House of Saud

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House of Saud
آل سعود
Royal house
Royal Standard of the King
Parent familyAl-Muqrin of house of Al-Muraydi of the Diriyah (1446; 578 years ago (1446)) of Banu Hanifa of Banu Bakr bin Wa'il
CountrySaudi Arabia (current)
Historical:
Founded1720; 304 years ago (1720)
Founder
Salman bin Abdulaziz
Titles
TraditionsSunni Islam; Formerly Wahhabism (followers of Mohammed ibn Abdulwahhab)[1]

The House of Saud (

Abdulaziz bin Abdul Rahman, the modern founder of Saudi Arabia.[2] It forms a subtribe of the larger prominent ancient Banu Hanifa tribe of Arabia,[3] from which well known 7th century Arabian theologist Maslama ibn Ḥabīb originates.[4] The most influential position of the royal family is the King of Saudi Arabia, an absolute monarch. The family in total is estimated to comprise 15,000 members; however, the majority of power, influence and wealth is possessed by a group of about 2,000 of them.[5][6] Some estimates of the royal family's wealth measure their net worth at $1.4 trillion.[7]This figure includes the market capitalization of Saudi Aramco
, the state oil and gas company, and its vast assets in fossil fuel reserves, making them the wealthiest family in the world and the wealthiest in recorded history.

The House of Saud has had four phases: the

Islamist
groups both inside and outside Saudi Arabia and Shia minority in Saudi Arabia.

The

royal decree provided that future Saudi kings are to be elected by a committee of Saudi princes.[8] King Salman, who reigns currently, first replaced the next crown prince, his brother Muqrin, with his nephew Muhammad bin Nayef. In 2017, Muhammad bin Nayef was replaced by Mohammed bin Salman, King Salman's son, as the crown prince after an approval by the Allegiance Council
with 31 out of 34 votes. The king-appointed cabinet includes more members of the royal family.

Title

Genealogical table of the leaders of the Āl Saud

House of Saud is a translation of Al Saud, an Arabic dynastic name formed by adding the word Al (meaning "family of" or "House of")[9] to the personal name of an ancestor. In the case of the Al Saud, the ancestor is Saud ibn Muhammad ibn Muqrin, the father of the dynasty's 18th century founder Muhammad bin Saud (Muhammad, son of Saud).[10]

The surname "Al Saud" is carried by any descendant of Muhammad bin Saud or his three brothers Farhan, Thunayyan, and Mishari. Al Saud's other family branches like Saud Al Kabir, the Al Jiluwi, the Al Thunayan, the Al Mishari and the Al Farhan are called

cadet branches. Members of the cadet branches hold high and influential positions in government though they are not in the line of succession to the Saudi throne. Many cadet members intermarry within the Al Saud to re-establish their lineage and continue to wield influence in the government.[11][12]

All male members of the royal family have the title of

His Highness" (HH), while the reigning king uses the additional title of Custodian of the Two Holy Mosques.[11][12]

History

Origins and early history

The earliest recorded ancestor of the Al Saud was

Rabi'ah tribal confederation [13][clarification needed]. The Banu Hanifa played an important role in shaping the Middle East and Arabia from the 6th century, with prominent theologians such as Maslama ibn Ḥabīb
descending from this tribe.

Mani' was invited to Diriyah by a relative named Ibn Dir, who was the ruler of a group of villages and estates that make up modern-day

al-Qatif, from an unknown point in time. Ibn Dir handed Mani two estates, called al-Mulaybeed and Ghusayba. Mani and his family settled and renamed the region Al Diriyah after their benefactor Ibn Dir.[17][18]

The Mrudah became rulers of Al Diriyah, which prospered along the banks of

az-Zubayr in southern Iraq
. The Al Muqrin became the ruling family among the Mrudah in Diriyah.

The name of the clan comes from Sheikh Saud ibn Muhammad ibn Muqrin, who died in 1725.[citation needed]

Emirate of Diriyah

Main article: Emirate of Diriyah
first Saudi state during the reign of Saud bin Abdulaziz Al Saud
in the year 1814

The First Saudi State was founded in 1727. This period was marked by conquest of neighboring areas and by religious zeal. At its height, the First Saudi State included most of the territory of modern-day

Muhammad ibn Abdul Wahhab and his descendants, are believed to have played a significant role in Saudi rule during this period. The Saudis and their allies referred to themselves during this period as the Muwahhidun or Ahl al-Tawhid ("the monotheists"). Later they were referred to as the Wahhabis, a particularly strict, puritanical Islamic
sect, named for its founder.

