Scelidosaurus

This is a good article. Click here for more information.
Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.

Scelidosaurus
Temporal range:
Ma
Scelidosaurus cast of the David Sole specimen BRSMG LEGL 0004, in Utah.
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Clade: Dinosauria
Clade: †Ornithischia
Clade: †
Saphornithischia
Clade: †Genasauria
Clade: †Thyreophora
Genus: †Scelidosaurus
Owen, 1859
Species:
†S. harrisonii
Binomial name
†Scelidosaurus harrisonii
Owen, 1861

Scelidosaurus (

ornithischian dinosaur from the Jurassic of England
.

Scelidosaurus lived during the

million years ago. This genus and related genera at the time lived on the supercontinent Laurasia. Its fossils have been found in the Charmouth Mudstone Formation near Charmouth in Dorset, England, and these fossils are known for their excellent preservation. Scelidosaurus has been claimed as one of the earliest complete dinosaur,[2] and is among the most completely known dinosaur of the British Isles. Despite this, a modern description only materialised in 2020. After initial finds in the 1850s, comparative anatomist Richard Owen named and described Scelidosaurus in 1859. Only one species
, Scelidosaurus harrisonii named by Owen in 1861, is considered valid today, although one other species was proposed in 1996.

Scelidosaurus was about 4 metres (13 ft) long. It was a largely

quadrupedal
animal, feeding on low scrubby plants, the parts of which were bitten off by the small, elongated head to be processed in the large gut. Scelidosaurus was lightly armoured, protected by long horizontal rows of keeled oval scutes that stretched along the neck, back and tail.

One of the oldest known and most "primitive" of the

derived of the known basal thyreophorans, either closely related to Ankylosauria or Stegosauria
+Ankylosauria.

Description

Size and posture

Size comparison

A full-grown Scelidosaurus was rather small compared to most later non-avian dinosaurs, but it was a medium-sized species in the Early Jurassic. Some scientists have estimated a length of 4 metres (13 ft).

quadrupedal, with the hindlimbs longer than the forelimbs. It may have reared up on its hind legs to browse on foliage from trees, but its arms were relatively long, indicating a mostly quadrupedal posture.[5] A trackway from the Holy Cross Mountains of Poland shows a scelidosaur like animal walking in a bipedal manner, hinting that Scelidosaurus may have been more proficient at bipedalism than previously thought.[6]

Distinguishing traits

The first modern diagnosis was provided by

autapomorphies, unique derived characters, of the skull. The front snout bones, the premaxillae, have a common central rough extension, in life bearing a small upper beak. The nasal bone has on its upper outside a facet touching the inner side of the ascending branch of the premaxilla. The antorbital fenestra is present as a bean-shaped depression, its lower edge formed by a sharp ridge. The central parietal crest on the skull roof is formed by two parallel crests separated by a narrow trough on the midline. The roof of the nasal cavity is formed by special plates above the vomers, called the "epivomers". The epipterygoid bone is shaped as a small conical vertical structure of which the base connects to the upper side of the pterygoid bone by means of a lateral flat surface. The basioccipital has large oblique facets on the lower sides. The opisthotic has an expanded pedicel with facets on its underside. Elongated epistyloid bones project obliquely to the rear and below, from the back of the skull. A small spur-like structure on the upper edge of the paroccipital process encases the posttemporal fenestra. The rear of the skull is fused on its upper edge with a pair of large curved horn-shaped osteoderms. The lower jaw shows only little exostosis, limited to the angular, and lacking an attached osteoderm.[7]

Skull

Skull cast of BRSMG LEGL 0004 with the snout and lower jaw restored

The head of Scelidosaurus was small, about twenty centimetres long, and elongated. The

palpebral bone.[7] Behind it, the upper rim of the eye socket was formed by the supraorbital bone. A study by Susannah Maidment e.a. concluded that juvenile specimens show that this bone was a fusion of three elements, one in front, the next in rear, and the third at the inner side.[8]

The

dentary of the lower jaw.[5] However, the number of maxillary and dentary teeth were established with the incomplete skull of one of the first specimens found; the actual numbers might have ranged up to about two dozen, perhaps twenty-six for the lower jaw. The premaxillary teeth were somewhat longer and recurved. To the rear, they gradually approach the form of the maxillary teeth, beginning to show denticles. The crowns of the maxillary and dentary teeth have denticles on their edges and a swollen basis[5]

