bovids.[12] Scientific consensus may lead to classifying the saola as the sole member of a proposed new tribe, Pseudorygini.

Etymology

The name 'saola' has been translated as "

Katu) [9] In the press, saolas have been referred to as "Asian unicorns",[10] an appellation apparently due to its rarity and reported gentle nature, and perhaps because both the saola and the oryx have been linked with the unicorn. No known link exists with the Western unicorn myth or the "Chinese unicorn", the qilin.[verification needed
]

Description

Horns in the University of Copenhagen Zoological Museum

In a 1998 publication, William G. Robichaud, the coordinator of the Saola Working Group, recorded physical measurements for a captive female saola he dubbed 'Martha', in a Laotian menagerie.[14] She was observed for around 15 days until she died from unknown causes. Robichaud noted the height of the female as 84 centimetres (33 in) at the shoulder; the back was slightly elevated, nearly 12 centimetres (4.7 in) taller than the shoulder height. The head-and-body length was recorded as 150 centimetres (4.9 ft).[15] The general characteristics of the saola, as shown by studies during 1993–5 as well as the 1998 study, include a chocolate brown coat with patches of white on the face, throat and the sides of the neck, a paler shade of brown on the neck and the belly, a black dorsal stripe, and a pair of nearly parallel horns, present on both sexes.[2][15][16]

Robichaud noted that the hair, straight and 1.5–2.5 centimetres (0.59–0.98 in) long, was soft and thin–a feature unusual for an animal that is associated with montane habitats in at least a few parts of its range. While the hair was found to be short on the head and the neck, it thickened to woolly hair on the insides of the forelegs and the belly. Studies before 1998 reported a hint of red in the inspected skins. The neck and the belly are a paler shade of brown compared to the rest of the body. A common observation in all the three aforementioned studies is a 0.5 centimetres (0.20 in) thick stripe extending from the shoulders to the tail along the middle of the back. The tail, which measured 23 centimetres (9.1 in) in Robichaud's specimen, is divided into three horizontal bands, brown at the base, black at the tip and white in the middle.[2][15][16] Saola skin is 1–2 millimetres (0.039–0.079 in) thick over most of the body, but thickens to 5 millimetres (0.20 in) near the nape of the neck and at the upper shoulders. This adaptation is thought to protect against both predators and rivals' horns during fights.[17] Saolas weigh between approximately 80–100 kg (176–220 lbs).[18]

Skull fragments, also in the University of Copenhagen Zoological Museum

The saola has round

irises that appear orange when light is shone into them; a cluster of white whiskers about 2 centimetres (0.79 in) long with a presumably tactile function protrude from the end of the chin. The specimen Robichaud observed could extend its tongue up to 16 centimetres (6.3 in) and reach its eyes and upper parts of the face; the upper surface of the tongue is covered with fine, backward-pointing barbs. Robichaud observed that either of the two maxillary glands (sinuses) had a nearly rectangular hollow with the dimensions 9×3.5×1.5 centimetres (3.54×1.38×0.59 in), covered by a 0.8 centimetres (0.31 in) thick flap. The maxillary glands of the saola are probably the largest among those of all other animals. The glands are covered by a thick, pungent, grayish green, semi-solid secretion beneath which lies a sheath of few flat hairs. Robichaud observed several pores, used probably for secretion, on the upper surface of the lid. Each white facial spot shelters one or more nodules from which originate 2–2.5 centimetres (0.79–0.98 in) long white or black hairs. These secretions are typically rubbed against the underside of vegetation, leaving a musky, pungent paste. The spoor of the forelegs measured 5–6 centimetres (2.0–2.4 in) long by 5.3–6.4 centimetres (2.1–2.5 in) wide, and 6 centimetres (2.4 in) long by 5.7–6 centimetres (2.2–2.4 in) for the hindlegs.[15]