Leadership of Al Saud during the time of their first state passed from father to son without incident. The first imam, Muhammad bin Saud, was succeeded by his eldest son,

Hussein ibn Ali, the grandson of Muhammad is buried.[19] The Wahhabi soldiers killed more than 2,000 people, including women and children.[19] They plundered the city, demolishing the massive golden dome above Hussein's tomb and loaded hundreds of camels with weapons, jewelry, coins and other valuable goods.[19]

The attack on Karbala convinced the Ottomans and the Egyptians that the Saudis were a threat to regional peace.

Egypt and Constantinople
, and razed the Saudi capital of Diriyyah.

Emirate of Nejd

Main article: Emirate of Nejd
Flag of the First and Second Saudi State

A few years after the fall of Diriyah in 1818, the Saudis were able to re-establish their authority in Najd, establishing the Emirate of Nejd, commonly known as the Second Saudi State, with its capital in Riyadh.

Compared to the First Saudi State, the second Saudi period was marked by less territorial expansion (it never reconquered the

Abdullah ibn Faisal ibn Turki
.

Present form

Main articles: Unification of Saudi Arabia and Saudi Arabia
Politics of Saudi Arabia

Arab League Member State of the Arab League

Basic Law
Monarchy
Government
Legal system
Recent elections
Administrative divisions
  • Regions
  • Governorates
Foreign relations
flag Saudi Arabia portal
King Abdulaziz and US President Franklin D. Roosevelt in February 1945
U.S. President Barack Obama offers condolences on death of Saudi King Abdullah, Riyadh, 27 January 2015.
Prince Turki bin Mohammed Al Saud with Britain's King Charles III at Buckingham Palace in London

After his defeat at Mulayda, Abdul Rahman bin Faisal went with his family into exile in the deserts of eastern

Masmak fort and kill the governor appointed there by Muhammad bin Abdullah Al Rashid
. Abdulaziz, reported to have been barely 20 at the time, was immediately proclaimed ruler in Riyadh. As the new leader of the House of Saud, Abdulaziz became commonly known from that time onward as "Ibn Saud" in Western sources, though he is still called "Abdulaziz" in the Arab world.

Abdulaziz spent the next three decades trying to re-establish his family's rule over central Arabia, starting with his native Najd. His chief rivals were the Al Rashid clan in Ha'il, the

Ottoman Sultans and even taking the title of pasha, Abdulaziz allied himself to the British, in opposition to the Ottoman-backed Al Rashidis. From 1915 to 1927, Abdulaziz's dominions were a protectorate of the British Empire, pursuant to the 1915 Treaty of Darin
.

Abdulaziz won final victory over the Al Rashidis in 1921, making him the ruler of most of central Arabia. He consolidated his dominions as the Sultanate of Nejd. He then turned his attention to the Hijaz, finally conquering it in 1926, just months before the British protectorate ended. For the next five and a half years, he administered the two parts of his dual realm, the Kingdom of Hejaz and Nejd, as separate units.

By 1932, Abdulaziz had disposed of all his main rivals and consolidated his rule over much of the Arabian Peninsula. He united his dominions into the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia that year. His father, Abdul Rahman, retained the honorary title of "imam". In 1937, near Dammam, American surveyors discovered what later proved to be Saudi Arabia's vast oil reserves. Before the discovery of oil, many family members were destitute.[21]

Abdulaziz sired dozens of children by his many wives. He had at most four wives at a time, divorcing many times. He made sure to marry into many of the noble clans and tribes within his territory, including the chiefs of the

Bani Khalid, Ajman, and Shammar tribes, as well as the Al ash-Sheikh (descendants of Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab). He also arranged for his sons and relatives to enter into similar marriages. He appointed his eldest surviving son, Saud as heir apparent, to be succeeded by the next eldest son, Faisal
. The Al Saudi family became known as the "royal family", and each member, male and female, was accorded the title amir ("prince") or amira ("princess"), respectively.

Abdulaziz died in 1953, after having cemented an alliance with the United States in 1945. He is still celebrated officially as the "Founder", and only his direct descendants may take on the title of "his or her Royal Highness". The date of his recapture of Riyadh in 1902 was chosen to mark Saudi Arabia's centennial in 1999 (according to the Islamic lunar calendar).

Upon Abdulaziz's death, his son Saud assumed the throne without incident, but his lavish spending led to a power struggle with his brother, Crown Prince Faisal. In 1964, the royal family forced Saud to abdicate in favor of Faisal, aided by an edict from the country's

Free Princes
" and calling for liberalization and reform, but were later induced to return by Faisal. They were fully pardoned but were also barred from any future positions in government.