The ascending branches of the paired premaxillae notched the combined nasal bones, whereas the opposite was usual in ornithischians. The frontal bones were covered by a halo of fine ridges; these indicate the presence of

orbitosphenoids formed the floor of the olfactory lobes of the brain. The skull of the lectotype was damaged by a paleoichthyologist resulting in the detachment of triangular plates from the palate. These elements had been sketched by Norman in the seventies prior to the incident and interpreted as parts of the pterygoids, but in 2020 he concluded that they were special bones covering the roof of the nasal cavity, which he named the "epivomers". These are not known from any other animal.[7]

Postcranial skeleton

Thorax of the lectotype.

The

sacral vertebrae and at least thirty-five tail vertebrae.[5]

Though perhaps the actual total of

cervical vertebrae was as high as seven or eight, the neck was only moderately long. The torso was relatively flat in side view, however, despite the belly being broad, it was not extremely vertically compressed as with ankylosaurs but taller than wide. The last three dorsal vertebrae had no ribs. The spines of the sacral vertebrae touched each other but were not fused into a supraneural plate. The quickly tapering tail was relatively short, probably representing about half of body length. The tail chevrons were strongly inclined to the rear. The hip area and tail base were stiffened by large numbers of ossified tendons.[5]

Leg of S. harrisonii

The

metatarsal was only rudimentary but the other four were robust. Scelidosaurus had four large toes, with the innermost digit being the smallest. The fourth metatarsal was short but its toe was long and built to be splayed to the outside of the foot, to improve the stability. The claws were flat, hoof-shaped and curved to the inside.[5]

Armour

Cast of a nearly complete skeleton found in 2000 by David Sole, showing fossilised bony scutes, Charmouth Heritage Coast Centre.

The most obvious feature of Scelidosaurus is its armour, consisting of bony scutes embedded in the skin. These osteoderms were arranged in horizontal parallel rows down the animal's body.[3] Osteoderms are today found in the skin of crocodiles, armadillos and some lizards. The osteoderms of Scelidosaurus ranged in both size and shape. Most were smaller or larger oval plates with a high keel on the outside, the highest point of the keel positioned more to the rear. Some scutes were small, flat and hollowed-out at the inside. The larger keeled scutes were aligned in regular horizontal rows. There were three rows of these along each side of the torso. The scutes of the lowest, lateral, row were more conical, rather than the blade-like osteoderms of Scutellosaurus.[10] Between these main series, one or two rows of smaller oval keeled scutes were present. There were in total four rows of large scutes on the tail: one at the top midline, one at the midline of the underside, and one at each tail side. Whether the midline tail scutes continued over the torso and neck to the front is unknown and unlikely for the neck, though Scelidosaurus is often pictured this way.

Restoration showing bipedal posture, as indicated by a fossil trackway

The neck had at each side two rows of large scutes. The osteoderms of the lower neck row were very large, flat and plate-like. The first osteoderms of the top neck rows formed a pair of unique three-pointed scutes directly behind the head. These points seem to have been connected by tendons to the rear joint processes, the

postzygapophyses, of the axis vertebra.[5] In general the scutes were larger at the front of the torso, the osteoderms diminishing towards the rear, especially on the surface of the thighs. The smallest flat round scutes might have filled the room between the larger osteoderm rows. Perhaps a row of vertical osteoderms was present on the upper arms. Compared to the later Ankylosauria
, Scelidosaurus was lightly armoured, without continuous plating, spikes or pelvic shield. Rough areas on the skull and lower jaws indicate the presence of skin ossifications.

Some of the latest specimens found show partly different osteoderms including scutes on which the keel is more like a thorn or spike. These specimens also seem to have little horns on the rear corners of the head, placed on the squamosal bones.[11]

Fossilized skin impressions have also been found. Between the bony scutes, Scelidosaurus had rounded non-overlapping scales like the present Gila monster.[3] Between the large scutes, very small (5-10 millimetres [0.2-0.4 in]) flat "granules" of bone were perhaps distributed within the skin. In the later Ankylosauria, these small scutes may have developed into larger scutes, fusing into the multi-osteodermal plate armour seen in genera such as Ankylosaurus.[10]

History of study

Discovery, naming, and type specimens

Lithograph
of the partial lectotype skull.