Both sexes possess slightly divergent horns that are similar in appearance and form almost the same angle with the skull, but differ in their lengths. Horns resemble the parallel wooden posts locally used to support a spinning wheel (thus the familiar name "spindlehorn").[4] These are generally dark-brown or black and about 35–50 cm long; twice the length of their head.[15] Studies in 1993 and 1995 gave the maximum distance between the horn tips of wild specimens as 20 centimetres (7.9 in),[2][16] but the female observed by Robichaud showed a divergence of 25 centimetres (9.8 in) between the tips. Robichaud noted that the horns were 7.5 centimetres (3.0 in) apart at the base. While studies prior to Robichaud's claim the horns are uniformly circular in cross-section, Robichaud observed his specimen had horns with a nearly oval cross-section. The sides of the base of the horns is rugged and indented.[15]

Distribution and habitat

The saola has one of the smallest ranges of any large mammal.

Annamite Mountains, it was sighted mostly near streams at elevations of 592–1,112 metres (1,942–3,648 ft).[21]

Ecology and behaviour

Hooves in the University of Copenhagen Zoological Museum

Local people reported that the saola is active in the day as well as at night, but prefers resting during the hot midday hours. Robichaud noted that the captive female was active mainly during the day, but pointed out that the observation could have been influenced by the unfamiliar surroundings the animal found herself in. When she rested, she would draw her forelegs inward to her belly, extend her neck so that her chin touched the ground, and close her eyes.

bushbuck, anoa, and sitatunga.[16]

Robichaud observed that the captive female was calm in the presence of humans, but was afraid of dogs. On an encounter with a dog, she would resort to snorting and thrust her head forward, pointing her horns at her opponent. Her erect ears pointed backward, and she stood stiffly with her back arched. Meanwhile, she hardly paid any attention to her surroundings. This female was found to urinate and defecate separately, dropping her hind legs and lowering her lower body – a common observation among bovids. She would spend considerable time grooming herself with her strong tongue. Marking behaviour in the female involved opening up the flap of the maxillary gland and leaving a pungent secretion on rocks and vegetation. She would give out short bleats occasionally.[15]

Diet

Robichaud offered

spleenwort (Asplenium), Homalomena, and various species of broad-leaved shrubs or trees of the family Sterculiaceae to the captive animal. The saola fed on all plants, and showed a preference for the Sterculiaceae species. She did not pull at leaves, she would rather chew or pull them into her mouth using her long tongue. She fed mainly during the day, and rarely in the dark.[15] The saola is also reputed to feed on Schismatoglottis, unlike other herbivores in its range.[22]

Reproduction

Very little information is available about the reproductive cycle of the saola. The saola is likely to have a fixed mating season, from late August to mid-November; only single calf births have been documented, mainly during summer between mid-April and late June.[15][17] In the absence of more specific data, the gestation period has been estimated as similar to that of Tragelaphus species, about 33 weeks.[15] Three reports of saola killings from nearby villagers involved young accompanying mothers. One possessed 9.5 cm (3.7 in) long horns, another an estimated 15 cm (5.9 in), and the third 18.8 cm (7.4 in); these varying horn lengths suggest a birth season extending over at least two to three months.[16]

Conservation

The saola is currently considered to be

sambar, and muntjac. More than 26,651 snares have so far been removed from saola habitats by conservation groups.[24]

The key feature of the area occupied by the saola is its remoteness from human disturbance.[25] Saola are shot for their meat, but hunters also gain high esteem in the village for the production of a carcass. Due to the scarcity, the locals place much more value on the saola than more common species. Because the people in this area are traditional hunters, their attitude about killing the saola is hard to change; this makes conservation difficult. The intense interest from the scientific community has actually motivated hunters to capture live specimens. Commercial logging has been stopped in the nature reserve area of Bu Huong, and there is an official ban on forest clearance within the boundaries of the reserve.[25]

Species of conservation concern are frequently hard to study; there are often delays in implementing or identifying necessary conservation needs due to lack of data.[26] Because the species is so rare, there is a continuous lack of adequate data; this is one of the major problems facing saola conservation. Trained scientists have never observed saola in the wild. Unfortunately, because it is unlikely that intact saola populations exist, field surveys to discover these populations are not a conservation priority.[26]

