Sathya Sai Baba
Sathya Sai Baba | |
---|---|
Personal | |
Born | Ratnakaram Sathyanarayana Raju 23 November 1926 |
Died | 24 April 2011 Puttaparthi, Andhra Pradesh, India | (aged 84)
Religion | Hinduism |
Nationality | Indian |
Sect | Sathya Sai Baba movement |
Institute | |
Founder of | Sri Sathya Sai International Organization Sri Sathya Sai Central Trust |
Philosophy | Love all. Serve all. Help Ever. Hurt Never. |
Part of a series on |
Hinduism |
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Sathya Sai Baba (born Ratnakaram Sathyanarayana Raju; 23 November 1926 – 24 April 2011)[1] was an Indian guru and philanthropist.[2][3] At the age of 14, he claimed that he was the reincarnation of Shirdi Sai Baba,[4][5] and left his home to accept his devotees.[6][7]
Sai Baba's believers credited him with miracles such as
In 1972, Sathya Sai Baba founded the Sri Sathya Sai Central Trust.[13] Its goal was "to enable its members to undertake service activities as a means to spiritual advancement".[14] Through this organisation, Sathya Sai Baba established a network of free super speciality hospitals[15][16] and general hospitals,[17] clinics,[18] drinking water projects,[19] a university,[20] auditoriums, ashrams, and education technology.[21][22][23][24]
Biography
Early life
Almost everything known about Sathya Sai Baba's early life stems from the hagiography that grew around him; these were narratives that hold special meaning[25] to his devotees and are considered by them to be evidence of his divine nature.[7][26][27] According to these sources, Sathyanarayana Raju was born on 23 November 1926 to Meesaraganda Easwaramma and Peddavenkama Raju Ratnakaram, to a Telugu-speaking Bhatraju family,[28][29] a community of religious musicians and balladeers,[30][31] in the village of Puttaparthi in Madras Presidency of British India (present-day Andhra Pradesh, India).[7][32][33] His birth was purported by his mother Easwaramma to be of a miraculous conception.[4][7] He was the fourth among the five children of his parents.
Sathya Sai Baba's siblings included elder brother Ratnakaram Seshama Raju (1911–1985), elder sisters Venkamma (1918–1993) and Parvathamma (1920–1998), and younger brother Janakiramaiah (1931–2003).[34]
As a child, Sathya was described as "unusually intelligent" and charitable, though not necessarily academically inclined, as his interests were of a more spiritual nature.[7][27] He was uncommonly talented in devotional music, dance and drama.[27][5] From a young age, he has been purported to have been capable of materialising objects such as food and sweets out of thin air.[35]
Proclamation
On 8 March 1940, while living with his elder brother Seshama Raju in Uravakonda, a small town near Puttaparthi, 14-year-old Sathya was allegedly stung by a scorpion.[35] He lost consciousness for several hours[5] and in the next few days underwent a noticeable change in behaviour. There were "symptoms of laughing and weeping, eloquence and silence." It is claimed that then "he began to sing Sanskrit verses, a language of which it is alleged he had no prior knowledge."[4] Doctors concluded his behaviour to be hysteria.[4] Concerned, his parents brought Sathya back home to Puttaparthi and took him to many priests, doctors and exorcists. One of the exorcists at Kadiri, a town near Puttaparthi, went to the extent of torturing him with the aim of curing him.
On 23 May 1940, Sathya called household members and reportedly materialised sugar candy (
First mandir and development of Puttaparthi
In 1944, a
Stroke, prediction of reincarnation and sole foreign tour
In 1963, it was asserted that Sai Baba suffered a stroke and four severe heart attacks, which left him paralysed on one side. These events culminated in an event where he apparently healed himself in front of the thousands of people gathered in Prashanthi Nilayam who were then praying for his recovery.[7]
On recovering, Sai Baba announced that he would one day next be reborn as an incarnation named Mourya Sai Baba in the district of
On 29 June 1968, Sai Baba made his only overseas trip, to Kenya and Uganda.
Later years
In 1968, he established Dharmakshetra or the Sathyam Mandir in
On 19 January 1981, in Chennai, he inaugurated the Sundaram , four intruders armed with knives entered his bedroom, either as an assassination attempt or as part of a power struggle between his followers. Sai Baba was unharmed. During the scuffle and the police response, the intruders and two of Sai Baba's attendants were killed. The official investigation left questions unanswered.[40][41][42]
In March 1995, Sai Baba started a project to provide drinking water to 1.2 million people in the drought-prone Rayalaseema region in the Anantapur district of Andhra Pradesh.[43] In April 1999 he inaugurated the Ananda Nilayam Mandir in Madurai, Tamil Nadu.
