Caribbean Hindustani
Caribbean Hindustani | |
---|---|
कैरेबियाई हिंदुस्तानी (Devanagari script) 𑂍𑂶𑂩𑂵𑂥𑂱𑂨𑂰𑂆⸱𑂯𑂱𑂁𑂠𑂳𑂮𑂹𑂞𑂰𑂢𑂲 (Kaithi script) کَیریبئائی ہندوستانی (Perso-Arabic script) | |
Region | Caribbean |
Ethnicity | |
Native speakers | 150,000 in Suriname (2018)[1] ca. 1600 in Trinidad and Tobago (in 2003) 299,400 in all countries (2006–2019)[1] |
Early forms | |
Dialects | |
Language codes | |
ISO 639-3 | hns |
Glottolog | cari1275 |
Caribbean Hindustani (
Because a majority of people came from the
Caribbean Hindustani is spoken as a vernacular by Indo-Caribbeans, independent of their religious background. Although, Hindus tend to incorporate more
Chutney music, chutney soca, chutney parang, baithak gana, folk music, classical music, some Hindu religious songs, some Muslim religious songs, and even some Indian Christian religious songs are sung in Caribbean Hindustani, sometimes being mixed with English in the Anglophone Caribbean or Dutch in Suriname and the Dutch Caribbean.
Guyanese Hindustani
The Caribbean Hindustani of Guyana is known as Guyanese Hindustani, Guyanese Bhojpuri, Puraniya Hindi, or Aili Gaili. It is spoken by some members in a community of 300,000 Indo-Guyanese, mostly by the older generation.[7] The Nickerian-Berbician Hindustani dialect of Guyanese Hindustani and Sarnami is spoken in East Berbice-Corentyne in Guyana and the neighboring district of Nickerie in Suriname.[8]
Trinidadian Hindustani
The variant that is spoken in
Sarnami Hindustani
Sarnami or Sarnami Hindoestani or Sarnami Hindustani meaning Surinamese Hindustani is the third-most spoken language in Suriname after Dutch and Sranan Tongo (the two lingua francas).[17] It developed as a fusion of
Nickerian-Berbician Hindustani
Nickerian-Berbician Hindustani, also called Nickerian Sarnami or Berbician Hindustani, is a unique dialect of Sarnami and Guyanese Bhojpuri-Hindustani that developed in the district of
Research and promotional efforts
Early research on the language has been conducted by Motilall Rajvanshi Marhe from Suriname, Peggy Mohan and Noor Kumar Mahabir from Trinidad and Tobago, and Surendra Kumar Gambhir in Guyana.[21][22][23][24][6] Attempts to preserve the language are being made by Caribbean Hindustani Inc. led by Visham Bhimull, Sarnami Bol Inc. led by Rajsingh Ramanjulu in Suriname,[25] Karen Dass in Trinidad and Tobago, and Harry Hergash in Canada who is originally from Guyana.[26][27][28][29][30][31]
See also
Footnotes
- ^ Bhojpuri is descended from Magadhi Prakrit and Awadhi is descended from Ardhamagadhi Prakrit
- ^ Bhojpuri is descended from Magadhan Apabhraṃśa and Awadhi is descended from Ardhamagadhi Apabhraṃśa
- ^ Only Bhojpuri is descended from Abahattha, not Awadhi. Awadhi comes straight from Ardhamagadhi Apabhraṃśa
- ^ Nastaliq calligraphic hand, Urdu alphabet
References
- ^ a b c d Caribbean Hindustani at Ethnologue (25th ed., 2022)
- ^ a b c d "Script".
- ^ a b "The Wesleyan Missionary Notices, Relating Principally to the Foreign Missions First Established by the Rev. John Wesley, M.A. The Rev. Dr. Coke and Others, and Now Carried on Under the Direction of the Methodist Conference". 1867.
- ^ a b Pandey, Anshuman (2007). "Proposal to Encode the Kaithi Script in Plane 1 of ISO/IEC 10646" (PDF).
- ^ "Language".
- ^ a b Archived at Ghostarchive and the Wayback Machine: "Motilall Marhé meets Peggy Mohan for the first time to duscuss Bhojpuri". YouTube.
- ^ "Bhojpuri and its links to Guyana and the Caribbean". 24 July 2016.
- ^ a b "Djamoeni Dewdath tell her life story in the Nickerian Sarnami dialect". YouTube.
- ^ ISBN 9780761932185.
- ISBN 9789766483227.
- ^ "The Hindustani language as an element of Caribbean identity". YouTube.
- ^ ISBN 9780195139778. Retrieved 15 April 2020.
- ^ "The Languages spoken in Trinidad and Tobago".
- ^ "10,000 students graduate in Hindi".
- .
- ^ "TT celebrates World Hindi Day". Trinidad and Tobago Newsday. 19 January 2020.
- ^ "The Languages spoken in Suriname". SpainExchange Country Guide. Retrieved 4 January 2021.
- ^ a b Damsteegt, Theo (1988). "Sarnami: a Living Language". In Richard Keith Barz; Jeff Siegel (eds.). Language Transplanted: The Development of Overseas Hindi. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz. pp. 95–120.
- ^ Vinay Lal (26 June 2009). "From Masjid to Mandir: Across the Corentyne, into Suriname". southasia.ucla.edu.
- user-generated source]
- ^ "Motilall Marhe". Chutney Music. 3 June 2020.
- ^ Priya J. Ramcharan (4 July 2020). "The Awareness of an Indian Decendant". ICDN.
- ^ "Peggy Mohan". HarperCollins Publishers India.
- ^ "Dr Kumar Mahabir Donates Copies of His Audio-Cassettes to UWI". Indo-Caribbean Publications. Retrieved 8 February 2021.
- ^ "Home". Caribbean Hindustani. Retrieved 6 June 2022.
- ^ "Who We Are".
- ^ "Sarnami Bol".
- ^ "The Linguistic Legacy of Indian-Guyanese". 21 April 2014.
- ^ Hergash Launches Book on Indian-Guyanese Words, Phrases (PDF). Retrieved 7 April 2021 – via guyaneseonline.files.wordpress.com.
- ^ "Author Releases Book on Words and Phrases Used by Indian Immigrants, Descendants". Guyana Chronicle. 11 September 2013.
- ^ Kaveeta Sharma (n.d.). "Guyanese Hindi Dictionary" (PDF). Retrieved 7 April 2021.