Faisal was assassinated in 1975 by a nephew,

Prince Muhammad
, but he had relinquished his claim to the throne in favor of Khalid, his only full brother.

Khalid died of a heart attack in 1982, and was succeeded by

Hassa Al Sudairi. Fahd did away with the previous royal title of "his Majesty" and replaced it with the honorific "Custodian of the Two Holy Mosques", in reference to the two Islamic holy sites in Mecca and Medina
, in 1986.

A stroke in 1995 left Fahd largely incapacitated. His half-brother, Crown Prince

Geneva, Switzerland
on 15 June 2012. On 23 January 2015, Abdullah died after a prolonged illness, and his half-brother, Crown Prince Salman, was declared the new king.

Many princes and government officials were arrested in 2017 in an alleged

anti corruption campaign by the king and crown prince. Then-United States President Donald Trump expressed support for the arrests.[23]

Political power

Ashton Carter
, Pentagon, 13 May 2015
US President Donald Trump with the First Lady of the United States Melania Trump, King Salman, and Egyptian president Abdel Fattah el-Sisi at the 2017 Riyadh summit

The head of the House of Saud is the King of Saudi Arabia who serves as

Ulema, the merchant community, and the population at large has been key to the maintenance of the royal family's political status quo.[25]

Long-term political and government appointments have resulted in the creation of "power fiefdoms" for senior princes,

Prince Mohammad bin Salman, the son of King Salman and crown prince.[30]

Such terms of service have enabled senior princes to mingle their personal wealth with that of their respective domains.[

Prince Ahmed
, who held the deputy minister's portfolio under Prince Nayef's interior ministry.

Unlike Western

order of succession. Historically, upon becoming king, the monarch has designated an heir apparent to the throne who serves as crown prince of the kingdom. Upon the king's death, the crown prince becomes king, and during the king's incapacitation the crown prince, likewise, assumes power as regent. Although other members of the Al Saudis hold political positions in the Saudi government, it is only the king and crown prince who legally constitute the political institutions.[citation needed
]

The royal family is politically divided by factions based on clan loyalties, personal ambitions and ideological differences.[31] The most powerful clan faction is known as the 'Sudairi Seven', comprising the late King Fahd and his full brothers and their descendants.[32] Ideological divisions include issues over the speed and direction of reform,[33] and whether the role of the ulema should be increased or reduced. There were divisions within the family over who should succeed to the throne after the accession or earlier death of Prince Sultan.[32][34] When Prince Sultan died before ascending to the throne on 21 October 2011, King Abdullah appointed Prince Nayef as crown prince.[35] The following year, Prince Nayef also died before ascending to the throne.[36]

Succession

Main article: Succession to the Saudi Arabian throne
U.S. President Jimmy Carter meets with King Khalid and Crown Prince Fahd in January 1978.

Succession has been from brother to brother since the death of the founder of modern Saudi Arabia. Abdulaziz was succeeded by his son Saud who was succeeded by his half-brother Faisal. Faisal was succeeded by his brother Khalid who, in turn, was succeeded by his half-brother Fahd. Fahd was succeeded by his half-brother Abdullah, and Abdullah by his half-brother Salman, the current King. Salman appointed his half-brother

Muqrin as Crown Prince in January 2015 and removed him in April 2015. Even Abdulaziz's youngest son was to turn 70 in 2015. Abdulaziz, in 1920, had said that the further succession would be from brother to brother, not from father to son.[citation needed
]

Mohammad bin Salman, Jared Kushner, Ivanka Trump, King Salman bin Abdulaziz, and Melania Trump
, Riyadh, 20 May 2017

King Salman ended the brother-to-brother succession and appointed his 56-year-old nephew Muhammad bin Nayef as crown prince in April 2015, thus making the next succession from uncle to nephew. At the same time, King Salman appointed his son, Mohammad bin Salman, as deputy crown prince, thus making the next succession from cousin to cousin, as Muhammad bin Salman is the cousin of Crown Prince Muhammad bin Nayef. However, in June 2017, Salman elevated Mohammad bin Salman to crown prince, following his decision to strip Muhammad bin Nayef of all positions, making his son heir apparent to the throne, and making the next succession from father to son, for the first time since 1953, when Saud bin Abdulaziz Al Saud succeeded his father, the founder of Saudi Arabia, Ibn Saud.[37][38]