In 2001 he established another free super-speciality hospital in Bangalore to benefit the poor.
Old age, illness and death
In 2003, Sai Baba suffered a fractured hip when a student standing on an iron stool slipped and the boy and stool both fell on him. After that he gave
On 28 March 2011, Sai Baba was admitted to the Sri Sathya Sai Super Speciality Hospital, named after and started by himself, at Prasanthigram at Puttaparthi, following respiration-related problems.[45][46] After nearly a month of hospitalisation, during which his condition progressively deteriorated, he died on Sunday, 24 April at 7:40 IST, aged 84.[47]
Sai Baba had predicted that he would die at age 96 and would remain healthy until then.[48] After he died, some devotees suggested that he was referring to that many lunar years, as counted by Telugu-speaking Hindus, rather than solar years,[49] and using the Indian way of accounting for age, which counts the year to come as part of the person's life.[50] Other devotees have spoken of his anticipated resurrection, reincarnation or awakening.[51][52]
Funeral and mourning
His body lay in state for two days and was
Political leaders who offered their condolences included the then Indian Prime Minister Manmohan Singh,[53][58][59] then Nepali Prime Minister Jhala Nath Khanal,[60][61] Sri Lankan President Mahinda Rajapaksa[62] and the Dalai Lama.[63] Cricketer Sachin Tendulkar, whose birthday was that day, cancelled his birthday celebrations.[64] The Hindu newspaper reported that "Sri Sathya Sai Baba's propagation of spiritualism and preaching of Hindu philosophy never came in the way of his commitment to secular beliefs.[clarification needed]"[65]
The Government of
Sathya Sai Organisation
The Sai Organisation (or Sri Sathya Sai
The
Sathya Sai Baba founded a large number of schools and colleges, hospitals, and other charitable institutions in India and abroad, the net financial capital of which is usually estimated at ₹ 400 billion (US$9 billion).[74][75][76] However, estimates as high as ₹ 1.4 trillion (about US$31.5bn) have also been made.[77]
After his death, questions about the manner in which the finances of the organisation were going to be managed led to speculations of impropriety, with some reports suggesting that suitcases containing cash and/or gold had been removed from his personal lodgings.[76][78][79]
On 17 June 2011, officials from the Sri Sathya Sai Central Trust opened his private residence in the presence of government, bank and tax department officials.
Recognition
On 23 November 1999, the Department of Posts, Government of India, released a postage stamp and a postal cover in recognition of the service rendered by Sai Baba in addressing the problem of providing safe drinking water to the rural masses.[86] Another commemorative stamp was released on the occasion of what would have been his 88th birthday during November 2013.[87][88]
In January 2007, an event was held in
Ashrams and mandirs
Prasanthi Nilayam
Puttaparthi, where Sai Baba was born and lived, was originally a small, remote South Indian village in Andhra Pradesh. Now there is an extensive university complex, a speciality hospital, and two museums: the Sanathana Samskruti or Eternal Heritage Museum, sometimes called the Museum of All Religions, and the Chaitanya Jyoti, devoted exclusively to the life and teachings of Sai Baba; the latter has won several international awards for its architectural design.
Sai Baba resided much of the time in his main
Characteristics, beliefs and practices of devotees
Reliable sources often describe Sai Baba's following as a "movement".[95][96][97][98] A report from the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) in 1998 found that "[a] worldwide mass religious movement is growing around the Indian holy man and alleged miracle worker, Sathya Sai Baba, whose devotees regard him as the full incarnation of God", later noting that "India has a small industry of fake holy men who perform magic tricks for a living".[99] Scholars often refer to it as either a "New Religious Movement" (NRM)[96][100][101] or as a cult,[3][102] reflecting what Robbins and Zablocki, two social science researchers, call "the divisive polarization, which, at least until recently, has plagued the academic study of religious movements." between two camps within academia, each preferring one term over the other (i.e. NRM or cult) for such groups.[103] It has been noted by Eugene Gallagher, a noted professor of religious studies, that in more modern times "'New Religious Movement', is the classification preferred by most academics, who see 'cult' as a pejorative term.[104] Sai Baba's following is regarded by most scholars to be of Hindu persuasion.[105][106][107][108]
Sai Baba claimed to be the reincarnation of Sai Baba of Shirdi, and his followers considered him to be the
Sai Baba was known for his quote "Love All, Serve All. Help Ever, Hurt Never." known as "Bal Vikas" (Blossoming of the Child).
