Sauropelta

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Sauropelta
Temporal range:
Ma
↓
Specimen
AMNH
3036, fossil armor and tail in the American Museum of Natural History
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Clade: Dinosauria
Clade: †Ornithischia
Clade: †Thyreophora
Clade: †Ankylosauria
Family: †Nodosauridae
Subfamily: †Nodosaurinae
Genus: †Sauropelta
Ostrom, 1970
Type species
†Sauropelta edwardsorum
(Ostrom, 1970) Olshevsky, 1991

Sauropelta (

Cretaceous Period of North America. One species (S. edwardsorum) has been named although others may have existed. Anatomically, Sauropelta is one of the most well-understood nodosaurids, with fossilized remains recovered in the U.S. states of Wyoming, Montana, and possibly Utah. It is also the earliest known genus of nodosaurinae; most of its remains are found in a section of the Cloverly Formation dated to 108.5 million years ago
.

It was a medium-sized nodosaurid, measuring about 6 metres (19.7 ft) long. Sauropelta had a distinctively long tail which made up about half of its body length. Although its body was smaller than a modern black rhinoceros, Sauropelta was about the same mass, weighing in at about 2 metric tons (2.2 short tons). The extra weight was largely due to its extensive covering of bony armor, including the characteristically large spines projecting from its neck.

Description

Sauropelta edwardsorum with a human for scale

Sauropelta was a heavily built

jugal bone, below and behind the eyes.[3] More typically for nodosaurids, leaf-shaped teeth lined both upper and lower jaws, used for cutting plant material. The front end of the skull is unknown, but there would have been a sharp bony ridge (tomium) at the end of both upper and lower jaws, as seen in other ankylosaurs. This ridge probably would have supported a keratinous beak.[4]

The tail of Sauropelta was characteristically long and made up nearly half of the body length. One skeleton preserved forty caudal (tail) vertebrae, although some were missing, suggesting that the true number of caudal vertebrae may have exceeded fifty. Ossified tendons stiffened the tail along its length. Like other ankylosaurs, Sauropelta had a wide body, with a very broad pelvis and ribcage. The forelimbs were shorter than the hindlimbs, which resulted in an arched back, with the highest point over the hips. Its feet, limbs, shoulders, and pelvis were all very stoutly constructed and reinforced to support a great deal of weight.[1]

Restoration

Like other nodosaurids, Sauropelta was covered in armor formed from bony masses embedded in the skin (

Jim Kirkland reconstructed them in two parallel rows on each side, one above the other. The upper row of cervical spines pointed backwards and upwards (posterodorsally), while the lower row pointed backwards and outwards (posterolaterally). The bases of each pair of cervical spines and each pair of caudal plates were fused together, greatly restricting mobility in both the neck and upper tail.[3]

Classification and systematics

Since John Ostrom first described Sauropelta in 1970, it has been recognized as a member of the

infraorder Ankylosauria. Nodosaurids are characterized by certain features of the skull, including the mandible (lower jaw), which curves downwards at the end. Overall, nodosaurids had narrower snouts than the ankylosaurids, and also lacked the heavy ankylosaurid tail clubs.[7] Nodosaurids, like ankylosaurids, are found in North America, Asia, and Europe
.

While the

taxa and characters were chosen.[9]

Discovery and naming

AMNH specimen

In the early 1930s, famed dinosaur hunter and paleontologist Barnum Brown collected the holotype specimen of Sauropelta (AMNH 3032, a partial skeleton) from the Cloverly Formation in Big Horn County, Montana. The locality is inside the Crow Indian Reservation. Brown also discovered two other specimens (AMNH 3035 and 3036). The latter is one of the best-preserved nodosaurid skeletons known to science, includes a large amount of in situ armor, and is on display in the American Museum of Natural History in New York City. AMNH 3035 preserves the cervical armor and most of a skull, missing only the end of the snout. Expeditions in the 1960s led by the equally renowned John Ostrom of Yale University's Peabody Museum of Natural History recovered additional incomplete specimens from the Cloverly. In 1970, Ostrom coined the genus Sauropelta to include remains discovered by both expeditions. Derived from the Greek σαυρος (sauros) ('lizard') and πελτε (pelte) ('shield'), this name is a reference to its bony armor.[6] Although Ostrom originally named the species S. edwardsi, nomenclaturist George Olshevsky corrected the spelling to S. edwardsorum in 1991 to conform to Latin grammar rules.[10]

Close up of armour, AMNH

Despite the naming of Sauropelta two years earlier, confusion arose in 1972 when the name "Peltosaurus" was inadvertently published as the caption of a photograph of AMNH 3036.

extinct branch of the modern family Anguidae (the alligator lizards and the legless glass lizards) and is no longer used to refer to the dinosaur.[12]

In 1999, Carpenter and colleagues described material of a large nodosaurid from Utah, discovered in a

member of the Cedar Mountain Formation called the Poison Strip Sandstone, which is contemporaneous with the Cloverly Formation. He originally referred it to Sauropelta as a possible new species, but it was never named.[13] In more recent publications, Carpenter no longer refers the Poison Strip animal to Sauropelta, only to the family Nodosauridae.[14]

Armor plate

Other recent, but undescribed, discoveries include a complete skull from the Cloverly of Montana[15] and a huge fragmentary skeleton from the Cedar Mountain Formation of Utah.[16] These discoveries have been published only as abstracts for the annual Society of Vertebrate Paleontology conference, and may or may not prove to belong to S. edwardsorum or even Sauropelta when formally published.

