Saud of Saudi Arabia
Saud | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
King of Saudi Arabia | |||||
Reign | 9 November 1953 – 2 November 1964 | ||||
Bay'ah | 9 November 1953 | ||||
Predecessor | Abdulaziz | ||||
Successor | Faisal | ||||
Regent |
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Prime Minister of Saudi Arabia | |||||
Tenure | 9 October 1953 – 16 August 1954 | ||||
Successor | Faisal | ||||
Tenure | 21 December 1960 – 31 October 1962 | ||||
Predecessor | Faisal | ||||
Successor | Faisal | ||||
Crown Prince of Saudi Arabia | |||||
Tenure | 11 May 1933 – 9 November 1953 | ||||
Monarch | |||||
Successor | Faisal | ||||
Viceroy of Nejd | |||||
Tenure | 8 January 1926 – 22 September 1932 | ||||
Monarch | Abdulaziz | ||||
Born | Al-Oud cemetery, Riyadh | 15 January 1902||||
Issue Among others | |||||
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Abdulaziz of Saudi Arabia | |||||
Mother | Wadha bint Muhammad Al Orair |
Saud bin Abdulaziz Al Saud (
Saud was the second son of King Abdulaziz and
Upon his father's death in 1953, Saud ascended the throne and reorganized the government. He founded the convention that the king of Saudi Arabia presides over the
Major events | |
---|---|
1954 | The first five years plan announced by King Saud in his speech no. 6499/1/20/5 |
1954 | The formation of the "Saudi Arabian Naval Transport Company'' in association with Aristotle Onassis. |
1954 | The inauguration of the first naval ship "King Saud I" in Hamburg |
1954 | The inauguration of the first Islamic Conference in Mecca |
1955 | The first Saudi expansion of the Prophet's Mosque in Madina |
1955 | The first Saudi expansion of the Great Mosque of Mecca |
1956 | Saudi Arabia stopped exporting oil to Britain and France because of the Suez Crisis |
1956 | The rejection of King Saud to join "The Baghdad Pact" initiated by London |
1957 | King Saud support to Jordan during their political crisis which threatened to topple King Hussein's throne |
1957 | King Saud strong diplomatic efforts at the UN denouncing the Israeli's attempts to obliterate the legal right of navigation in the Gulf of Aqaba |
1957 | King Saud diplomatic efforts to mediate between Syria and Turkey |
1957 | The USA causes the fall of oil price |
1957 | Saudi Arabia became a member of the International Monetary Fund |
1957 | The establishment of the first university in Saudi Arabia (King Saud University) |
1959 | A Royal Pronouncement to establish the General Presidency for Girls Education" |
1961 | Establishing OPEC |
1962 | Establishing the Muslim League |
1962 | Abolishing slavery by King Saud: A royal decree no (3/1/5) was announced with the ten points of reforms to abolish slavery |
1962 | King Saud established Saudi Television |
1969 | He died in Athens, Greece, on 24 January |
Early life and education
Prince Saud was born on 15 January 1902 in
Prince Saud's full siblings were Prince Turki, Prince Khalid, Prince Abdullah and Princess Mounira.
From the age of five, Prince Saud studied Sharia and the Quran under Sheikh Abdul Rahman Al-Mufaireej. He also learned archery and horse-riding amongst other things under the supervision of his father, as well as tribal lineages, and how to conduct peace agreements, and the art of wars, politics, diplomacy, and administration in the traditional Arabian ways. His formal tutors were his father's advisors, Abdullah Al Damluji and Hafiz Wahba.[9]
Early career
Saud accompanied his father on his many expeditions and, participated in several campaigns during the unification of the Arabian Peninsula. His first political mission was at the age of thirteen, leading a delegation to Qatar. The first battle he fought was at Jarrab in 1915, followed by one at Yatab in the same year, then Trubah in 1919.[10] In 1925, he stopped the Almahmal crisis in Mecca. During his tenure as viceroy of Najd Prince Saud criticized his father due to the limitations on the Ikhwan through the newspaper Umm Al Qura.[11] However, he later fought to stop the Ikhwan revolt at the battle of Sabilla in 1929.[12]
On 11 May 1933, Saud was appointed
The following year, King Abdulaziz sent two military expeditions; one of them was led by Crown Prince Saud, who regained Najran and advanced secretly through the rugged mountains in the northwest part of Yemen.[15]
Following the end of the war with Yemen, Abdulaziz decided to encourage Saud to travel abroad. Accompanied by his father's adviser
After the war, when the establishment of a Jewish state in Palestine appeared to be imminent, and leaders of the various Arab States met at Inshas in Egypt during 1946 in order to review the situation under the Chairmanship of King Farouk of Egypt, Saud was again selected by his father to represent him and his country, and participated in the adoption of the famous resolution that declared that: "The Palestinian cause is the cause of all Arabs and not merely the Palestinians". In 1947, Saud visited the United States and met with President Harry S. Truman, and also met with leaders in Britain, France, and Italy, in order to acquaint the policymakers with his father's views and the unacceptability of the infringement of the rights of the Palestinians.