Amid international outcry over the

killing of Jamal Khashoggi, members of the Saudi royal family were allegedly distressed over the prospect of the crown prince becoming the next king. It was reported that dozens of princes and members of the Al Saud family were interested in seeing Prince Ahmed become the next king instead. During his London tour, Prince Ahmed criticized the Saudi leadership. He was also one of the three members of the ruling family to oppose Mohammad bin Salman becoming the crown prince in 2017.[39]

Wealth

Luxury yacht Kingdom 5KR owned by Saudi royal family, docked in Antibes, French Riviera

In June 2015,

Al-Waleed bin Talal, a grandson of Abdulaziz, the first king of Saudi Arabia, as the 34th-richest man in the world, with an estimated net worth of US$22.6 billion.[40]

As of 2020, the combined net worth of the entire royal family has been estimated at around US$100 billion, which makes them the richest royal family among all monarchs, as well as one of the wealthiest families in the world. Some estimates of the Royal Family's wealth put the figure as high as $1.4 trillion, which includes holdings in Saudi Aramco.[41]

Opposition and controversy

See also: Human rights in Saudi Arabia and Censorship in Saudi Arabia

Due to its

theocratic rule, the House of Saud has attracted much criticism during its rule of Saudi Arabia. There have been numerous incidents, including the Wahhabi Ikhwan militia uprising during the reign of Ibn Saud. Osama Bin Laden, a critic of the US, was also a critic of Saudi Arabia and was denaturalized in the mid 1990s.[42]

On 20 November 1979, the

al-Masjid al-Haram in Mecca violently seized by a group of 500 heavily armed and provisioned Saudi dissidents led by Juhayman al-Otaybi and Abdullah al-Qahtani,[43] consisting mostly of members of the former Ikhwan militia of Otaibah[44] but also of other peninsular Arabs and a few Egyptians enrolled in Islamic studies at the Islamic University of Madinah. The Saudi royal family turned to the Ulema, who duly issued a fatwa permitting the storming of the holy sanctuary by Saudi forces, aided by French special ops units.[45] According to Lawrence Wright, the GIGN commandos did first convert to Islam prior to the raid.[46] Most of those responsible, including Al-Otaybi himself, were soon beheaded publicly in four cities of Saudi Arabia.[citation needed
]

In January 2016, Saudi Arabia

Sheikh Nimr, who had called for pro-democracy demonstrations, along with forty-seven other Saudi Shia citizens sentenced by the Specialized Criminal Court on terrorism charges.[47]

Since May 2017, in response to protests against the government,[

disputed – discuss] the predominantly Shia town of Al-Awamiyah has been put under full siege by the Saudi military. Residents are not allowed to enter or leave, and the Saudi military indiscriminately shells the neighborhoods with airstrikes, mortar[48] fire along with snipers[49] shooting residents.[50] Dozens of Shia civilians were killed, including a three-year-old and[51] a two-year-old child.[52]
The Saudi government claims it is fighting terrorists in al-Awamiyah.

Crown Prince Mohammed bin Salman kept his own mother away from his father for more than two years, fearing that she would stop the king from giving eventual power to him. Princess Fahda bint Falah Al Hithlain, third wife of King Salman, was said to be in America for medical treatment. However, according to American intelligence, this was refuted, stating that she was not in the country.[53]

Some Royals have been criticised for various human rights violations, including the

Yemen war.[55]

The Reuters news agency reported on 23 June 2020 that Crown Prince Mohammed bin Salman had allegedly threatened and intimidated a former intelligence officer, Saad al-Jabri, along with his family of adult children, from returning to Saudi Arabia from exile in Canada. Al-Jabri was a long-time aide to the former crown prince, Prince Mohammed bin Nayef, who was ousted in 2017. Al-Jabri allegedly has access to documents containing information sensitive and pivotal for the crown prince's leadership.[56]

A group of intellectuals from Saudi Arabia, exiled in the US, UK, and elsewhere, launched a political party in opposition to the royal family ruling the kingdom. The launch of the party was announced in September 2020 and was launched on the 2nd death anniversary of Jamal Khashoggi. The National Assembly Party (NAAS – people in Arabic) was launched with the aim of gathering the support of people, both inside and outside Saudi Arabia, against the ruling royals King Salman and Crown Prince Mohammed bin Salman. Madawi al-Rasheed, a scholar, is also the co-founder of NAAS. Other members of the party include scholar Abdullah al-Aoudh, comedian and vlogger Omar Abdulaziz, and activist Yahya Assiri. The party's launch took place online from London as the Basic Law of Saudi Arabia prohibits the formation of political parties. Forming a political party is considered sedition, punishable with lengthy jail terms.[57]