During the 1850s, quarry owner James Harrison of

lemma text contained a diagnosis, implicating that the genus was validly named and was not a nomen nudum, despite the fact that the definition was vague and no specimens were identified.[13] Owen intended to call the dinosaur "hindlimb saurian" but confused the Greek word σκέλος, skelos, "hindlimb", with σκελίς, skelis, "rib of beef".[14][15] The name was inspired by the strong development of the hind leg. Afterwards Harrison sent a knee joint, a claw (GSM 109561), a juvenile specimen and a skull to Owen, that were described in 1861. On that occasion the type species Scelidosaurus harrisonii was named, the specific name honouring Harrison.[14] The skull later was revealed to be part of a nearly complete skeleton, that was described by Owen in 1863.[16]

British palaeontologist David Bruce Norman has stressed how remarkable it is that Owen, who previously had propounded that dinosaurs were active quadrupedal animals, largely neglected Scelidosaurus though it could serve as a prime example of this hypothesis and its fossil was one of the most complete dinosaurs found at that time. Norman explained this by Owen's excessive workload in this period, including several administrative functions, polemics with fellow-scientists and the study of a large number of even more interesting newly discovered extinct animals, such as Archaeopteryx.[17] Norman also pointed out that Owen in 1861 suggested a lifestyle for Scelidosaurus that is very different from present ideas: it would have been a fish-eater and partially sea-dwelling.[2][14]

Merosaurus
", instead.

Owen had not indicated a

Neoceratosauria.[22] It has also been established by Newman and confirmed by Roger Benson that the original left thighbone, GSM 109560, belonged to a theropod.[22]

Restoration of the skeleton by O.C. Marsh, showing the long legs at the time presumed for Scelidosaurus

The new lectotype skeleton had been uncovered in the Black Ven Marl or Woodstone Nodule Bed, marine deposits of the

acid baths to free the bones from the surrounding matrix, a method perfected for the Charmouth fossils. In 1992, Charig reported that only a single block had yet to be treated,[13] but he died before the results could be published. Norman, who intended to complete this task, had revealed some new anatomical details in 2004.[5] Apart from these, a modern description was largely lacking.[23] In 2020, Norman published articles on the skull and the postcrania, also taking later finds into account. It transpired that the acid baths had, through leakages, severely deteriorated the condition of the bones, further mishandling leading to breakage and crumbling.[7]

Additional specimens

Philpot's specimen

Apart from the lectotype, other fossils are known of Scelidosaurus. In 1888 Lydekker catalogued a large number of single bones, largely limb elements, and osteoderms, that had been acquired by the NHMUK from the Norris collection.

pubic bone in most reptilian groups.[citation needed
]

In more recent times, new discoveries have been made at Charmouth, not through commercial quarrying but by the efforts of amateur palaeontologists. In 1968 a second partial juvenile skeleton was described, specimen NHMUK R6704,

Sedgwick Museum at Cambridge.[23] Several specimens remain undescribed because they are in private collections. These include a 3.1 metres (ten feet) long skeleton found by David Sole in 2000, perhaps the most complete non-avian dinosaur exemplar ever discovered in the British Isles. All elements of the skeleton are now known.[23] The finds by Sole differ from the lectotype in details of the armour and might represent a separate taxon or reflect sexual dimorphism.[11] In 2020, Norman denied this.[7]

A bone fragment previously assigned to Scelidosaurus found near The Gobbins is the first and one of the only dinosaur fossils found in Ireland

Between the years 1980 and 2000, three fossils were discovered on a beach near The Gobbins in Northern Ireland by palaeontologist Roger Byrne. Exact geologic provenance is not reported for any of the specimens, but the very dark colouration of the specimens indicate (through means of comparison to marine fossils in other Northern Irish localities) they hail from Lias Group rocks, likely from either the Planorbis Zone or the Pre-planorbis Zone of the Waterloo Mudstone Formation. The specimens include BELUM K3998, a proximal femur fragment discovered in January 1980; BELUM K12493, the fragment of a tibia shaft discovered in April 1981; and BELUM K2015.1.54, a small pentagonal object discovered in 2000. Histologist Robin Reid recognized the first specimen as dinosaurian due to its bone texture and structure, and reported it in 1989, suspecting it belonged to Scelidosaurus or a similar animal. Byrne then recognized the tibia specimen as dinosaurian using similar identifiers; it was assumed, based on association, the two specimens came from the same animal. The pentagonal specimen was then assumed to be a scelidosaur osteoderm on the same logic.[27]

