Sara Sara

Coordinates: 15°19′46″S 73°26′41″W / 15.32944°S 73.44472°W / -15.32944; -73.44472
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For the mountain in the Apurímac Region, Peru, see Sara Sara (Apurímac).

Sara Sara
Ayacucho Region
Parent rangeAndes
Geology
Age of rockPleistocene

Sara Sara is a 5,505-metre-high (18,061 ft) volcano lying between

lava flows and lava domes. The volcano was glaciated during the last glacial maximum; it may still feature glaciers. The last eruption was about 14,000 years ago and future eruptions are possible. The volcano was worshipped by the local population, and an Inca mummy
of a 15-year old girl was found on the summit by archaeologists.

Geography and geomorphology

Sara Sara lies within the

Ayacucho Region, Peru.[4] The town of Pausa lies 12 kilometres (7.5 mi) away from the volcano, and agriculture occurs in the valleys of the area.[5] A disused road passes over the southern flank of the volcano and reaches an elevation of 4,600 metres (15,100 ft).[6]

The volcano is 5,505 metres (18,061 ft) high

pyroclastic cone of recent age is found on the mountain[13] and a recent lava flow descends the eastern flank.[2] The western flank is heavily eroded.[8] West of the volcano is Lake Parinacochas to its east is the Ocoña River.[2]

Glaciers

Glacial

equilibrium line altitude descended to 4,500–4,800 metres (14,800–15,700 ft).[3]

Presently, it reaches 5,200 metres (17,100 ft) elevation at Sara Sara.

glaciated,[22] with an ice cap covering approximately 20 square kilometres (7.7 sq mi),[2] and alternatively, it has been stated that it only has a temporary snow cover.[14] Active rock glaciers extend below the snowline on the western and northern flanks, and inactive rock glaciers are found at lower elevations.[6] Water used for irrigation originates at Sara Sara's foot.[23]

Geology

The

South America Plate, which takes place off the western coast of South America.[26]

The basement is formed by Precambrian and Paleozoic rocks, which are covered by Mesozoic and Cenozoic sediments and volcanites.[9] The volcano is part of a 30 kilometres (19 mi) long, fault-controlled chain of volcanoes, which includes Cerro Grande, Yarihuato, Puca Ccasa, Sara Sara, Puca Puca and Cerro Queñuapunco.[9] A major geological lineament known as the Sara Sara lineament[27] runs across the volcano in northwest-southeast direction.[28]

A depression west of Sara Sara which contains the

Laguna Parinacochas[29] may be the source of the regional Caraveli ignimbrite[30] that was emplaced 8-9 million years ago.[31] This depression constitutes the 25 by 35 kilometres (16 mi × 22 mi) wide Incahuasi caldera, which may be connected to the magmatic system of Sara Sara.[32]

During its history, Sara Sara has produced

volcaniclastic rocks of Sara Sara define the Sara Sara Formation, a geological formation defined for the western sector of the volcano.[35] The Sara Sara volcanics are sometimes considered part of the Barroso Group of volcanic rocks.[36]

Climate, vegetation and economic activity

The climate shows altitudinal zonation, with temperatures ranging from 20–6 °C (68–43 °F) in the valleys to freezing temperatures above 5,200 metres (17,100 ft). Precipitation is seasonal and mostly falls during summer, at higher elevations in the form of hail and snow[37] which covers the ground for months. There are no close weather stations, but above 4,500 metres (14,800 ft) elevation the climate is always cold with temperatures never rising above 5 °C (41 °F).[38]

Trees grow at lower elevations, while only ichu and quinua are present above 4,000 metres (13,000 ft). Alfalfa and maize are cultivated at lower altitudes.[37] Animal husbandry, small commerce and tourism complete the economic activities of the region.[38]

Eruption history

Sara Sara was active during the last 2 million years[2] and produced the lower Barroso and Lampa Volcanics.[4] Fresh lava and pyroclastic flows imply recent activity.[5] The volcanic activity has been subdivided into four stages:[39]

  • Some publications define a first stage featuring lava flow and lava dome emissions.[40]
  • The first stage featured an alternation of explosive eruptions and effusive eruptions. Two events took place 500,000±270,000 and 370,000±150,000 years ago.[41] It also featured a sector collapse in the northeastern sector of Sara Sara.[42]
  • During the second stage lava domes grew and collapsed on the volcano, one such event occurred 162,000±20,000 years ago on the eastern flank.[41]
  • The third stage consisted of
    dacitic lava flows that built the actual cone of the volcano, beginning 63,000-58,000 years ago.[41]
  • Sometimes considered part of the third stage,
    lava flows from[39] a cone named Yana Ranra on the eastern flank.[44] This flow is dated to 14,000±4,000 years ago.[33]

Two pyroclastic flows dated to 44,500 and 49,200 years before present

fumarolic activity was reported in 1963.[2] Hot springs are found northeast of Sara Sara in the Quilcata valley and close to the town of Chacaraya, implying the presence of a shallow magma chamber.[5]

Hazards and monitoring

The volcano is considered to be "moderately dangerous" by the Peruvian Geological Service.

seismic and other monitoring techniques for Sara Sara.[52]

Archeology and religious importance

A flat area with sparse trees and rocks in the foreground: On the left a low ridge and in the background a snowcovered mountain
Sara Sara and Lake Parinacochas (foreground) as seen from Inka Wasi

The mountain was worshipped by local populations in and before

Inca time, and the Inca performed human sacrifices on it.[53]
During
Inca times it was part of the Kuntisuyu province.[54]

According to the writings of a cleric Cristóbal de Albornoz, who beginning in 1570 wrote about local religious practices, the local population considered Sara Sara a sacred mountain and offered gold, silver, animals and servants to it.[53] In 1996, archaeologists discovered a burial in a collapsed structure just northeast of the summit and recovered a body.[55] This mummy was nicknamed "Sarita" and appears to be a 15-year old girl.[56] It was accompanied by the remnants of offerings and the ice surrounding the body had melted. Additional offerings such as a llama and a silver object were also recovered from the summit.[55]

Stone walls are found on the ridge at the summit of Sara Sara.