Some members of the royal family have ill-treated their employees, even while visiting other countries. For example, Princess Buni Al Saud, a niece of King Fahd, pushed the staff down the stairs. Another princess attacked her worker with the help of a bodyguard.[58] A Saudi prince and his children abused their maids when they were in France.[59]

Heads

Emirate of Diriyah

NameLifespanReign startReign endNotesFamilyImage
Saud I
  • سعود الأول
1640
–
1725		17201725
(death by natural causes)		Was the eponymous ancestor of the House of Saud
Son of Emir Muhammad bin Muqrin		Muqrin


First Saudi state

NameLifespanReign startReign endNotesFamilyImage
Saud
Abdullah bin Saud


Second Saudi state

NameLifespanReign startReign endNotesFamilyImage
1
Saud
Saud bin Faisal bin Turki


Third Saudi state

NameLifespanReign startReign endNotesFamilyImage
King Abdulaziz and Hussa bint Ahmed Al Sudairi The last rulers of the third Saudi state
SaudSalman of Saudi Arabia


Most notable current members

Main article: Descendants of Ibn Saud

Sons of King Abdulaziz

The list of King Abdulaziz's surviving sons, except for current Saudi monarch Salman, are as follows:

  1. Al Jawf Province. He was special advisor to King Abdullah
    from 2008 to 2015.
  2. Ahmed bin Abdulaziz (born 1942) – Deputy minister of interior from 1975 to 2012; minister of interior from June 2012 to 5 November 2012.
  3. Mashhur bin Abdulaziz
    (born 1942)
  4. Madinah
    provinces. He was appointed second deputy prime minister on 1 February 2013 and he was made crown prince on 23 January 2015 when his half-brother Salman became king. On 28 April 2015 Muqrin was granted resignation based on his request to start the next generation of the royals.

Genealogy

Saud I
(House of Saud Founder)
(The thirteenth
Emir of First
Emirate of Diriyah
)
Muhammad I
(Emir of First
Saudi State
)		ThunayanMishari
Abdallah
IbrahimAbdul Rahman
Turki
(Emir of Second
Saudi State)
Thunayan Mishari
(Emir of Second
Saudi State)
Faisal I
(Emir of Second
Saudi State)
 Abdullah II
(Emir of Second
Saudi State)
Abdul Rahman
(Emir of Second
Saudi State
)
Abdulaziz II
(King of Third
Saudi State)
Saud IV
(King of Third
Saudi State)		 Faisal II
(King of Third
Saudi State)		 Khalid II
(King of Third
Saudi State)		 Fahd
(King of Third
Saudi State)		 Abdullah IV
(King of Third
Saudi State)		 Salman
(King of Third
Saudi State)
Mohammed bin Salman
(Crown Prince of Saudi Arabia)

[60]


Timeline

Salman of Saudi ArabiaAbdullah of Saudi ArabiaFahd of Saudi ArabiaKhalid of Saudi ArabiaFaisal of Saudi ArabiaSaud of Saudi ArabiaIbn SaudAbdul Rahman bin FaisalAbdullah bin Faisal bin Turki Al SaudAbdul Rahman bin FaisalSaud bin Faisal bin Turki Al SaudAbdullah bin Faisal bin Turki Al SaudSaud bin Faisal bin Turki Al SaudAbdullah bin Faisal bin Turki Al SaudFaisal bin Turki bin Abdullah Al SaudAbdullah bin Thunayan Al SaudKhalid bin Saud Al Saud (died 1865)Faisal bin Turki bin Abdullah Al SaudMishariTurki bin Abdullah bin MuhammadAbdullah bin SaudSaud bin Abdul-Aziz bin Muhammad bin SaudAbdul-Aziz bin MuhammadMuhammad bin SaudSaud ibn Muhammad ibn Muqrin

Royal Standard

See also: Flag of Saudi Arabia
  • The Royal Flag consists of a green flag, with an
    Arabic inscription and a sword featured in white, and with the national emblem embroidered in gold in the lower right canton.[61]
Royal Flag of the King Small vexillological symbol or pictogram in black and white showing the different uses of the flag

The script on the flag is written in the Thuluth script. It is the shahada or Islamic declaration of faith:

لَا إِلٰهَ إِلَّا الله مُحَمَّدٌ رَسُولُ الله
lā ʾilāha ʾillā-allāh, muhammadun rasūlu-allāh
There is no other god but Allah, Muhammad is the messenger of God.[62]
  • The Royal Standard consists of a green flag, in the center of the national emblem embroidered with gold.

See also

References

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Further reading

External links

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