The

IUCN Species Survival Commission's Asian Wild Cattle Specialist Group, in 2006[27] to protect the saolas and their habitat. This coalition includes about 40 experts from the forestry departments of Laos and Vietnam, Vietnam's Institute of Ecology and Biological Resources, Vinh University, biologists and conservationists from Wildlife Conservation Society, and the World Wide Fund for Nature.[28]

A group of scientists from the

ovocytes and receptive females, as well as the interspecific barriers, greatly compromise the potential success of the cloning technique.[29]

Culture

The mascot of the

2021 Southeast Asian Games is Sao La. This design by Ngô Xuân Khôi defeated 557 other mascot submissions to emerge as the winner of the 2019 searching contest.[30]

See also

References

  1. ^ a b c Timmins, R. J.; Hedges, S. & Robichaud, W. (2016) [amended version of 2016 assessment]. "Pseudoryx nghetinhensis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T18597A166485696. Retrieved 16 January 2022.
  2. ^
    S2CID 4243603
    .
  3. .
  4. ^ .
  5. ^ a b Stone, Richard (August 2008). "Mystery in Vietnam". Smithsonian. pp. 18–20.
  6. ^ "Saola sighting in Vietnam raises hopes for rare mammal's recovery: Long-horned ox photographed in forest in central Vietnam, 15 years after last sighting of threatened species in wild". The Guardian. 2013.
  7. ^ "Saola Rediscovered: Rare Photos of Elusive Species from Vietnam". World Wildlife Federation. 2013.
  8. World Wildlife Fund
    . 21 May 2012. Retrieved 12 April 2016.
  9. ^ a b Cox, S.; Dao, N.T.; Johns, A.G.; Seward, K. (2004). Hardcastle, J. (ed.). Proceedings of the "Rediscovering the saola – a status review and conservation planning workshop", Pu Mat National Park, Con Cuong District, Nghe An Province Vietnam, 27-28 February 2004 (PDF) (Report). Hanoi, Vietnam: WWF Indochina Programme, SFNC Project, Pu Mat National Park. pp. 1–115.
  10. ^ a b Moskvitch, K. (16 September 2010). "Rare antelope-like mammal caught in Asia". BBC. Retrieved 17 April 2016.
  11. PMID 10380679
    .
  12. .
  13. ASTV Manager
    (in Thai). November 16, 2013. Retrieved July 2, 2016.
  14. ^ DeBuys (2015), p. 138.
  15. ^
    JSTOR 1382970
    .
  16. ^ .
  17. ^ a b Huffman, B. "Saola (Pseudoryx nghetinhensis) - Detailed information". Ultimate Ungulate. Retrieved 18 April 2013.
  18. ^ "Saola | Species | WWF". World Wildlife Fund. Retrieved 2023-06-28.
  19. ^ Saola. WWF. (n.d.). Retrieved March 18, 2022, from https://wwf.panda.org/discover/our_focus/wildlife_practice/profiles/mammals/saola/
  20. ^ Burgess, Neil (1997). "The Saola (Pseudoryx Nghetinhensis) in Vietnam - New Information on Distribution and Habitat Preferences, and Conservation Needs". GreenFile.
  21. .
  22. ^ DeBuys (2015), p. 163.
  23. ^ "Saola | Species | WWF." WWF - Endangered Species Conservation World Wide Fund for Nature. N.p., n.d. Web. 24 April 2013
  24. ^ " Home - Saola Working Group ." N.p., n.d. Web. 18 April 2013
  25. ^ .
  26. ^ .
  27. IUCN
    . 2011-05-31.
  28. ^ "Experts on the saola: The "Last chance" to save one of the world's rarest mammals". Scientific American.
  29. ISSN 0717-9502
    .
  30. ^ "Công bố và trao giải cuộc thi sáng tác biểu trưng, biểu tượng vui SEA Games 31 và ASEAN Para Games 11 năm 2021, tại Việt Nam". Vietnam Sports Administration (in Vietnamese). Retrieved 20 November 2020.

Sources

  • DeBuys, William (2015). The Last Unicorn: A Search for One of Earth's Rarest Creatures. Back Bay Books. .

Further reading

External links

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