Saskatchewan
Saskatchewan | |
---|---|
Latin)[1] ("From Many Peoples, Strength") | |
Coordinates: 54°00′00″N 106°00′02″W / 54.00000°N 106.00056°W District of Assiniboia, District of Athabasca, District of Saskatchewan | |
Confederation | September 1, 1905 (split from NWT) (10th, with Alberta) |
Capital | Regina |
Largest city | Saskatoon |
Largest metro | Greater Saskatoon |
Government | |
• Type | Legislature of Saskatchewan |
Federal representation | Parliament of Canada |
House seats | 14 of 338 (4.1%) |
Senate seats | 6 of 105 (5.7%) |
Area | |
• Total | 651,900 km2 (251,700 sq mi) |
• Land | 591,670 km2 (228,450 sq mi) |
• Water | 59,366 km2 (22,921 sq mi) 9.1% |
• Rank | 7th |
6.5% of Canada | |
Population (2021) | |
• Total | 1,132,505[3] |
• Estimate (Q1 2024) | 1,225,493[4] |
• Rank | 6th |
• Density | 1.91/km2 (4.9/sq mi) |
Demonym | Saskatchewanian (official)[5] |
Official languages | English[citation needed] |
Paper birch | |
Bird | Sharp-tailed grouse |
Rankings include all provinces and territories |
Saskatchewan (
Residents primarily live in the southern prairie half of the province, while the northern half is mostly forested and sparsely populated. Roughly half live in the province's largest city Saskatoon or the provincial capital Regina. Other notable cities include Prince Albert, Moose Jaw, Yorkton, Swift Current, North Battleford, Estevan, Weyburn, Melfort, and the border city Lloydminster.[9] English is the primary language of the province, with 82.4% of Saskatchewanians speaking English as their first language.[10]
Saskatchewan has been inhabited for thousands of years by indigenous groups. Europeans first explored the area in 1690 and first settled in the area in 1774. It became a province in 1905, carved out from the vast North-West Territories, which had until then included most of the Canadian Prairies. In the early 20th century, the province became known as a stronghold for Canadian social democracy; North America's first social-democratic government was elected in 1944. The province's economy is based on agriculture, mining, and energy.
Saskatchewan is presently governed by Premier Scott Moe, a member of the Saskatchewan Party, which has been in power since 2007.
In 1992, the federal and provincial governments signed a historic land claim agreement with First Nations in Saskatchewan.[11] The First Nations received compensation which they could use to buy land on the open market for the bands. They have acquired about 3,079 km2 (761,000 acres; 1,189 sq mi), new reserve lands under this process. Some First Nations have used their settlement to invest in urban areas, including Regina and Saskatoon.[11]
Etymology
The name of the province is derived from the
Geography
Saskatchewan is the only province without a
Saskatchewan is part of the western provinces and is bounded on the west by
The overwhelming majority of Saskatchewan's population is in the southern third of the province, south of the 53rd parallel.
Saskatchewan contains two major natural regions: the
The province's highest point, at 1,392 m (4,567 ft), is in the Cypress Hills less than 2 km (1.2 mi) from the provincial boundary with Alberta.[14] The lowest point is the shore of Lake Athabasca, at 213 m (699 ft). The province has 14 major drainage basins made up of various rivers and watersheds draining into the Arctic Ocean, Hudson Bay and the Gulf of Mexico.[15]
Climate
Saskatchewan receives more hours of
Saskatchewan is one of the most tornado-active parts of Canada, averaging roughly 12 to 18 tornadoes per year, some violent. In 2012, 33 tornadoes were reported in the province. The Regina Cyclone took place in June 1912 when 28 people died in an F4 Fujita scale tornado. Severe and non-severe thunderstorm events occur in Saskatchewan, usually from early spring to late summer. Hail, strong winds and isolated tornadoes are a common occurrence.
The hottest temperature ever recorded in Saskatchewan was in July 1937 when the temperature rose to 45 °C (113 °F) in Midale and Yellow Grass. The coldest ever recorded in the province was −56.7 °C (−70.1 °F) in Prince Albert, north of Saskatoon, in February 1893.
