Satna
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Satna | |
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Hindi[4] | |
Website | satna |
Satna is a city in the Indian
Satna has been selected as one of the hundred Indian cities to be developed as a smart city under PM Narendra Modi's flagship Smart Cities Mission.[5]
History
From antiquity to the mutiny of 1857
At nearby Bharhut are the remains of a 2nd-century BC Buddhist stupa, first discovered in 1873 by the archaeologist Alexander Cunningham; most of the finds from this site were sent to the Indian Museum. Some of them were also sent to The Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York.[citation needed].
The Mahabharata associates this site with rulers of the Haihaya, Kalchuri or Chedi clans.[citation needed]
The chiefs of
From then until the 15th century, the Baghels of Bandhavgarh were engaged in extending their possessions and so they escaped the attention of the Delhi Sultans. In 1498–99, Sikandar Lodi failed in his attempt to take the fort of Bandhavgarh.
The Baghel King Ramchandra (1555–92) was a contemporary of
Following the
During the mutiny of 1857, Maharaja Raghuraj Singh helped the British in quelling the uprisings in the neighbouring
Princely states
Baroundha state
Baroundha state belongs to "Raghuvanshi" "clan"of Rajputs the most prestigious clan amongst Rajputs according to Hindu literature(Ramayan). Baroundha was the most antiquated state of "Bundelkhand & Baghelkhand" regency, it was established in 1169, Under the ages of "Chendela Era" The Ruler of Baroundha state was Raghubar Dayal Shah received the title at Imperial Assemblage of (Raja Bahadur) ["HIS HIGHNESS"] [His Highness & 9 guns salute] It was a saluted state. On 1 January 1877. Ruled family belongs to (Raghuvanshi) division of Rajputs. The Ruler was entitled to be received at a private (Durbar) by the (His Excellency the Viceroy). The founder was Maharaja Budhraj Shah of Baroundha in 1169. Noteworthy, he was a son-in-law of Parimardi Dev who was a famous ruler of "Kalinjar" belongs to Chendela Dynasty and his daughter Chandravati married Budhraj shah in 1169. Parimardi Dev gifted the northern part of his kingdom to Budhraj Shah in 1169, and the demarcation was East-Chitrakoot Ganga Pesuni river to West-bank of Bagay river and North bank of Yamuna river in Rajapur to Majhgawan. In 1169, Budhraj Shah declared his capital was "Rasin" (Rajvasni) near modern" "Karwi" Fort of "Marpha" and Rajapur latterly famous as a birthplace of Goswami Tulsidas. Budhraj Shah was very brave, eligible and illustrious ruler. Parimardi Dev was entitled him as "Navrang Shah". Baroundha was a solitary state of Raghuvanshi Rajputs from central India. which belongs to Solar dynasty and one of the most ancient dynasty which was founded in earlier texts, including the Vedas. The Ramayan and Srimatbhagwat, Raghavanshi is a main branch of the Suryavanshi Rajput clans of India who ruled, number of kingdoms and princely states. It was a princely state and the last ruler was H.H Maharaja Ram Pratap Singh his coronation held in 1933 and he died in 1983. His son took entitled Maharaja Anand Pratap Singh Judeo he died in 2013. At present Maharaja Ragvendra Pratap Singh judeo coronation held in 2013 and his son is Yuvraj Prathu Pratap Singh judeo and Maharajkumar Punya Pratap Singh.
Nagod state
Until the 18th century, the state was known as Unchahara from the name of its original capital. The chiefs of Nagod were Parihar, Rajputs belonging traditionally to Mount Abu.
In the seventh century,
Following the treaty of
granted to that state in 1807. In 1809, however, a separate sanad was granted to Lal Sheshraj Singh confirming him in his possessions.For his loyalty during the 1857 mutiny, Chief Raghvendra Singh was rewarded by the British who granted him eleven villages, which had formerly belonged to the confiscated state of Bijeraghogarh.
Nagod chiefs had the title of Raja and received a 9 gun salute.