These Irish specimens, alongside another discovered by fossil collector William Gray sometime in the late 19th or early 20th century, were formally studied by Michael J. Simms and colleagues and a study was published on them in the journal Proceedings of the Geologists' Association in December 2021. The assignment of the femoral fragment was upheld, with a clear ornithischian identity and with size and morphology specifically very similar to Scelidosaurus and unlike close relative

ichthyosaur. The scelidosaur femur and theropod tibia are the only known remains of dinosaurs from Ireland, which has a poor Mesozoic fossil record entirely consisting of marine localities, and the scelidosaur specimen was the first ever reported from the island.[27] However, in 2024, Satchell reidentified the proximal femur fragment (BELUM K3998) as an indeterminate dinosaur remain, not belonging to a Scelidosaurus or an ornithischian.[28]

In 2000,

stages. Parts of the fossil were preserved in such a way that an envelope of preserved soft tissue is visible around the vertebrae, and show the presence of an epidermal layer over the scutes.[10] The authors concluded that the osteoderms of all basal armoured dinosaurs were covered in a tough, probably keratinous layer of skin.[10]

Additional species

Bristol City Museum and Art Gallery

Scelidosaurus harrisonii, named and described by Owen, is currently the only recognized

Lower Lufeng Formation, Scelidosaurus oehleri, was described by David Jay Simmons in 1965 under its own genus, Tatisaurus. In 1996 Spencer G. Lucas moved it to Scelidosaurus.[29] Although the fossils are fragmentary, this reassessment has not been accepted, and S. oehleri is today once again recognized as Tatisaurus.[5][30]

In 1989, scutes which were found in the

Peter Malcolm Galton and Kenneth Carpenter identified it as a nomen dubium, instead once again placing the specimens as Thyreophora indet.[33]

Classification and phylogeny

Dorsal vertebrae.
Sacrum and iliac bone.

Scelidosaurus was placed in the

paleontologist Dong Zhiming in his 2001 description of Bienosaurus, a thyreophoran sharing close affinities with Scelidosaurus.[37]

Scelidosaurus was an

Richard Thulborn of the University of Queensland attempted to reclassify Scelidosaurus as an ornithopod similar to Tenontosaurus or Iguanodon.[38]
Thulborn argued Scelidosaurus was a lightly built bipedal dinosaur adapted for running. Thulborn's 1977 theories on the genus have since been rejected.

This debate is still ongoing; at this time, Scelidosaurus is considered to be either more closely related to ankylosaurids than to stegosaurids and, by extension, a true ankylosaur,

Eurypoda.[23]

The position of Scelidosaurus according to a cladistic study of 2011 is shown by this cladogram:[41]

 Thyreophora 

Scutellosaurus

Emausaurus

 
Thyreophoroidea
 

Scelidosaurus

 
Eurypoda
 

In the 2022 monograph on Scelidosaurus by David Norman, a different relationship amongst thyreophorans was found, with Stegosauria being the most basal group, and Scelidosaurus being most closely related to Ankylosauria.[42]

 Thyreophora 

 Stegosauria

  Scutellosaurus

Emausaurus

    

Scelidosaurus

Ankylosauria

Fossil records of thyreophorans more basal than Scelidosaurus are sparse. The more "primitive" Scutellosaurus, also found in Arizona, was an earlier genus which was facultatively bipedal. A trackway of a possible early armoured dinosaur, from around 195 million years ago, has been found in France.[43] Ancestors of these basal thyreophorans evolved from early ornithischians similar to Lesothosaurus during the Late Triassic.[5]

Paleobiology

Close up of tooth, and left side of the lectotype skull.

