Sardar

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Sardar, also spelled as Sardaar/Sirdar (

In Himalayan mountaineering, a sirdar is a local leader of the Sherpas.^[4] Among other duties, he records the heights reached by each Sherpa, which factors into their compensation.

Princes

• The Kapurthala State, have been ruled by kings of state styled Sardar. For example, the king of Kapurthala used the title of Sardar.^[5]

Examples of regional use

• Baluchistan

  , the title Sardar marked the chief of his tribe.

• In the
  King Amanullah in 1923, was bestowed for exceptional service to the Crown by the Afghan monarch. Recipients enjoyed the titles of Sardar-i-Ala or Sardar-i-Ali before their names and also received grants of land. The original Order was disbanded in 1929, and was later revived by King Muhammad Zahir Shah
  .
• In
  Ottoman Turkey, Serdar was a rank in Bosnia Eyalet with Herzegovina Eyalet, later Bosnia Vilayet, encompassing entire Bosnia and Herzegovina, and parts of Montenegro and Serbia, as well as in other parts Ottoman Montenegro, Serbia, and other lands. Serdar was also used in the Principality of Montenegro and the Principality of Serbia as an honorary "title" below that of Vojvoda. For example, Janko Vukotić
  who was a military leader and former prime minister of Montenegro with title of Serdar. However, these were not noble titles as there was no nobility in Serbia and Montenegro and no hereditary titles apart from those borne by members of the reigning families of both countries.
• In
  Fat′h-Ali Shah Qajar in the Russo-Persian Wars of 1804 and 1826
  .
• In Punjab, village chiefs, military commanders, and noble personalities were referred to as Sardars. The title is commonly used by both Muslims and Sikhs.
• The early
  life peers
  ; the title was not hereditary.
• If the Sardar was appointed to
  Maratha forces, the style Senapati was used in combination (e.g., Sardar Senapati or Sarsenapati Khanderao Yesajirao Dabhade. The title Senapati is a primogeniture hereditary title, as is evidenced by the current Senapati Shrimant Sardar Padmasenraje Dabhade of Talegaon Dabhade
  .
• In the
  Chief Minister of a remote province; this best equates to a Mughal Subahdar or British Viceroy
  in function and rank.
• The title Sirdar was used by Englishmen to describe native noblemen in
  British India (e.g., Sirdars of the Deccan
  ).

• In the Hazara Division of Pakistan, the word Sardar is used by the Karlal tribe, traditionally, to stress their upper-caste status.
• In the small district of
  Sudhanoti, Kashmir, Sardar is used by the hybrid Sudhan
  tribe. Also, Poonch families in this region use Sardar at the beginning of their names.
• Similarly Sardar is used by
  Khattar tribe noble men, native to the districts of Attock and adjacent areas of Rawalpindi
  .
• Sardar was used for important political, tribal, military and religious officers rankings by the
  Sikhs during the period of Maharaja Ranjit Singh
  .

• In Persian, Sardar i-Azam was occasionally used as an alternative title for the
  Major General Abdol Majid Mirza
  .
• Vallabhbhai Patel, the first Deputy Prime Minister of India was referred to as Sardar Patel; he is also now known as the "Iron Man of India".
• Sadr-e-Riyasat was the title of one Constitutional
  Head of State of the princely state of Kashmir, Yuvaraj Shri Karan Singhji Bahadur, who was appointed as Heir Apparent in 1931. After his father had acceded to India, ending the sovereign Monarchy, Regent in 1949 to 1956. Sardar-i-Riyasat 1956 to 1965 (succeeded on the death of his father as Maharaja of Jammu and Kashmir, 1961, no longer carrying any hereditary power), next Governor of the Indian constitutive State of Jammu and Kashmir
  1965 to 1967.
• Mohammed Daoud Khan
  of Afghanistan had the title of Sardar as president.
• Saparmurat Niyazov, the authoritarian ruler of Turkmenistan in 1990–2006, carried a few glorifying titles, one of which was Serdar (“Leader”).^[6]
• Sardar Sulakhan Singh Puar
  of Sikh Empire had the title of Sardar. Among Sikhs, Sardar is the title used by Sikh nobles, Military leaders & village chiefs.

Military title

• Sardar is a title used by the Koli caste of Maharashtra during the reign of Bahamani and Ahmednagar Sultanates conferred by the Sultans of Both sultanates to the Koli fortkeeper or Koli protecters of hilly tracts.^{[7][8][9][10]}
• The later
  General of the Army
  .
• Commander-in-Chief of the Anglo-Egyptian army.^[2]
• The title Serdar is also common amongst Ottomans in referring to a Commander-in-Chief. The Serbs adopted this usage from the Ottomans (e.g. Serdar Janko Vukotić).
• In Turkish, Serdar or Serdar-i-Ekrem was the title of the Commander-in-Chief in several military operations throughout the Ottoman Empire history.
• In Afghanistan, Sardar-i-Salar meant
  General of the Army
  .
• In Iran,
  List of senior officers of the Islamic Revolutionary Guards
  )
• During the time of Maharaja Ranjit Singh, the term Sardar became even more common as a title given to Sikh men. Although it was officially reserved to address a high-ranking official or a commanding chief such as a general or officer.^[11]