Maihar state
Maihar State was a princely state in India during the British Raj. The state had an area of 1,050 square kilometres (407 sq mi), and a population of 63,702 in 1901. The state, which included the Tons River, consists mainly of alluvial soil covering sandstone, and is fertile except in the hilly district of the south. A large area was forested, and lumber provided a small export trade.
The state was founded in 1778 by
The state suffered severely from famine in 1896–1897. Maihar became a station on the East Indian Railway (now the West Central Railway) line between Satna and Jabalpur, 156 kilometres (97 mi) north of Jabalpur. Extensive ruins of shrines and other buildings surround the town. As of 1940, it had a population of 79,558 and an area of 412 square miles. In 1948 Maihar was merged into India.
Kothi state
Kothi State was a princely state of the British Raj. It belonged to the Bagelkhand Agency of Central India. Its capital was at Kothi, in modern Satna district of Madhya Pradesh. It was a relatively small Sanad state of about 438 km2 with a population of 19,112 inhabitants in 1901. The state's territory divided neighbouring Sohawal State in two parts.[6] Kothi State was founded at an uncertain date by a Rajput ruler who expelled the former Bharr ruler of the area.
Towards the beginning of the nineteenth century, and in much the same manner as neighbouring Sohawal, Kothi became a British protectorate initially subordinate to Panna State. However, a separate sanad was granted to Rais Lal Duniyapati Singh in 1810. The last ruler of Kothi signed the instrument of accession to the Indian Union on 1 January 1950.
Sohawal state
The state was divided in two sections, separated by territory belonging to Kothi State and, on its northern side, it formed a small enclave within neighbouring Panna State.
Sohawal State was founded in the mid-sixteenth century by a ruler named Fateh Singh. It had originally been much larger, but lost significant territory within the first centuries of its existence.
Sohawal became a British protectorate, initially subordinate to Panna State, but a separate sanad was granted to Rais Aman Singh in 1809. During the 1830 - 1833 interregnum, Sohawal came under direct British administration.[2] The last ruler of Sohawal signed the instrument of accession to the Indian Union on 1 January 1950.
- Chaube Jagirs (five feudatory estates).
Modern history
The Satna District is part of the region of Bagelkhand, a large part of which was ruled by the state of Rewa. A small part of Satna was ruled by feudatory chiefs, holding their states under the British Raj. Satna's name comes from the Satna River (or Sutna) which originates at Sarang Ashram (Sutikshna Ashram), situated near Sarangpur village in the Panna district. Previously, Sutna was the name of the railway station, the town being Raghurajnagar, but gradually the name of the station became associated with the city that is now Satna.
During the Ramayana Era, Lord Rama stayed in the region of Chitrakoot, half of which is in the outskirts of Satna, the other in Uttar Pradesh.[citation needed]
Once a British headquarters, the
Geography
Satna is located at 24°20′N 80°29′E / 24.34°N 80.49°E with an average elevation of 315 metres (1,352 feet).[7]
Climate
Satna has humid subtropical climate (Köppen climate classification Cwa) with hot summers, a somewhat cooler monsoon season and cool winters. Heavy rainfall occurs in the monsoon season from June to September.