Followers believed in seeking the spiritual benefit of Sai Baba's
Sai Baba was a
The Vancouver Sun in 2001 reported that Sai Baba told his adherents not to browse the internet.[124]
Criticism
Accusations
Accusations against Sathya Sai Baba by his critics over the years have included sleight of hand, sexual abuse, money laundering, fraud in the performance of service projects, and murder.[8][11]
In 1972,
In April 1976,
Indian rationalist
A 1995 TV documentary Guru Busters, produced by filmmaker Robert Eagle for the UK's Channel 4, accused Sai Baba of faking his materialisations.[133] The clip from the film was mentioned in the Deccan Chronicle, on 23 November 1992, in a front-page headline "DD Tape Unveils Baba Magic".[134]
Claims of Sai Baba resurrecting American devotee Walter Cowan in 1971 have been discussed by British journalist Mick Brown in his book The Spiritual Tourist from 1998,[135][136] and subsequently by Erlendur Haraldsson, who interviewed doctors attending Cowan at the hospital; these physicians reported that Cowan had been dangerously ill but had not died.[137]
Brown also related his experiences with the alleged manifestations of vibhuti from Sai Baba's pictures in houses in London, which he felt were not fraudulent or the result of trickery.[138] Brown wrote with regards to Sai Baba's claims of omniscience, that "sceptics have produced documentation clearly showing discrepancies between Baba's reading of historical events and biblical prophecies, and the established accounts."[135]
Allegations of abuse
In January 2002, a documentary produced by Denmark's national television and radio broadcast company,
In 2004, the BBC produced a documentary titled The Secret Swami as part of its series "The World Uncovered".[141] One central theme of the BBC documentary was again Alaya Rahm's sexual abuse allegations against Sathya Sai Baba.[142] This documentary interviewed him together with Mark Roche, who had spent 25 years of his life since 1969 in the movement and alleged abuse by Sai Baba.[142] The show also featured allegations from Sai Baba critic Basava Premanand. Premanand stated in the documentary that, in his opinion, Sai Baba faked his materialisations.[8]
Responses
Sathya Sai Baba rejected any allegations of misconduct.
In an open letter in December 2001, Prime Minister Atal Bihari Vajpayee,[73] Chief Justices P. N. Bhagwati and Ranganath Misra, and Members of Parliament and Najma Heptulla said that they were "deeply pained and anguished by the wild, reckless and concocted allegations" against Sathya Sai Baba, and called him "an embodiment of love and selfless service to humanity".[146]
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Dutch original: "Ofschoon Sai Baba gezegd heeft mensen van allerlei religieuze gezindten te helpen terug te gaan naar oude waarden en normen, en ofschoon zijn logo de symbolen van de andere grote godsdiensten bevat, is de sfeer rondom Sai Baba duidelijk hindoeïstisch gekleurd. Alle moslim-elementen bijv. waarvan verondersteld zou kunnen worden dat hij die zou hebben meegenomen uit zijn leven als Sai Baba van Shirdi, heeft hij laten vallen. Het enig echt herkenbare wat hij van Shirdi Baba nog heeft, is het veelvuldig gebruik van as, – wat hij dan niet uit een dhuni haalt zoals Shirdi Baba deed, maar materialiseert (of tevoorschijn goochelt)" - ISBN 978-0810861947.
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Further reading
- Samuel H. Sandweiss (1975). Sai Baba the Holy Man and the Psychiatrist. Birth Day Publishing Company. p. 240. ISBN 978-0960095810.
- John S. Hislop (1985). My Baba and I. Birth Day Publishing Company. ISBN 978-0960095889.
- Phyllis Krystal (1994). Sai Baba: The Ultimate Experience. Red Wheel Weiser. p. 260. ISBN 978-0877287940.
- Don Mario Mazzoleni (1994). A Catholic Priest Meets Sai Baba. Leela Press. p. 285. ISBN 978-0962983511.
- Erlendur Haraldsson (1997). Modern Miracles: An Investigative Report on These Psychic Phenomena Associated With Sathya Sai Baba. Hastings House. p. 315. ISBN 978-0803893849.
- Vladimir Antonov (2008). Sathya Sai Baba – The Christ of Our Days. CreateSpace. p. 38. ISBN 978-1438252766.
- Tommy S. W. Wong (2009). How Sai Baba Attracts Without Direct Contact. T.S.W. Wong. p. 108. ISBN 978-1448604166.
- Tulasi Srinivas (2010). Winged Faith: Rethinking Globalization and Religious Pluralism Through the Sathya Sai Movement. Columbia University Press. p. 430. ISBN 978-0231149334.
- David Smith (2016). "Hinduism" Religions in the Modern World: Traditions and Transformations. Routledge. ISBN 978-0415858809.