Footprint discoveries

In 1932,

ceratopsians. However, in 1984 paleontologist Kenneth Carpenter re-examined the British Columbian Tetrapodosaurus prints and argued that they were made by ankylosaurs rather than ceratopsians. Specifically, Carpenter concluded that these were probably the footprints of Sauropelta. Five years later, large numbers of Tetrapodosaurus tracks were discovered at the Smoky River Coal Mine near Grande Cache, Alberta. This site is considered the most important ankylosaur track site in the world.[17]

Paleoecology

Restoration

Sauropelta was one of the earliest known nodosaurids. All specimens of S. edwardsorum were recovered from the Little Sheep Mudstone section of the Cloverly Formation in Wyoming and Montana, which has been dated to 108.5 million years ago, during the Early Cretaceous.[18][19] Sauropelta lived in wide floodplains around rivers that drained into the shallow inland sea to the north and east, carrying sediment eroded from the low mountains to the west. Periodic flooding of these rivers covered the surrounding plains with new muddy sediments, creating the Cloverly Formation and burying the remains of many animals, some of which would be fossilized. At the end of Cloverly times, the shallow sea would expand to cover the entire region and would eventually split North America completely in half, forming the Western Interior Seaway.[20] Abundant fossil remains of coniferous trees suggest that these plains were covered in forests.[6] Grasses would not evolve until later in the Cretaceous, so Sauropelta and other Early Cretaceous dinosaurian herbivores browsed from a variety of conifers and cycads.[21] Nodosaurids like Sauropelta had narrow snouts, an adaptation seen today in animals that are selective browsers as opposed to the wide muzzles of grazers.[7]

While Sauropelta was an important part of the Cloverly herbivore

tyrannosaurids, ceratopsians, and ankylosaurids would disperse into western North America, forming the mixed fauna seen throughout the Late Cretaceous.[3]

See also

References

  1. ^
    doi:10.1139/e84-154
    .
  2. ISBN 9780691137209
    .
  3. ^
    Kirkland, James I. (1998). "Review of Lower and Middle Cretaceous Ankylosaurs from North America". In Lucas, Spencer G.
    ; Kirkland, James I; Estep, J.W. (eds.). Lower and Middle Cretaceous Ecosystems. New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science Bulletin 14. pp. 249–270.
  4. ^
    ISBN 9780520242098
    .
  5. ^ Salgado, Leonardo; Gasparini, Zulma. (2006). "Reappraisal of an ankylosaurian dinosaur from the Upper Cretaceous of James Ross Island (Antarctica)". Geodiversitas. 28 (1): 119–135.
  6. ^ a b c d e f Ostrom, John H. (1970). "Stratigraphy and paleontology of the Cloverly Formation (Lower Cretaceous) of the Bighorn Basin area, Wyoming and Montana". Bulletin of the Peabody Museum of Natural History. 35: 1–234.
  7. ^
    Currie, Philip J.
    ; Padian, Kevin (eds.). The Encyclopedia of Dinosaurs. Berkeley: University of California Press. pp. 16–17.
  8. S2CID 3253690
    .
  9. ^ Carpenter, Kenneth. (2001). "Phylogenetic analysis of the Ankylosauria". In Carpenter, Kenneth (ed.). The Armored Dinosaurs. Bloomington: Indiana University Press. pp. 455–483.
  10. ^ Olshevsky, George. (1991). A Revision of the Parainfraclass Archosauria Cope, 1869, Excluding the Advanced Crocodylia. Mesozoic Meanderings No. 2. San Diego: Publications Requiring Research. p. 196pp.
  11. ISBN 9780806502830
    .
  12. ^ Chure, Daniel J.; McIntosh, John S. (1989). A Bibliography of the Dinosauria (Exclusive of the Aves), 1677-1986. Paleontology Series 1. Grand Junction: Museum of Western Colorado. p. 226pp.
  13. Kirkland, James I.; Burge, Donald; Bird, John (1999). "Ankylosaurs (Dinosauria: Ornithischia) of the Cedar Mountain Formation, Utah, and their stratigraphic distribution". In Gillette, David
    (ed.). Vertebrate Paleontology of Utah. Utah Geological Survey Miscellaneous Publication 99-1. pp. 244–251.
  14. ^ Carpenter, Kenneth. (2006). "Assessing dinosaur faunal turnover in the Cedar Mountain Formation (Lower Cretaceous) of Eastern Utah, USA". In Barrett, Paul M.; Evans, S.E (eds.). Ninth International Symposium on Mesozoic Terrestrial Ecosystems and Biota. London: Natural History Museum. pp. 21–25.
  15. S2CID 220414868
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  16. S2CID 220415208
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  17. ^ McCrea, Richard T. 2000. Vertebrate palaeoichnology of the lower cretaceous (lower Albian) gates formation of Alberta.
  18. Kirkland, James I.; Britt, Brooks; Burge, Donald L.; Carpenter, Kenneth
    ; Cifelli, Richard; DeCourten, Frank; Eaton, Jeffrey; Hasiotis, Steven; Lawton, Timothy (1997). "Lower to Middle Cretaceous Dinosaur faunas of the central Colorado Plateau: a key to understanding 35 million years of tectonics, sedimentology, evolution, and biogeography". Brigham Young University Geology Studies. 42 (II): 69–103.
  19. PMID 24312471
    .
  20. ^
    ISBN 9780122268106
    .
  21. S2CID 1816461
    .
  22. doi:10.1016/j.palaeo.2012.03.003
    .

External links

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