Climate data for Satna (1981–2010, extremes 1901–2011) | |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
Record high °C (°F) | 32.9 (91.2) |
36.8 (98.2) |
41.1 (106.0) |
45.0 (113.0) |
47.6 (117.7) |
47.8 (118.0) |
45.0 (113.0) |
39.5 (103.1) |
38.3 (100.9) |
38.9 (102.0) |
38.2 (100.8) |
32.9 (91.2) |
47.8 (118.0) |
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 24.0 (75.2) |
27.2 (81.0) |
33.2 (91.8) |
38.9 (102.0) |
41.7 (107.1) |
39.1 (102.4) |
33.1 (91.6) |
31.6 (88.9) |
32.0 (89.6) |
32.5 (90.5) |
29.4 (84.9) |
25.9 (78.6) |
32.4 (90.3) |
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 9.2 (48.6) |
12.1 (53.8) |
16.9 (62.4) |
22.4 (72.3) |
27.0 (80.6) |
27.9 (82.2) |
25.8 (78.4) |
25.1 (77.2) |
24.3 (75.7) |
20.0 (68.0) |
14.2 (57.6) |
9.8 (49.6) |
19.6 (67.3) |
Record low °C (°F) | 0.6 (33.1) |
1.1 (34.0) |
4.4 (39.9) |
12.2 (54.0) |
18.3 (64.9) |
19.4 (66.9) |
17.8 (64.0) |
20.5 (68.9) |
16.7 (62.1) |
10.0 (50.0) |
4.8 (40.6) |
0.4 (32.7) |
0.4 (32.7) |
Average rainfall mm (inches) | 17.5 (0.69) |
25.7 (1.01) |
12.0 (0.47) |
7.7 (0.30) |
14.2 (0.56) |
133.2 (5.24) |
308.4 (12.14) |
307.7 (12.11) |
207.4 (8.17) |
36.1 (1.42) |
6.6 (0.26) |
6.8 (0.27) |
1,083.2 (42.65) |
Average rainy days | 1.5 | 1.7 | 1.1 | 0.9 | 1.3 | 6.5 | 13.0 | 12.9 | 8.7 | 2.0 | 0.6 | 0.6 | 50.9 |
Average relative humidity (%) (at 17:30 IST )
|
48 | 38 | 26 | 18 | 23 | 45 | 72 | 77 | 71 | 49 | 44 | 48 | 47 |
Source: India Meteorological Department[8][9] |
Demographics
As of
As of 2001[update] India census, Satna had a population of 225,468, of which males 120,203 were males and 105,265 were females. Satna has an average literacy rate of 69.6%, of which male literacy is 76.2%, and female literacy is 62.1%. In Satna, the population in the age groups of 0 to 6 years was 33,205.[11]
Economy
Satna is in the limestone belts of India. As a result, it contributes around 8%–9% of India's total cement production. There is an abundance of dolomite and limestone in the area and the city has ten cement factories producing and exporting cement to other parts of the country. The electrical cable company Universal Cables in Satna is among the pioneers in the country. The city of Satna is known as the commercial capital of Baghelkhand. The city is among the few most promising cities of Madhya Pradesh because of the several new industries planned by some of the reputed industrial houses in the country. The city has witnessed a sharp growth in the post-liberalization era (after 1993). Major problems faced by the city may include, inter alia: inadequate electricity, poor road conditions, and air pollution from atmospheric wastes of cement factories. Satna is known as the cement city of India.[12][13][14]
Culture
Satna district has some major religious tourism spots including Chitrakoot and Maihar. Satna district is close to an ancient city of Buddhist culture named Bharhut, whose archaeological remains are displayed in many museums in India and all over the world. Tulsi Museum at Ramvan, 16 km from the city, has many local artistic sculptures of ancient times. Gaibinath Shiva temple at Birsinghpur is a famous and old temple in the region. Madhavgarh Fort, about 7 km from Satna Railway station (Rewa Road), is another place to visit around Satna. Gidhakoot (Gidhaila) Parvat, Laxminarayan Mandir, Bada Mandir (under construction) of New Deorajnagar are also tourist sites.
Satna is famous for its scenic temples. One of those temples, Venktesh Mandir, is near Mukhtyarganj. It was constructed between 1876 and 1925 by the royal family of Deorajnagar. Shri Bihari Mandir, in the heart of Satna. It was built by a great devotee of God Krishna, Mahant Brindavan Das, in the 1880s. Bihari Mandir has been a cultural center of Satna for over one hundred years as it organises a very famous
Transport
Roadways
Bus services connect Satna with various cities of Madhya Pradesh and some cities of Uttar Pradesh. The city is well-connected by state highways and a national highway. Satna is connected to the longest National Highway: NH-7. State highway NH-75 passes from the heart of Satna and connects it to cities of Panna and Rewa, which are other important cities of northern Madhya Pradesh.
Urban transport
Satna City Transport Services Ltd (SCTSL) operates buses in the city. The buses designated as City Bus operate on four routes in the city. The buses are colour-coded into two colours: Orange (Intracity) and Green (Intercity) according to their routes.