Following Saud's visits, he concentrated on the first areas to be deemed in sore need of modernization and reform in view of increasing revenues and expenditures, these were the governance and handling the country's finances. After seeking advice and expert help from a number of friendly countries, primarily the US, the
In keeping with universal practice, a proper annual state budget had first been issued during 1948 and following the establishment of the above central banking body, SAMA, the third Saudi national budget for the year 1952 complied with internationally observed standards. During this period, technical co-operation, primarily in the guise of the arrival of 35 experts during 1952 and aimed at generating planned economic growth within the Kingdom also received a major boost.
Apart from financial and administrative reforms, the report presented to Abdulaziz by Prince Saud, had commended the implementation of a whole range of vital infrastructure projects relating to the improvement of facilities for the Pilgrims, so important to the Kingdom from a religious and economic point of view, water supply, roads, broadcasting service, health, municipal affairs, port improvements, customs reorganization, and higher education.
Plans for the paved road between Jeddah and Mecca had been announced by Saud during the Hajj of 1947, and the project for bringing water from the nearby Wadi Fatimah to Jeddah was also inaugurated by him shortly during November 1947. The Hajj of 1950 witnessed the establishment of the Mecca college that was later to be expanded and renamed Umm al-Qura University.
Many of these reforms, along with the complete reorganisation of the system of public administration, through the establishment or restructuring of new or existing ministries and departments, and conceived and recognised as the "Crown Prince's Reforms", issued from his Office by a Decree under his seal on 19 October 1952, were destined to be developed, built upon and some even implemented after the demise of Abdulaziz on 9 November 1953 and during Saud's reign as King. The traditional Consultative Council in Mecca, the
Earlier, on 19 October 1953, Abdulaziz had also appointed Crown Prince Saud as prime minister for the first Saudi Cabinet. Before that, he appointed him as Supreme Commander of the Armed Forces and Internal Security Units on 25 August 1953. During this period, the
Reign
Saud succeeded his father Abdulaziz as King on 9 November 1953 upon the latter's death.[2][16] He ascended the throne in a political climate very different from the time when his father Abdulaziz established his Kingdom.
During his reign one of King Saud's major advisors was Abdulaziz Al Muammar.[17]
National policy
King Saud announced to the new council of ministers in his very first speech as King, that, while his father's reign was noted for military conquests, he intended his reign to be "a war on poverty, ignorance, and disease with the equitable application of the dictates of the holy Sharia laws to all without exception, and the creation of a strong army".[18]
In order to cope adequately with the responsibilities of this challenge, and facilitate realistically the implementation of his programme he initially doubled the number of ministries to ten by adding the portfolios of education, agriculture, health, commerce, and industry, plus two directorates: Labour and broadcasting and the bureau of public inspection in 1955, to the existing ministries of foreign affairs, finance, interior, defence, and communications.
In January 1954 King Saud signed an agreement with Greek businessman
In 1957, King Saud also founded King Saud University in Riyadh.[22] He clarified the duties and responsibilities of the cabinet minister in May 1958.[23] He declared in 1960 that schools would be established to educate girls in religious matters, including Quran, creed, and fiqh as well as in other sciences which were acceptable in Islamic tradition such as house management, and raising and disciplining children.[24]
Foreign relations
This section needs additional citations for verification. (August 2021) |
King Saud played a role of utmost importance on the regional, Arab, Islamic, and international political stages.[25] He started his worldwide tours after finishing touring of his country's regions. He visited Arab and friendly countries for strategic and political purposes. He began his tour in 1954 in Egypt, followed by Kuwait, Bahrain, Jordan, Yemen, and Pakistan.