City | Average maximum in July | Average minimum in July | Average maximum in January | Average minimum in January |
---|---|---|---|---|
Maple Creek | 27 °C (81 °F) | 11 °C (52 °F) | −5 °C (23 °F) | −16 °C (3 °F) |
Estevan | 27 °C (81 °F) | 13 °C (55 °F) | −9 °C (16 °F) | −20 °C (−4 °F) |
Weyburn | 26 °C (79 °F) | 12 °C (54 °F) | −10 °C (14 °F) | −21 °C (−6 °F) |
Moose Jaw | 26 °C (79 °F) | 12 °C (54 °F) | −8 °C (18 °F) | −19 °C (−2 °F) |
Regina | 26 °C (79 °F) | 11 °C (52 °F) | −10 °C (14 °F) | −22 °C (−8 °F) |
Saskatoon | 25 °C (77 °F) | 11 °C (52 °F) | −12 °C (10 °F) | −22 °C (−8 °F) |
Melville | 25 °C (77 °F) | 11 °C (52 °F) | −12 °C (10 °F) | −23 °C (−9 °F) |
Swift Current | 25 °C (77 °F) | 11 °C (52 °F) | −7 °C (19 °F) | −17 °C (1 °F) |
Humboldt | 24 °C (75 °F) | 11 °C (52 °F) | −12 °C (10 °F) | −23 °C (−9 °F) |
Melfort | 24 °C (75 °F) | 11 °C (52 °F) | −14 °C (7 °F) | −23 °C (−9 °F) |
North Battleford | 24 °C (75 °F) | 11 °C (52 °F) | −12 °C (10 °F) | −22 °C (−8 °F) |
Yorkton | 24 °C (75 °F) | 11 °C (52 °F) | −13 °C (9 °F) | −23 °C (−9 °F) |
Lloydminster | 23 °C (73 °F) | 11 °C (52 °F) | −10 °C (14 °F) | −19 °C (−2 °F) |
Prince Albert | 24 °C (75 °F) | 11 °C (52 °F) | −13 °C (9 °F) | −25 °C (−13 °F) |
Climate change
The effects of
History
Saskatchewan has been populated by various
The first known European to enter Saskatchewan was Henry Kelsey from England in 1690, who travelled up the Saskatchewan River in hopes of trading fur with the region's indigenous peoples. Fort La Jonquière and Fort de la Corne were first established in 1751 and 1753 by early French explorers and traders. The first permanent European settlement was a Hudson's Bay Company post at Cumberland House, founded in 1774 by Samuel Hearne.[23] The southern part of the province was part of Spanish Louisiana from 1762 until 1802.[24]
19th century
In 1803, the Louisiana Purchase transferred from France to the United States part of what is now Alberta and Saskatchewan. In 1818, the U.S. ceded the area to Britain. Most of what is now Saskatchewan was part of Rupert's Land and controlled by the Hudson's Bay Company, which claimed rights to all watersheds flowing into Hudson Bay, including the Saskatchewan River, Churchill, Assiniboine, Souris, and Qu'Appelle River systems.
In the late 1850s and early 1860s, scientific expeditions led by John Palliser and Henry Youle Hind explored the prairie region of the province.
In 1870, Canada acquired the Hudson's Bay Company's territories and formed the
In 1876, following their defeat of United States Army forces at the Battle of the Little Bighorn in Montana Territory in the United States, the Lakota Chief Sitting Bull led several thousand of his people to Wood Mountain. Survivors and descendants founded Wood Mountain Reserve in 1914.
The North-West Mounted Police set up several posts and forts across Saskatchewan, including Fort Walsh in the Cypress Hills, and Wood Mountain Post in south-central Saskatchewan near the United States border.
