Saurornithoides

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Saurornithoides
Temporal range:
Ma
↓
Holotype skull,
AMNH
6516
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Clade: Dinosauria
Clade: Saurischia
Clade: Theropoda
Family: †Troodontidae
Subfamily: †Troodontinae
Genus: †Saurornithoides
Osborn, 1924
Species:
†S. mongoliensis
Binomial name
†Saurornithoides mongoliensis
Osborn, 1924
Synonyms

Saurornithoides (

period. These creatures were predators, which could run fast on their hind legs and had excellent sight and hearing. The name is derived from the Greek
stems saur~ (lizard), ornith~ (bird) and eides (form), referring to its bird-like skull.

History of discovery

Holotype skull seen from the right, below, and above

Originally, only one or possibly two individuals of Saurornithoides were known, closely associated within the same layer of the Djadochta Formation of Mongolia. The fossils were found on 9 July 1923 by a Chinese employee of an American Museum of Natural History expedition, Chih. The material contained a single skull and jaw in association, and vertebrae, a partial pelvis, hindlimb and foot associated nearby. More bones were initially included but later shown to belong to Protoceratops. Henry Fairfield Osborn at first intended to name the animal "Ornithoides", the "bird-like one", and in 1924 mentioned this name in a popular publication but without a description so that it remained an invalid nomen nudum.[2] He then formally described the remains in the same year, finding them to be a new genus and species, which he named Saurornithoides mongoliensis. The generic name was chosen because of the bird-like bones of the taxon, which was thought to represent a megalosaurian, translating as "saurian with bird-like rostrum". Saurornithoides was noted to resemble Velociraptor, although more sluggish according to Osborn. The holotype specimen is AMNH 6516.[3] This specimen was the first troodontid skeleton found, though at the time the connection with Troodon, then known only from its teeth, was not realised.[4]

Left foot of the type specimen as seen from the inside

In

Zanabazar.[4]

In 1993, a juvenile specimen of S. mongoliensis was described.[6] The highly ossified hindlimb suggested that Saurornithoides and other troodontids were well developed at birth and that they probably required little to no parental care.

Several other Saurornithoides species were named, though none of these is today seen as valid. In 1928, baron

hadrosaurid fossil.[14]

Description

Size compared to a human

Saurornithoides is a member of the

hands, and some of the highest non-avian encephalization quotients, meaning they were behaviourally advanced and had keen senses.[15] Saurornithoides was a rather small troodontid. Though a possible adult, the type specimen has a midline skull length of 189 millimetres, compared to 272 millimetres for Zanabazar junior, itself estimated at 2.3 metres long. It had large eye sockets and stereoscopic vision, allowing for good depth perception. It probably had good vision in light and very good night vision. It had a long, low head, a depressed muzzle, sharp teeth and a relatively large brain. Swift and smart, like its North American cousin Troodon, Saurornithoides probably scoured the Gobi Desert, looking for small mammals or reptiles to eat. Like other troodontids, it had an enlarged retractable claw on the second toe of each foot, that in this case was of moderate size though rather curved.[4]

Life restoration

A juvenile specimen of S. mongoliensis was described in 1993 and gave insights into the life history of the species as well as its relatives;[6] the highly ossified hindlimb suggested that Saurornithoides and other troodontids were well developed at birth and that they probably required little to no parental care.

A revision of the genus in 2009 provided a differential diagnosis, a list of traits in which Saurornithoides differed from certain relevant relatives, especially concentrating on determining its place in the

Zanabazar and Troodon, is shown by the presence of a recessus tympanicus dorsalis, the upper one of three small openings on the side of the braincase, in the inner ear region.[4]

Classification

Maxillary teeth
Saurornithoides group surrounding an Udanoceratops

Osborn at first placed Saurornithoides in the

Saurornithoididae.[5] In 1987, Philip John Currie showed that this concept was a junior synonym of Troodontidae, implying that Saurornithoides were a troodontid too.[16]

The cladogram below follows a 2012 analysis by Turner, Makovicky and Norell.[17]

Paraves

See also

References

  1. ISBN 978-0-671-61946-6
    .
  2. ^ Osborn, Harry F. (1924). "The discovery of an unknown continent". Natural History. 24 (2): 133–149.
  3. ^ a b Osborn, Harry F. (1924). "Three new Theropoda, Protoceratops zone, Central Mongolia" (PDF). American Museum Novitates (144): 12.
  4. ^
    hdl:2246/5973
    .
  5. ^ a b Rinchen Barsbold (1974). "Saurornithoididae, a new family of small theropod dinosaurs from Central Asia and North America" (PDF). Palaeontologia Polonica. 30: 5–22.
  6. ^
    doi:10.1139/e93-193
    .
  7. ^ Nopcsa, Franz (1928). "The genera of reptiles". Palaeobiologica. 1: 163–188.
  8. ^ Nopcsa, Franz (1929). "Addendum: "The genera of reptiles"". Palaeobiologica. 1: 201.
  9. ^ Carpenter, Kenneth (1982). "Baby dinosaurs from the Late Cretaceous Lance and Hell Creek formations and a description of a new species of theropod". Contributions to Geology, University of Wyoming. 20 (2): 123–134.
  10. ^ Olshevsky, George (1991). A revision of the parainfraclass Archosauria Cope, 1869, excluding the advanced Crocodylia. Mesozoic Meanderings. Vol. 2.
  11. ^ Olshevsky, George (1995). "The origin and evolution of the tyrannosaurids (part 1)". Kyoryugaku Saizensen. 9: 92–119.
  12. ^ Olshevsky, George (1995). "The origin and evolution of the tyrannosaurids (part 2)". Kyoryugaku Saizensen. 10: 75–99.
  13. ^ Olshevsky, George (2000). An annotated checklist of dinosaur species by continent. Mesozoic Meanderings. Vol. 3.
  14. S2CID 9743271
    .
  15. S2CID 55220748
    .
  16. doi:10.1080/02724634.1987.10011638
    .
  17. S2CID 83572446
    .

Bibliography
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