He announced that his sole purpose was to "unify Muslims all over the world" so they would be like one strong body. King Saud believed in a non-alignment policy between the United States and the
In November 1955, King Saud granted a 16 million dollars loan to Syria for five years. He agreed to exchange products and exempt agricultural products from import-export license and custom duties. With the continuous Israeli assault on Jordan in 1955, King Saud invited military leaders of Egypt, Syria, Lebanon and Jordan to Riyadh in order to discuss procedures to counter the aggression. He agreed to cover all expenses of reinforcing Jordan's National Guard and armed forces. He also supported the Algerian revolution against France, diplomatically and financially. King Saud made a statement inviting people to donate money for the revolution; the donations amounted to $1,200,000. The government donated one million dollars of that amount in 1956, and the rest of the donations were granted yearly. King Saud kept granting donations to Algeria and kept defending it until it established its independence in 1962.
Imam Ahmad bin Yahya of Yemen joined the Arab endeavors to unify their ranks when he signed the joint defense agreement with Egypt, Saudi Arabia, and Syria. This event took place after the Imam's meeting with King Saud, President Gamal Abdel Nasser, and President Shukri al-Quwatli on 21 April 1956, following the Jeddah Pact between Saudi Arabia and Yemen.
Maintaining his support to the Arab countries after the nationalization of the Suez Canal Company on 26 July 1956, although the Egyptian Government did not consult him as it did with Syria in taking that decision contrary to his expectations as a military ally. He succeeded in strengthening his relation with King
He offered total assistance to the Egyptian government, personally supervising operations and welcoming Egyptian combat planes into his country for their protection. Among the first to enlist were
King Saud had used this economic weapon for the first time although he was aware of the possible repercussions of such a procedure on the national economy. He sustained his support after the war so as to remove the aftermath of the aggression. He offered generous contributions, including 2 million Saudi riyals to the Egyptian Red Crescent to help victims of Port Said.
King Saud was still keen on keeping the region free of political and defense blocs that only support a superpower against another. Despite his solid relations with the American system, on which he relied in several areas because of the oil discovery and production, he seriously thought of canceling the American access for using Dhahran airport as a means of exerting pressure on the United States of America.
Despite traditionally intimate ties of his country with the United States of America, and the ingrained alienation of communism and Islamic beliefs, he refused to join the American sponsored the Baghdad Pact of 1955, (later on the Central Treaty Organisation – CENTO), – aimed at opposing the expansion of Communist influence in the region, despite the involvement of the fellow Arab State of Iraq in it, along with Iran, Turkey, Pakistan and Britain. Jordan, which also was keen to join the Pact and Syria as well, had been discouraged from doing so with the aid of political and financial pressure.
President of the United States Dwight D. Eisenhower invited King Saud to undertake an official visit to the U.S. in 1957 since he believed that King Saud played a crucial role in implementing his doctrine of deterring and fighting communism in the Middle East and the Islamic countries. Once King Saud received the invitation he convened with Presidents Gamal Abdel Nasser and Shukri al-Quwatli in Cairo in January 1957. The three leaders agreed to try to convince Eisenhower to pressure the Israeli government to evacuate occupied Sharm El Sheikh that overlooks the Gulf of Aqaba and to withdraw to the borders of the previous truce on all frontiers.
He maintained his support to the countries at war with Israel, and signed a ten-year agreement with the Egyptian and Syrian presidents and with King Hussein of Jordan to ease Jordan's financial burdens as a result of this conflict. The annual Egyptian and Saudi financial assistance added up to five million Egyptian pounds from each of the two countries.
He also discussed with the American President his dispute with Britain over the
King Saud delivered an important speech during the banquet held by Dag Hammarskjöld, the Swedish UN Secretary-General in which he addressed the different aspects of the Arab complaints, in accordance with the UN charter and its powers. He invited all countries to value the charter and implement it in full; he also addressed the outcomes and repercussions of the Cold War. During his negotiations with the American president in Washington on 2 February 1957, the American President explained the principles and objectives of his doctrine, known as the Eisenhower Doctrine, and the effective role that he expected of him as a powerful friend of the United States of America and as an eminent Arab and Muslim leader in fighting the communist movement invading the Middle East and the Islamic countries.