Many
European settlements
The national policy set by the federal government, the Canadian Pacific Railway, the Hudson's Bay Company and associated land companies encouraged immigration. The Dominion Lands Act of 1872 permitted settlers to acquire one-quarter of a square mile of land to homestead and offered an additional quarter upon establishing a homestead. In 1874, the North-West Mounted Police began providing police services. In 1876, the North-West Territories Act provided for appointment, by the Ottawa, of a Lieutenant Governor and a Council to assist him.[25]
Highly optimistic advertising campaigns promoted the benefits of prairie living. Potential immigrants read leaflets that described Canada as a favourable place to live and downplayed the need for agricultural expertise. Ads in The Nor'-West Farmer by the Commissioner of Immigration implied that western land held water, wood, gold, silver, iron, copper, and cheap coal for fuel, all of which were readily at hand. The reality was far harsher, especially for the first arrivals who lived in sod houses. However eastern money poured in and by 1913, long term mortgage loans to Saskatchewan farmers had reached $65 million.[26]
The dominant groups comprised British settlers from eastern Canada and Britain, who comprised about half of the population during the late 19th and early 20th centuries. They played the leading role in establishing the basic institutions of plains society, economy and government.[27]
20th century
Gender roles were sharply defined. Men were primarily responsible for breaking the land; planting and harvesting; building the house; buying, operating and repairing machinery; and handling finances. At first, there were many single men on the prairie, or husbands whose wives were still back east, but they had a hard time. They realized the need for a wife. In 1901, there were 19,200 families, but this surged to 150,300 families only 15 years later. Wives played a central role in settlement of the prairie region. Their labour, skills, and ability to adapt to the harsh environment proved decisive in meeting the challenges. They prepared bannock, beans and bacon, mended clothes, raised children, cleaned, tended the garden, helped at harvest time and nursed everyone back to health. While prevailing patriarchal attitudes, legislation, and economic principles obscured women's contributions, the flexibility exhibited by farm women in performing productive and nonproductive labour was critical to the survival of family farms, and thus to the success of the wheat economy.[28][29]
On September 1, 1905, Saskatchewan became a province, with inauguration day held on September 4. Its political leaders at the time proclaimed its destiny was to become Canada's most powerful province. Saskatchewan embarked on an ambitious province-building program based on its Anglo-Canadian culture and wheat production for the export market. Population quintupled from 91,000 in 1901 to 492,000 in 1911, thanks to heavy immigration of farmers from Ukraine, U.S., Germany and Scandinavia. Efforts were made to assimilate the newcomers to British Canadian culture and values.[30]
In the 1905 provincial elections, Liberals won 16 of 25 seats in Saskatchewan. The Saskatchewan government bought out Bell Telephone Company in 1909, with the government owning the long-distance lines and left local service to small companies organized at the municipal level.
Immigration peaked in 1910, and in spite of the initial difficulties of frontier life – distance from towns, sod homes, and backbreaking labour – new settlers established a European-Canadian style of prosperous
Urban reform movements in Regina were based on support from business and professional groups. City planning, reform of local government, and municipal ownership of utilities were more widely supported by these two groups, often through such organizations as the Board of Trade. Church-related and other altruistic organizations generally supported social welfare and housing reforms; these groups were generally less successful in getting their own reforms enacted.[35]
The province responded to the First World War in 1914 with patriotic enthusiasm and enjoyed the resultant economic boom for farms and cities alike. Emotional and intellectual support for the war emerged from the politics of Canadian national identity, the rural myth, and social gospel progressivism The Church of England was especially supportive. However, there was strong hostility toward German-Canadian farmers.[36] Recent Ukrainian immigrants were enemy aliens because of their citizenship in the Austro-Hungarian Empire. A small fraction were taken to internment camps. Most of the internees were unskilled unemployed labourers who were imprisoned "because they were destitute, not because they were disloyal".[37][38]
The price of wheat tripled and acreage seeded doubled. The wartime spirit of sacrifice intensified social reform movements that had predated the war and now came to fruition. Saskatchewan gave women the right to vote in 1916 and at the end of 1916 passed a referendum to prohibit the sale of alcohol.
In the late 1920s, the
Post–Second World War
In 1970, the first annual
The province celebrated the 75th anniversary of its establishment in 1980, with Princess Margaret, Countess of Snowdon, presiding over the official ceremonies.[39][40] In 2005, 25 years later, her sister, Queen Elizabeth II, attended the events held to mark Saskatchewan's centennial.[41]
Since the late 20th century, First Nations have become more politically active in seeking justice for past inequities, especially related to the taking of indigenous lands by various governments. The federal and provincial governments have negotiated on numerous land claims, and developed a program of "Treaty Land Entitlement", enabling First Nations to buy land to be taken into reserves with money from settlements of claims.