Diet

Like most other thyreophorans, Scelidosaurus is known to be herbivorous. However, while some later ornithischian groups possessed teeth capable of grinding plant material, Scelidosaurus had smaller, less complex leaf-shaped teeth suitable for cropping vegetation and jaws capable of only vertical movement, due to a short jaw joint.[3] Paul Barrett concluded that Scelidosaurus fed with a puncture-crush system of tooth-on-tooth action, with a precise but simple up-and-down jaw movement, in which the food was mashed between the inner side of the upper teeth and the outer side of the lower teeth, without the teeth actually touching each other as shown by very long vertical wear facets on the lower teeth alone.[44] In this aspect, it resembled the

Cretaceous Period
, after Scelidosaurus was long extinct.

Another similarity with the stegosaurs is the narrow head, which might indicate a selective diet consisting of high-quality fodder. However, Barrett pointed out that for an animal the size of Scelidosaurus, with a large gut allowing efficient fermentation, the intake of easily digestible food of high energetic value was less important than with smaller animals, that are often critically dependent on it.[44] Norman concluded that Scelidosaurus fed on low scrubby vegetation, with a height up to one metre. Raising itself on its hindlimbs alone, could have vertically increased the feeding envelope and was perhaps anatomically possible, but Norman doubted it was a relevant part of its behaviour.[5]