Within this scheme, Dwight D. Eisenhower offered a 25 million dollar loan to the Saudi Government on 24 January 1957. In return, King Saud explained that he had refused Soviet Union military aid to fight Britain and that Britain's policy was what urged the Arabs to seek the Soviet Union's help. He also stressed that the "non-aligned" countries in the region were benefiting from Soviet aid more than the American allied countries were benefiting from American aid. He considered that this aid should double if the American President wished to succeed in his endeavors. King Saud asked Dwight D. Eisenhower to exert pressure on Israel to withdraw from the occupied territories of Palestine and settle the Palestinian cause, and to convince France to reach a settlement regarding the independence of Algeria. On the other hand, he promised to inform the Arabs of the Eisenhower Doctrine and its purposes; and to inquire about the Arab reaction on the official and officious levels before making any commitments. King Saud explained to the American President that a large bulk of his country's budget was allocated to development projects and to the five-year plan and that he needed military aid before being able to play any role expected from him in fighting Communism. The American government agreed to give him a 250 million dollar loan and all kinds of land, sea, and air weaponry, and to train the Saudi army on how to use them.
In return, the American government was to be granted facilities to use Dhahran airport for five years, after which it would be returned with all its equipment to the Saudi Government in 1962.
Before briefing his Arab peers about the results of this visit and the Eisenhower Doctrine, King Saud visited Spain, Morocco, Tunisia and Libya and informed them of these results. In February 1957 he met the leaders of Egypt, Syria, and Jordan in Cairo and informed them of Dwight D. Eisenhower's objectives. Under the influence of Egyptian President Gamal Abdel Nasser and the Syrian President Shukri al-Quwatli, King Saud, wanting to support a unanimous Arab stand, decided to back up the Egyptian and Syrian Presidents in their decision not to contribute to the Eisenhower Doctrine.
When the Republic of Iraq decided to annex Kuwait in 1961 under
Struggle with Faisal
Immediately after Abdulaziz's death, a fierce struggle erupted between his two eldest surviving sons, Saud and Faisal. The increase in oil revenues did not solve the financial problem associated with Saudi Arab debt, estimated to have been $US200 million in 1953. In fact, this debt more than doubled by 1958, when it reached $US450 million. The Saudi riyal lost half of its official value against the United States dollars. Both
In 1958, Saud was forced to delegate most of his executive powers to Faisal. Saud and Faisal fought an internal battle over the definition of political responsibilities and the division of government functions. Saud was often associated among other things with the plundering of oil revenues, luxurious palaces, and conspiracy inside and outside of Saudi Arabia while Faisal was associated with sobriety, piety, puritanism, thriftiness, and modernization.[citation needed]
The battle between the two brothers was fought over the role to be assigned to the Council of Ministers. Saud abolished the office of Prime Minister by royal decree, thus enforcing his position as King and de facto prime minister. Saud thought of himself as both King and prime minister whereas Faisal envisioned more powers being in his own hand as Crown Prince and deputy prime minister.[27]
Forced abdication
King Saud's family members worried about Saud's profligacy and his inability to meet the challenge of Nasser's Egypt. Corruption and backwardness weakened the regime.
King Saud and Prince Faisal continued their power struggle until 1962 when Prince Faisal formed a cabinet in the absence of the King, who had gone abroad for medical treatment. Prince Faisal allied with Prince Fahd and Prince Sultan. Prince Faisal's new government excluded the sons of Saud. He promised a ten-point reform that included the drafting of the basic law, the abolition of slavery, and the establishment of a judicial council.
Upon his return, King Saud rejected Prince Faisal's new arrangement and threatened to mobilize the Royal Guard against his brother. In response, Prince Faisal demanded King Saud make him regent and turn over all royal powers to him. In this, he had the crucial backing of the
King Saud continued his attempts to regain power and formed a cabinet in Jeddah in December 1963.[30] He ordered the Mecca radio to announce the formation of his cabinet.[30] The army forces loyal to Faisal besieged the radio station and did not allow the radio to broadcast it.[30] In addition, Faisal gave an ultimatum to the king to leave Saudi Arabia.[30]
Following these events Faisal ordered the National Guard to surround Saud's palace. In March 1964 Saud finally relented and named Faisal regent with full executive powers, effectively reducing himself to a figurehead. In November, the ulema, cabinet and senior members of the ruling family forced Saud to abdicate altogether, and Faisal became king in his own right.