"In 1992, the federal and provincial governments signed an historic land claim agreement with Saskatchewan First Nations. Under the Agreement, the First Nations received money to buy land on the open market. As a result, about 761,000 acres have been turned into reserve land and many First Nations continue to invest their settlement dollars in urban areas", including Saskatoon. The money from such settlements has enabled First Nations to invest in businesses and other economic infrastructure.[11]
21st century
In June 2021, a graveyard containing the remains of 751 unidentified people was found at the former Marieval Indian Residential School, part of the Canadian Indian residential school system.[42]
Demographics
- Saskatchewan census statistics
Graphs are unavailable due to technical issues. There is more info on Phabricator and on MediaWiki.org. |
Ethnicity
According to the
Language
As of the
Religion
According to the 2021 census, religious groups in Saskatchewan included:[47]
- Christianity (621,250 persons or 56.3%)
- Irreligion (403,960 persons or 36.6%)
- Islam (25,455 persons or 2.3%)
- Indigenous Spirituality(16,300 persons or 1.5%)
- Hinduism (14,150 persons or 1.3%)
- Sikhism (9,040 persons or 0.8%)
- Buddhism (4,410 persons or 0.4%)
- Judaism(1,105 persons or 0.1%)
- Other (7,540 persons or 0.7%)
Economy
Historically, Saskatchewan's economy was primarily associated with agriculture, with wheat being the precious symbol on the province's flag. Increasing diversification has resulted in agriculture, forestry, fishing, and hunting only making up 8.9% of the province's GDP in 2018. Saskatchewan grows a large portion of Canada's grain.[48] In 2017, the production of canola surpassed the production of wheat, which is Saskatchewan's most familiar crop and the one most often associated with the province. The total net income from farming was $3.3 billion in 2017, which was $0.9 billion less than the income in 2016.[49] Other grains such as flax, rye, oats, peas, lentils, canary seed, and barley are also produced in the province. Saskatchewan is the world's largest exporter of mustard seed.[50] Beef cattle production by a Canadian province is only exceeded by Alberta. In the northern part of the province, forestry is also a significant industry.[51]
Distribution of GDP of Saskatchewan, by industry(2018)[52][53] | |
---|---|
% Share of GDP | Sector |
8.9 | agriculture, forestry, fishing, hunting |
14.2 | finance, insurance, real estate, leasing |
2.5 | Professional, scientific and food services |
8.14 | construction |
11.51 | education, health, social services |
1.74 | Accommodation and food services |
1.46 | Information and cultural industries |
5.96 | government services |
6.43 | manufacturing |
17.05 | mining, quarrying, oil and gas extraction |
3.87 | other |
8.05 | transportation, communications, utilities |
10.19 | wholesale and retail trade |
Mining is a major industry in the province, with Saskatchewan being the world's largest exporter of potash and uranium.[54] Oil and natural gas production is also a very important part of Saskatchewan's economy, although the oil industry is larger. Among Canadian provinces, only Alberta exceeds Saskatchewan in overall oil production.[55] Heavy crude is extracted in the Lloydminster-Kerrobert-Kindersley areas. Light crude is found in the Kindersley-Swift Current areas as well as the Weyburn-Estevan fields. Natural gas is found almost entirely in the western part of Saskatchewan, from the Primrose Lake area through Lloydminster, Unity, Kindersley, Leader, and around Maple Creek areas.[56]
A list of the companies includes The Nutrien, Federated Cooperatives Ltd. and IPSCO.[57]
Major Saskatchewan-based
Education
Publicly funded elementary and secondary schools in the province are administered by
The first education on the prairies took place within the family groups of the First Nations and early
The prosperity of the
Following World War II, the transition from many one-room schoolhouses to fewer and larger consolidated modern technological town and city schools occurred as a means of ensuring technical education. School buses, highways, and family vehicles create ease and accessibility of a population shift to larger towns and cities. Combines and tractors mean the farmer could manage more than a quarter section of land, so there was a shift from
Healthcare
Saskatchewan's
In 1944, the
Government and politics
Saskatchewan has the same form of government
During the 20th century, Saskatchewan was one of Canada's more left-wing provinces, reflecting the slant of its many rural citizens which distrusted the distant capital government and which favoured a strong local government to attend to their issues. In 1944
Provincial politics in Saskatchewan is dominated by the social-democratic Saskatchewan New Democratic Party and the centre-right Saskatchewan Party, with the latter holding the majority in the Legislative Assembly of Saskatchewan since 2007. The current Premier of Saskatchewan is Scott Moe, who took over the leadership of the Saskatchewan Party in 2018 following the resignation of Brad Wall. Numerous smaller political parties also run candidates in provincial elections, including the Green Party of Saskatchewan, Buffalo Party of Saskatchewan, Saskatchewan Progress Party, and the Progressive Conservative Party of Saskatchewan, but none is currently represented in the Legislative Assembly.
No Prime Minister of Canada has been born in Saskatchewan, but two (William Lyon Mackenzie King and John Diefenbaker) represented the province in the House of Commons of Canada during their tenures as head of government.