Inca and Wari cultures. Incaptiana is a site at the top of a hill at 4,565 metres (14,977 ft) elevation where Inca buildings were identified.[55]

See also

References

  1. ^ Sara Sara on Peakbagger.com
  2. ^ a b c d e f g Macedo Sánchez 2016, p. 16.
  3. ^
    ISSN 1040-6182
    .
  4. ^ a b c d Morche & Núñez Juárez 1998, p. 1.
  5. ^ a b c d Morche & Núñez Juárez 1998, p. 3.
  6. ^ a b c d Dornbusch 2002, p. 107.
  7. ^ Morche & Núñez Juárez 1998, p. 4.
  8. ^ a b Dornbusch 2002, p. 106.
  9. ^ a b c d Morche & Núñez Juárez 1998, p. 9.
  10. ^ Rivera Porras et al. 2020, p. 14.
  11. ^ Morche & Núñez Juárez 1998, p. 10.
  12. ^ Martínez Valladares & Cervantes Gárate 2003, p. 9.
  13. ^ Morche & Núñez Juárez 1998, pp. 3–4.
  14. ^ a b Rivera Porras et al. 2020, p. 39.
  15. ^ Rivera Porras et al. 2020, p. 40.
  16. ^ Dornbusch 2002, p. 108.
  17. ^ Dornbusch 2002, pp. 107–108.
  18. ^ Dornbusch 2002, p. 110.
  19. ^ Rivera Porras et al. 2020, p. 83.
  20. ^ a b Rivera Porras 2018, p. 89.
  21. ^ Dornbusch 2000, p. 2.
  22. ^ Dornbusch 2000, p. 6.
  23. hdl:20.500.12543/4210
    .
  24. ^
    S2CID 129294486
    .
  25. ^ Rivera Porras et al. 2020, p. 11.
  26. ISSN 0377-0273
    .
  27. ^ Martínez Valladares & Cervantes Gárate 2003, p. 16.
  28. ^ Martínez Valladares & Cervantes Gárate 2003, Map3.
  29. ^ Rivera Porras et al. 2020, p. 45.
  30. Bibcode:2012EGUGA..14.4807D
    .
  31. ^ Thouret et al. 2016, pp. 9–10.
  32. ^ Le Pennec, Jean-Luc; Rivera Porras, Marco Antonio; Soncco Calsina, Yhon Hidelver; De la Rupelle, Aude; Paquette, Jean-Louis; Cueva Sandoval, Kevin Arnold; Vela Valdez, Jessica Carolina; Guillou, Hervé (September 2019). The Incahuasi resurgent caldera (Ayacucho Province, Peru), a site of high-magnitude explosive eruptions in Miocene times (Report). Instituto Geológico, Minero y Metalúrgico – INGEMMET.
  33. ^ a b c d Rivera Porras 2018, p. 91.
  34. ^ Morche & Núñez Juárez 1998, p. 19.
  35. ^ Olchauski Lomparte, Enrique (1980). Geología de los cuadrángulos de Jaqui, Coracora, Chala y Chaparra. Hojas: 31-ñ, 31-o, 32-ñ, y 32-o - [Boletín A 34] (Report). Instituto Geológico, Minero y Metalúrgico - INGEMMET.
  36. ^ Martínez Valladares & Cervantes Gárate 2003, p. 1.
  37. ^ a b Morche & Núñez Juárez 1998, pp. 5–6.
  38. ^ a b Rivera Porras et al. 2020, p. 18.
  39. ^ a b Cueva Sandoval et al. 2018, p. 4.
  40. ^ Rivera Porras et al. 2020, p. 53.
  41. ^ a b c Rivera Porras 2018, p. 90.
  42. ^ Cueva Sandoval et al. 2018, p. 3.
  43. ^ Rivera Porras 2018, pp. 90–91.
  44. ^ Cueva Sandoval et al. 2018, Fig2.
  45. ISSN 1142-2904
    .
  46. ^ Thouret et al. 2016, p. 10.
  47. ^ Centeno Quico & Rivera 2020, p. 30.
  48. ^ Del Carpio Calienes, José Alberto; Rivera, Marco; Torres, José; Tavera, Hernando; Puma, Nino (August 2022). "Evaluación del peligro volcánico en Perú: una herramienta para la gestión del riesgo de desastres": 69. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  49. ^ Macedo Sánchez 2016, p. 29.
  50. ^ Rivera Porras et al. 2020, p. 126.
  51. ^ Centeno Quico & Rivera 2020, p. 13.
  52. ^ Macedo Sánchez 2016, p. 36.
  53. ^
    ISSN 1551-8248
    .
  54. PMID 26345378
    .
  55. ^
    ISSN 0717-7356
    .
  56. PMID 17923675
    .
  57. ^
    ISBN 978-1-933056-70-8
    .

Sources

External links
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