On 6 January 1965 Saud went to the palace with his uncle
Exile and later life
Following this event Saud left Saudi Arabia in January 1965.
Personal life
Saud had 108 children and three wives at the time of his death. One of his many wives was Fawzia bint Nawwaf, a granddaughter of Nuri Al Shalaan, the Emir of the Ruwullah tribe.[38][39] Only a few of his children have a public role.[40]
His eldest son, Fahd, was
Another son,
One of his daughters, named Hajer, died outside the Kingdom following an illness on 17 November 2011. Her funeral prayer was performed at
In 2001 his daughter Buniah (born 1960) was arrested and charged with assaulting her maid in Florida. She was held for one night in prison and was released on bail of $5,000 and ordered to surrender her passport.[49] After the death of his elder brother Turki, Saud married his wife, Muneera bint Obaid; their daughter, Al Anoud, died in January 2006 aged 83 and was buried in Mecca.[50]
He was described as "although not as large as his illustrious father, King Saud is about six feet two inches in height and weighs well over two hundred pounds. Like his father, he has weak eyes, but he has also inherited Abdulaziz's magnetic smile and a keen sense of humor, which wins him many friends."[51]
The "Red Palace" which King Abdulaziz built for King Saud and his mother was opened by the Ministry of Culture in 2019 to the public. It was Saudi Arabia's first concrete building and now exhibits displays about his life.[52]
Wives (In no particular order) | Sons (In no particular order) | Daughters (In no particular order) |
---|---|---|
Munirah bint Saad bin Saud Al Saud | Fahd (1923–2006) | |
Baraka al Raziqi al Alma'i | Saad (1924–1967), Mohammed (1934–2012) | |
Nayla (Um Musaed) | Bandar (1926–2016), Musaed (1927–2012)
|
|
Fatimah bint Ahmed bin Ibrahim Al Shahrani | Abdullah (1924–1997) | Nayfa |
Haleemah | Badr (1934–2004), Salman (born 1953) | Ameerah |
Al Jawhara bint Turki Al Ahmed Al Sudairi | Faisal (1927–2012), Nayef (born 1943), Mamdooh (1944–2024), Abdulrahman (1946–2004), Ahmad (1953–2015), Abdulaziz (born 1960)[54] | |
Jamila bint Asa'ad bin Ibrahim Mareyi (deceased) | Khalid (1925–2020), Abdulmajeed (1948–1991), Abdulmalek (1953–2005)
|
Fahda (born 1951), Basmah (born 1964), Shaikha, Jawaher (died 2001) |
Zainab (Um Thamer) | Thamer (1927–1967), Abdulmohsen (1942–1973) | |
Barakah | Majid (1929–1969) | |
Munirah Al Haboot Al Mutairi | Sultan (1939–1975)
|
Eman |
Noura bint Nahar Al Mandeel | Mishaal (born 1940) | |
Turkiyah bint Mohammed Al Abdulaziz | Abdullah (1941–2023), Mansour (born 1946), Turki (born 1953), Mashour (1954–2004), Al Waleed (born 1961) | Dalal (1957–2021), Juahir |
Nayla (Um Fawaz) | Fawaz (1948–1980) | |
Fouza bint Mohammed Al Theeb (died 2007) | Talal (1952–2020) | Hayfa (died 2004), Munirah, Haya (1948–2008), Sara |
Nayla (Um Muqrin) (died 2018) | Muqrin (1950–1983), Saif Al Islam (born 1956) | |
Badra Saleh Ismail Olayan (died 2017) | Nawaf (1951–1999), Saif Al Deen (born 1962), Montaser (born 1963) | Maha, Noof |
Sa'diyah | Sattam (born 1954), Motasem (born 1961) | Reema |
Mariam (Um Nasser) | Nasser (1954–1974), Ghaleb (1957–1993) | Terkiyah |
Nayeema bint Obeid al-Zaabi
|
Mishari (born 1954) | |
Nadera | Humood (born 1955) | Hend, Najla, Mohrah |
Sara bint Madhi Al Fahri Al Qahtani | Yazeed (1955–2023), Abdulkareem (1960–2022) | Lulwa (died 2016), Albandari |
Zainab (Um Felwah) | Hathlool (born 1956), Ez Al Deen (1963–1989) | Felwah, Sultana, Zahwa |
Fatima | Shagran (1958–1987), Motaz (1962–2002) | Nazha (died 2014) |
Unknown (Um Jelewi) (died 2015) | Jelewi (born 1960), Saifalnasser (1963–2005) | Watfaa, Abeer |
Unknown (Um Mussaab) (died 2021) | Mussaab (born 1962) | Ibtisam, Nawal |
Gmasha (died 2020) | Nahar (1962–2021) | Seta, Latifa (married to General Ahmed Al Qahtani), Al Jawhara, Bazza |