Administrative divisions
Below the provincial level of government, Saskatchewan is divided into urban and rural municipalities. The Government of Saskatchewan's Ministry of Municipal Relations recognizes three general types of municipalities and seven sub-types – urban municipalities (
In 2016, Saskatchewan's 774 municipalities covered 52.7% of the province's land mass and were home to 94.8% of its population.[64][68][a]
These 774 municipalities are local government "creatures of provincial jurisdiction" with legal personality.[69] One of the key purposes of Saskatchewan's municipalities are "to provide services, facilities and other things that, in the opinion of council, are necessary or desirable for all or a part of the municipality".[69] Other purposes are to: "provide good government"; "develop and maintain a safe and viable community"; "foster economic, social and environmental well-being" and "provide wise stewardship of public assets."[69]
Transportation
Transportation in Saskatchewan includes an infrastructure system of roads, highways, freeways, airports, ferries, pipelines, trails, waterways and railway systems serving a population of approximately 1,003,299 (according to 2007 estimates) inhabitants year-round. It is funded primarily with the Government of Saskatchewan (local) and the Government of Canada (federal)[citation needed] government funds. The Saskatchewan Department of Highways and Transportation estimates 80% of traffic is carried on the 5,031-kilometre principal system of highways.[70]
The Ministry of Highways and Infrastructure operates over 26,000 km (16,000 mi) of highways and divided highways. There are also municipal roads which comprise different surfaces. Asphalt concrete pavements comprise almost 9,000 km (5,600 mi), granular pavement almost 5,000 km (3,100 mi), non structural or thin membrane surface TMS are close to 7,000 km (4,300 mi) and finally gravel highways make up over 5,600 km (3,500 mi) through the province. In the northern sector, ice roads which can only be navigated in the winter months comprise another approximately 150 km (93 mi) of travel.[71]
Saskatchewan has over 250,000 km (160,000 mi) of roads and highways, the highest length of road surface of any Canadian province.[72] The major highways in Saskatchewan are the Trans Canada expressway, Yellowhead Highway northern Trans Canada route, Louis Riel Trail, CanAm Highway, Red Coat Trail, Northern Woods and Water route, and Saskota travel route.
The first
The main Saskatchewan waterways are the North Saskatchewan River or South Saskatchewan River routes. In total, there are 3,050 bridges maintained by the Department of Highways in Saskatchewan.[75] There are currently twelve ferry services operating in the province, all under the jurisdiction of the Department of Highways.
The
Airlines offering service to Saskatchewan are
The Government of Canada agreed to contribute $20 million for two new interchanges in Saskatoon. One of them being at the Highway 219/Lorne Avenue intersection with Circle Drive, the other at the Senator Sid Buckwold Bridge (Idylwyld Freeway) and Circle Drive. This is part of the Asia-Pacific Gateway and Corridor Initiative to improve access to the CNR's intermodal freight terminal thereby increasing Asia-Pacific trade. Also, the Government of Canada will contribute $27 million to Regina to construct a CPR intermodal facility and improve infrastructure transportation to the facility from both national highway networks, Highway 1, the TransCanada Highway and Highway 11, Louis Riel Trail. This also is part of the Asia-Pacific Gateway and Corridor Initiative to improve access to the CPR terminal and increase Asia-Pacific trade.[78]
Culture
Saskatchewan is home to a
Art
The province is home to several art galleries, including
Music
The province is presently home to several concert orchestras, the Regina Symphony Orchestra, the Saskatoon Symphony Orchestra, and the Saskatoon Youth Orchestra. The Regina Symphony Orchestra is at the Conexus Arts Centre, while the Saskatoon performs at TCU Place.
Literature
A leading writer from Saskatchewan is W. O. Mitchell (1914–1998), born in Weyburn. His best-loved novel is Who Has Seen the Wind (1947), which portrays life on the Canadian Prairies and sold almost a million copies in Canada.[79] As a broadcaster, he is known for his radio series Jake and the Kid, which aired on CBC Radio between 1950 and 1956 and was also about life on the Prairies.
Sports
The Saskatchewan Roughriders are the province's professional Canadian football team playing in the Canadian Football League, and are based in Regina but popular across Saskatchewan. The team's fans are also found to congregate on game days throughout Canada, and collectively they are known as "Rider Nation". The Roughriders are one of the oldest professional sports teams and community-owned franchises in North America and have won four Grey Cup championships. The province also boasts successful women's football teams. The Saskatoon Valkyries and the Regina Riot are the only two teams to win championships in the Western Women's Canadian Football League since it began play in 2011.