Railways
. A diesel Locoshed for the Western Central Railway is located in the city. Distance from Satna to Jabalpur Junction is approximate 200 kilometres and Allahabad is approximate 186 kilometresAirways
Satna has an airport named
Education
Satna has a literacy rate of 63.8% according to the 2011 Census;.
Notable people
- J. S. Verma,[20] former Chief Justice of India
- Gulsher Ahmed,[21]former governor, Himachal Pradesh
- Shivanand, former speaker, Vindhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly
- Govind Narayan Singh, former chief minister, Madhya Pradesh
- Arjun Singh, former chief minister, Madhya Pradesh
- Sharat Saxena, actor
- Raj Jain, professor at Washington University
See also
- Satna (Lok Sabha constituency)
- Betul
References
- ^ Kushwaha, Sonelal (17 July 2022). "सतना में भाजपा के योगेश ताम्रकार महापौर बने, Congress विधायक सिद्धार्थ कुशवाहा 24 हजार 916 वोटों से हारे" [Satna Mayor Election Result BJP leads in Satna, Congress MLA runner]. Patrika News (in Hindi). Retrieved 18 August 2022.
- ^ a b c "Satna Info" (PDF). mohua.gov.in. Retrieved 23 November 2020.
- ^ a b "Census of India: Satna". www.censusindia.gov.in. Retrieved 9 October 2019.
- ^ "52nd Report of the Commissioner for Linguistic Minorities in India" (PDF). nclm.nic.in. Ministry of Minority Affairs. Archived from the original (PDF) on 25 May 2017. Retrieved 14 April 2019.
- ^ PTI (9 May 2018). "Madhya Pradesh Gets India's First Smart Cities Control Centre". NDTV. Retrieved 20 March 2022.
- ^ "Imperial Gazetteer2 of India, Volume 23, page 70 -- Imperial Gazetteer of India -- Digital South Asia Library". dsal.uchicago.edu.
- ^ "Falling Rain Genomics, Inc -Satna". Fallingrain.com. Retrieved 31 August 2011.
- ^ "Station: Satna Climatological Table 1981–2010" (PDF). Climatological Normals 1981–2010. India Meteorological Department. January 2015. pp. 687–688. Archived from the original (PDF) on 5 February 2020. Retrieved 28 December 2020.
- ^ "Extremes of Temperature & Rainfall for Indian Stations (Up to 2012)" (PDF). India Meteorological Department. December 2016. p. M129. Archived from the original (PDF) on 5 February 2020. Retrieved 28 December 2020.
- ^ "Table C-01 Population by Religion: Uttar Pradesh". censusindia.gov.in. Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India. 2011.
- ^ "Census of India 2001: Data from the 2001 Census, including cities, villages and towns (Provisional)". Census Commission of India. Archived from the original on 16 June 2004. Retrieved 1 November 2008.
- ^ "Cement City of India". spantechnologies.in. SPAN Technologies. Retrieved 30 November 2016.
- ^ "Cement Capital Of India". seac.co.in. seac. Retrieved 2 August 2017.
- ^ "Cement Plants in Satna". edbc.co.in. edbc. Retrieved 2 August 2017.
- ^ "Satna Station - Station at a Glance" (PDF). Indian Railways. Retrieved 10 February 2021.
- ^ "Airports Authority of India:Satna". aai.aero. Airports Authority of India. Archived from the original on 25 February 2008. Retrieved 30 November 2016.
- ^ "Airports Authority of India:Jabalpur". aai.aero. Airports Authority of India. Retrieved 30 November 2016.
- ^ "Census MP" (PDF). Census of Madhya Pradesh. Retrieved 13 August 2015.
- ^ "Man who launched India's First Rural University, Nanaji Deshmukh remembered today on his Punyatithi". 27 February 2014.
- ^ "Home | SUPREME COURT OF INDIA". main.sci.gov.in.
- ^ "Governor House, Himachal Pradesh, India - Past Governors". himachalrajbhavan.nic.in.
External links
- Official website
- Satna travel guide from Wikivoyage