Mariam (Um Shaha) (died 2010) | Yousef (born 1963) | Shaha, Aljazzie |
Noura bint Abdullah Al Damer | Hussam (born 1960) | |
Shamsa | Hassan (1967–2016) | Hajar (1958–2011) |
Unknown (Um Jawzaa) | Jawzaa, Tarfa (died 2021) | |
Nour bint Mohammed bin Abdullah | Abta'a, Faizah | |
Lulwa bint Saleh Al Sabhan | Noura (died 2013), Moudhi | |
Noweir bint Obeid Al Rasheed | Alanood (1923–2006) | |
Jeheir bint Abdulaziz bin Abdullah bin Terki | Hessa (died 2016) | |
Gbasa bint Mohammed bin Ayedh Al Rabee'a | Mashael | |
Ghusoon bint Mohammed (died 2019) | Zeinah, Dina, Alyah | |
Ameenah bint Mohammed bin Majid | Lamya, Mona (died 2015), Delayel | |
Nayla bint Saeed bin Rashed Al-Habsi | Fawziyah | |
Hanan | Buniah (born 1960) | |
Unknown (Um Ebtessam) | ||
Unknown (Um Gmasha) | Gmasha |
Death and funeral
King Saud died at the age of 67 on 23 February 1969 in Athens after suffering a heart attack.
Awards
Styles of King Saud | ||
---|---|---|
Reference style His Majesty | | |
Spoken style | Your Majesty |
Immediately after his accession to the throne Iranian ruler Mohammad Reza Pahlavi sent King Saud the highest decoration of the Imperial Iran, Order of Pahlavi.[58]
During his reign, King Saud was the recipient of many honors and orders of various nations. In the formal portraits of King Saud in ceremonial uniform, he is wearing the breast stars of the following orders.
- Syrian Republic:
- Lebanon: The Order of the Cedar.
- Afghanistan: The Order of the Supreme Sun.
In the central display case, the following Orders are on display:
- Kingdom of Libya: Star and Sash of the Order of Mohammed Ibn Ali El Senoussi.
- Jordan: Star of the Supreme Order of the Renaissance.
- Spain: Star and Sash of the Order of Civil Merit.
- Greece: Star of the Order of Saint Mark.
- Egypt: Collar of the Order of the Nile (1954)[61]
- Unknown: A poorly manufactured breast star – possibly a trial piece.
It was during King Saud's reign that the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia instituted, either in 1954 or 1955, its own series of orders, decorations, and medals. This series of awards consisted of the following:
- Order of King Abdulaziz
- Star of King Saud
- National Military Decoration
- Efficiency Medal
- Medal of Merit
- Medal of Duty
- Medal of Appreciation
- Long Service and Good Example Medal
- War Wounded Medal
- Palestine Medal
Ancestry
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See also
- List of things named after Saudi Kings#Saud
References
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- .
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- ^ "Princess Wadha Al Ureier King Saud's Mother". King Saud Library. Archived from the original on 16 June 2021. Retrieved 16 June 2021.
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Citing from the British India Office Records and Private Papers
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- ^ a b c d "Saudi Arabia Crisis Reported". The Times. No. 55898. Cairo. 2 January 1964. Retrieved 2 November 2023.
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- ISBN 9780312238803.
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King Abdul Aziz, the Kingdom's founder, built the Red Palace in the Al Fouta neighborhood of Riyadh by for his son Saud, the then crown prince and successor to the throne, to live with his mother.
- ^ "King Saud Family Tree". Archived from the original on 5 August 2016. Retrieved 28 March 2018.
- ^ Not to be confused with his cousin once removed, Abdulaziz bin Saud Al Saud
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- ^ Grand Collar of the Order of the Nile OMSA. Retrieved 28 March 2023
External links
- English version of his official website Archived 19 October 2016 at the Wayback Machine
- Media related to Saud of Saudi Arabia at Wikimedia Commons