The province is home to two other professional sports franchises. The Saskatchewan Rush play in the National Lacrosse League. In 2016, their first year after relocating from Edmonton, Alberta, the Rush won both their Division Title and the League Championship. In 2018, the province received a Canadian Elite Basketball League franchise, the Saskatchewan Rattlers, which won the league's inaugural championship in 2019. The Saskatchewan Heat are a semi-professional team in the National Ringette League. The province boasts six teams in the Western Canadian Baseball League.
Team | City | League | Since | Stadium/arena | Capacity |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Saskatchewan Roughriders | Regina | Canadian Football League | 1910 | Mosaic Stadium | 33,350 |
Saskatchewan Rush | Saskatoon | National Lacrosse League | 2016 | SaskTel Centre | 15,100 |
Saskatchewan Rattlers | Saskatoon | Canadian Elite Basketball League | 2019 | SaskTel Centre | 15,100 |
Regina Pats | Regina | Canadian Hockey League | 1917 | Brandt Centre | 6,000 |
Saskatoon Blades | Saskatoon | Canadian Hockey League | 1966 | SaskTel Centre | 15,100 |
Swift Current Broncos | Swift Current | Canadian Hockey League | 1967 | Innovation Credit Union iPlex
|
2,879 |
Prince Albert Raiders | Prince Albert | Canadian Hockey League | 1982 | Art Hauser Centre | 2,580 |
Moose Jaw Warriors | Moose Jaw | Canadian Hockey League | 1984 | Mosaic Place | 4,414 |
Saskatoon Valkyries | Saskatoon | Western Women's Canadian Football League | 2010 | Saskatoon Minor Football Field | 5,000 |
Regina Riot | Regina | Western Women's Canadian Football League | 2010 | Leibel Field | 1,200 |
Symbols
The
In 2005, Saskatchewan Environment held a province-wide vote to recognize Saskatchewan's centennial year, receiving more than 10,000 online and mail-in votes from the public. The walleye was the overwhelming favourite of the six native fish species nominated for the designation, receiving more than half the votes cast.[89] Other species in the running were the lake sturgeon, lake trout, lake whitefish, northern pike and yellow perch.
Saskatchewan's other symbols include the tartan, the licence plate, and the provincial flower. Saskatchewan's official
Centennial celebrations
In 2005, Saskatchewan celebrated its centennial. To honour it, the
issued an album in Saskatchewan's honour.See also
Notes
- ^ The remaining 5.2% of Saskatchewan's population resides on Indian reserves, Indian settlements, the vast unincorporated portions of the Northern Saskatchewan Administration District and Prince Albert National Park. Together, they occupy the remaining 47.3% of the province's land mass.[68]
References
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- .
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Further reading
Saskatchewan travel guide from Wikivoyage
- Encyclopedia of Saskatchewan
- Archer, John H. Saskatchewan: A History. Saskatoon: Western Producer Prairie Books, 1980. 422 pp.
- Bennett, John W. and Kohl, Seena B. Settling the Canadian-American West, 1890–1915 Archived July 28, 2020, at the Wayback Machine. University of Nebraska Press, 1995. 311 pp.
- Waiser, Bill. Saskatchewan: A New History (2006)
- Bocking, D. H., ed. Pages from the Past: Essays on Saskatchewan History. Saskatoon: Western Producer Prairie Books, 1979. 299 pp.
- LaPointe, Richard and Tessier, Lucille. The Francophones of Saskatchewan: A History. Regina: University of Regina, Campion Coll., 1988. 329 pp.
- Lipset, Seymour M. Agrarian Socialism: The Cooperative Commonwealth Federation in Saskatchewan: A Study in Political Sociology Archived July 2, 2020, at the Wayback Machine. University of California Press, 1950.
- Martin, Robin Shades of Right: Nativist and Fascist Politics in Canada, 1920–1940, University of Toronto Press, 1992.
- Porter, Jene M (2008). Perspectives of Saskatchewan. University of Manitoba Press. ISBN 978-0-88755-183-3. Archivedfrom the original on April 7, 2022. Retrieved December 27, 2021.
- Veldhuis, Niels (2009). Saskatchewan Prosperity: Building on Success. Fraser Institute. Archived from the original on July 16, 2022. Retrieved December 27, 2021.