See also

References

  1. ISBN 0-19-910207-4
  2. ^
    ISBN 0-253-33964-2
    .
  3. ^
    ISBN 1-56458-304-X
  4. ^ Paul, G.S., 2010, The Princeton Field Guide to Dinosaurs, Princeton University Press p. 217
  5. ^
    ISBN 978-0-520-24209-8.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link
    )
  6. ^ Gierliński, Gregard (1999). "Tracks of a large thyreophoran from the Early Jurassic of Poland" (PDF). Acta Palaeontologica Polonica. 44. Retrieved 27 July 2016.
  7. ^
    doi:10.1093/zoolinnean/zlz074
    .
  8. ^ Maidment, S.C.R., Porro, L.B., 2010, "Homology of the palpebral and origin of the supraorbital ossifications in ornithischian dinosaurs", Lethaia, 43: 95-111
  9. ^ a b Kazlev, M. Alan (2007). "Ornithischia: Ankylosauromorpha" Archived 2 March 2007 at the Wayback Machine Palaeos. Retrieved on 2007-02-11.
  10. ^
    doi:10.1111/j.0031-0239.2000.00139.x
  11. ^ a b Naish, D. & Martill, D.M., 2007, "Dinosaurs of Great Britain and the role of the Geological Society of London in their discovery: basal Dinosauria and Saurischia", Journal of the Geological Society, London, 164: 493–510
  12. ^ Owen, R., 1859, "Palaeontology", In: Encyclopædia Britannica Edition 8, Volume 17, p. 150
  13. ^ a b c d Charig, A.J. & Newman, B.H.†, 1992, "Scelidosaurus harrisonii Owen, 1861 (Reptilia, Ornithischia): proposed replacement in inappropriate lectotype", Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature, 49: 280–283
  14. ^ a b c d R. Owen, 1861, A monograph of a fossil dinosaur (Scelidosaurus harrisonii, Owen) of the Lower Lias, part I. Monographs on the British fossil Reptilia from the Oolitic Formations 1 pp 14
  15. ^ George C. Steyskal, 1970, "On the grammar of names formed with -scelus, -sceles, -scelis, etc.", Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington 84(2): 7-12
  16. ^ R. Owen, 1863, A monograph of the fossil Reptilia of the Liassic Formations. Part 2. A monograph of a fossil dinosaur (Scelidosaurus harrisonii Owen) of the Lower Lias. Palaeontographical Society Monographs. Part 2. pp. 1-26
  17. ^ Norman, D.B., 2000, "Professor Richard Owen and the important but neglected dinosaur Scelidosaurus harrisonii", Historical Biology, 14: 235–253
  18. ^ a b Lydekker, R., 1888, Catalogue of the Fossil Reptilia and Amphibia in the British Museum. Part 1. Containing the Orders Ornithosauria, Crocodilia, Dinosauria, Squamata, Rhynchocephalia and Proterosauria. British Museum (Natural History)
  19. ^ Newman, B.H. (1968) The Jurassic dinosaur Scelidosaurus harrisoni, Owen. Palaeontology 11 (1), 40-3.
  20. ^ International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature, 1994, "Scelidosaurus harrisonii Owen, 1861 (Reptilia, Ornithischia): lectotype replaced", Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature 51: 288
  21. ^ Pickering, S., 1995, Jurassic Park: Unauthorized Jewish Fractals in Philopatry. A Fractal Scaling in Dinosaurology Project, 2nd revised printing. Capitola, California. 478 pp
  22. ^ a b Benson, R., 2010, "The osteology of Magnosaurus nethercombensis (Dinosauria, Theropoda) from the Bajocian (Middle Jurassic) of the United Kingdom and a re-examination of the oldest records of tetanurans", Journal of Systematic Palaeontology 8(1): 131-146
  23. ^ a b c d e f g Barrett, P.M. and Maidment, S.C.R., 2011, "Dinosaurs of Dorset: Part III, the ornithischian dinosaurs (Dinosauria, Ornithischia) with additional comments on the sauropods", Proceedings of the Dorset Natural History and Archaeological Society 132: 145–163
  24. ^ Rixon, A.E., 1968, "The development of the remains of a small Scelidosaurus from a Lias nodule", Museums Journal, 67: 315–321
  25. ^ Delair, J.B., 1959, "The Mesozoic reptiles of Dorset: Part Two", Proceedings of the Dorset Natural History and Archaeological Society, for 1958 80: 52-90
  26. ^ Ensom, P.C., 1989, "New scelidosaur remains from the Lower Lias of Dorset", Proceedings of the Dorset Natural History and Archaeological Society 110: 165 & 167
  27. ^
    S2CID 228811170
    .
  28. doi:10.1016/j.pgeola.2024.03.002
    .
  29. ^ Lucas SG. (1996). The Thyreophoran Dinosaur Scelidosaurus from the Lower Jurassic Lufeng Formation, Yunnan, China. pp. 81-85, in Morales, M. (ed.), The Continental Jurassic. Museum of Northern Arizona Bulletin 60.
  30. doi:10.1111/j.1096-3642.2007.00301.x
    .
  31. ^ a b Padian, K. (1989). "Presence of the dinosaur Scelidosaurus indicates Jurassic age for the Kayenta Formation (Glen Canyon Group, northern Arizona)". Geology. May 1989, v. 17; no. 5; p. 438-441
  32. ^ Ulansky, R. E., 2014. Evolution of the stegosaurs (Dinosauria; Ornithischia). Dinologia, 35 pp. [in Russian]. [DOWNLOAD PDF] http://dinoweb.narod.ru/Ulansky_2014_Stegosaurs_evolution.pdf.
  33. ^ Galton, Peter M. & Carpenter, Kenneth, 2016, "The plated dinosaur Stegosaurus longispinus Gilmore, 1914 (Dinosauria: Ornithischia; Upper Jurassic, western USA), type species of Alcovasaurus n. gen.", Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie - Abhandlungen 279(2): 185-208
  34. ^ E.D. Cope, 1871, Synopsis of the extinct Batrachia, Reptilia and Aves of North America. Transactions of the American Philosophical Society, New Series 14, pp 252
  35. ^ Huxley, T.H. 1869. "On the Dinosauria of the Trias, with observations on the classification of the Dinosauria", Nature, 1: 146
  36. ISBN 978-0-632-05637-8
  37. ISBN 0-253-33907-3
    .
  38. ^ a b c Thulborn, R.A. (1977) Relationships of the lower Jurassic dinosaur Scelidosaurus harrisonii. Journal of Paleontology. July 1977; v. 51; no. 4; p. 725-739
  39. ISBN 978-0-253-33964-5
    .
  40. ISBN 978-0-486-29377-6
    .
  41. ^ Richard S. Thompson, Jolyon C. Parish, Susannah C. R. Maidment and Paul M. Barrett, 2011, "Phylogeny of the ankylosaurian dinosaurs (Ornithischia: Thyreophora)", Journal of Systematic Palaeontology 10(2): 301–312
  42. ISSN 0024-4082
    .
  43. ^ Le Loeuff, J., Lockley, M., Meyer, C., and Petit, J.-P. (1999). Discovery of a thyreophoran trackway in the Hettangian of central France. C. R. Acad. Sci. Paris 2 328, 215-219
  44. ^
    ISBN 978-0-253-33964-5
    .
  45. ISBN 978-0-520-24209-8
    .

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Scelidosaurus.
Wikispecies has information related to Scelidosaurus.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Scelidosaurus&oldid=1215120281"